FIRE PROTECTION DEVICES

SUBMITTED TO: AR.KIRANPREET KAUR

SUBMITTED BY:ARCHI BATRA DISHA RAIHARSHA VERMAHIMANK JOSHIJATIN SHARMA

Each of these three elements must be present at the same time to have a fire. A fire will burn until

one or more of the elements is removed.

FuelAny combustible material – solid, liquid or gas

OxygenThe air we breathe is about 21%

oxygen – fire needs only 16% oxygen

HeatThe energy necessary to increase the

temperature of fuel to where sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to

occur

CLASSIFICATION:

Class A fire: Ordinary combustible materials Paper Wood Cloth Some rubber and plastic.

Class B fire: Flammable or combustible liquids Flammable gases Greases Some rubber and plastic

Class C fire: Energized electrical equipment Employee safety requires nonconductive extinguishing

media Class D fire: Combustible metals

Magnesium Titanium Zirconium Sodium Lithium Potassium

Dry powder: compound used to extinguish or control Class D fires

Fire Extinguisher

"Fixed extinguishing system" means a permanently installed system that either extinguishes or controls a fire at the location of the system.

Selection and distribution

Based on fire classes, size of hazard Class A: 75 ft. travel distance to extinguisher, or standpipe Class B: 50 ft. travel distance to extinguisher Class C: Based on pattern for Class A/B Class D: 75 ft. travel distance to extinguishing agent

Different Kinds of Extinguishers

The 4 most common fire extinguishers:

All Purpose Water Carbon Dioxide Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical Dry Powder

Each kind of extinguisher has a specific use

All Purpose Water

Use on CLASS A firesPressurized waterPressure gauge

Water Mist fire extinguishers are environmentally friendly, clean, and easy to use. Water Mist fire extinguishers have no ODP (ozone depletion potential), no environmental concerns about its atmospheric life, and it has no toxic products of decomposition. Perfect for Class A fires, especially where a potential Class C (electrical) hazard exists.

Use on CLASS B and CLASS C fires

Hard, plastic nozzle

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide): a) Liquid from while stored in15, 35 and 50 pounds cylinders under pressure of 850 psi at 70 degrees F. b) When released from cylinder, 1 cubic inch of liquid CO2 expands to 450 cubic inches of gas. c) 2 ½ times heavier than air. d) Colorless, odorless and tasteless. e) Non-toxic but will not support life. f) Smothers the fire by displacing the oxygen. g) Ideal for fighting electrical fire. h) Non-conductor of electricity and non-corrosive.When released, the rapid expansion creates extremely low temperature and forms carbonic or carbon dioxide snow which will blister the skin on contact similar to frostbite.. k) 35 to 50 lbs CO2 cylinders are used in fixed flooding system which includes installed hose and reel system.

Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical

Use on CLASS A, CLASS B, and CLASS C firesFine powder under pressurePressure gauge

EXTINGUISHING AGENT:

Foam: Bubbles form a blanket over liquid, sealing combustible vapors

Application of Foam In Fire: 1) DEFLECTION – off obstruction foam flows gently over fire makes a complete blanket. 2) DEREFLECTION – Direct stream at 30 degrees angle to deck foam rolls gently over fire. 3) LOBBING – direct stream into the air. Gives snow strong effect. Disadvantage: Wind makes control difficult.

IF YOU FIGHT A FIRE, REMEMBER THE WORD P A S SPULL . . . AIM . . . SQUEEZE . . . SWEEP

PULL... the pin. Some extinguishers require releasing a lock latch, pressing a puncture lever or other motion.

AIM... low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle (or it's horn or hose) at the base of the fire

SQUEEZE... the handle. This releases the extinguishing agent

SWEEP... from side to side at the base of the fire until it appears to be out. Watch the fire area in case fire breaks out again, and repeat use of extinguisher if necessary

Read and follow the directions on your extinguisher. If you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to fight a fire – DON’T! Get out and close the door behind you.

General: Designed to protect respiratory system in any harmful atmosphere.

b) Entirely self-contained 1) Independent of outer air. 2) Fire fighting purpose – gives protection from hazardous and toxic gases, hot gas heat from fire and vapors while testing compartment. 3) Canister (quick starting) 3a) Green in color. 3b) Instructions labeled in front. 3c) Life of single canister is 45-60 minutes. 3d) Light breathing 60 minutes. 3e) Hard work 45 minutes.

OBA (Oxygen Breathing Apparatus)

ALARM SYSTEMS

Alarm systems can be divided into four groups: local, auxiliary, central station, and proprietary.

All types of alarm systems should be equipped with a signal system that clearly communicates to all persons in the building, plant, or laboratory.

Whenever an alarm is sounded in any portion of the building or area, all employees must know what the sound means.

Local Alarm SystemsA local alarm consists simply of bells, horns, lights, sirens, or other warning devices right in the building. Local alarms are generally used for life protection – that is, to evacuate everyone and thus limit injury or loss of life from the fire. A local alarm can be tied in with another system to call the fire department. Local alarm systems are inexpensive, available from a wide range of suppliers, and easy to install. LOCAL SYSTEMS: ALERT ONLY THE OCCUPANTS, WHO MUST CONTACT THE FIRE DEPARTMENT

Auxiliary Alarm Systems Auxiliary alarm systems are even less expensive than local alarm systems. Such a system simply ties a fire detector to a nearby fire call box. In effect, it becomes a transmit station triggered by fire detectors inside the building.ALERT THE FIRE DEPARTMENT BY MEANS OF DIRECT IN COMMMUNICATION AND SIMULATNEOUSLY ALERT LOCAL SYSTEM.

Central Station SystemsCentral station systems are available in most major cities around the country. Operated by trained personnel, a central station continually monitors a number of establishments and, in case of an alarm, calls a nearby fire station and alerts the building’s personnel. : ALERT THE BUILDING OCCUPANTS AND A CENTRAL CONTROL PANEL

Proprietary Alarm SystemsProprietary alarm systems feed alarms to the building’s maintenance force, and, optionally, to the fire department as well. One reason for their acceptance is that insurance regulations generally require security officers. ALERT A CENTRAL CONTROL PANEL, INTIATING ACTION BY BUILDING SAFETY PERSONNEL.

NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES

A MONITORING DEVICE MAY BE USED FOR AUDIBLE, VISIBLE AND OTHER STIMULI TO ALERT THE OCCUPANTS OF FIRE OR OTHER EMERGENCY CONDITION REQUIRING ACTION.

AUDIBLE APPLIANCES HAVE BEEN IN USE LONGER THEN ANY OTHER METHOD OF MONITORING.

THESE INCLUDE: 1. AUDIBLE ALARMS 2. VISUAL ALARMS3. REMOTE ENUCIATORS4. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS5. DATA DISPLAY AND OUTING DEVICES6. PULL STATIONS

FIRE MONITORING DEVICES

FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL ( FCAP) POWER SUPPLIES

INITIATING DEVICES

 OUTPUT DEVICES

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FDA SYSTEM INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES CONTROL PANEL

 INPUT DEVICES  CONTROL PANEL

1. Thermal Detectors2. Fixed-Temperature Detectors3. Line Thermal Detectors4. Smoke Detectors5. Flame Detectors6. Sensor Systems

• Restore to normal condition ASAP after each test or alarm – spares available

• Maintenance and testing• Protect from corrosion, physical impact• Do not support by wires or tubing• Designed to operate in time, provide a warning• Delay only if necessary for immediate safety

Fire detection systems

INPUT DEVICES

FIRE BOX (MANUAL PULL STATION)When shorted trips an alarm (usually fire)Installed in the normal exit path

Types of Fire Box• Single Action

Pull handle once• Glass Break

Glass rod or plate is broken• Double Action

Lifting of a cover or opening a door

HEAT DETECTORS

fixed temp type heat detector rate-of-rise type heat detector

SMOKE DETECTORS

Photoelectric Ionization

FLAME DETECTORS

Ultraviolet light (UV) Infrared (IR)

FIRE-GAS DETECTORS

HEAT DETECTORS

SMOKE DETECTORS

INPUT DEVICES

PHOTO ELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR: USES COUPLED PHOTOCELLS WITH SPECIFIC LIGHT SOURCEBASICALLY SMOKE ENTERING THE SMOKE DETECTOR CHAMBER DIRUPTS THE LIGHT BEAM CAUSING AN ALARM SIGNAL TO INITIATED.MORE SENSITIVE TO SMOLDERING FIRES.

IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTORS:INVISIBLE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION ENTER THE CHAMBER DECREASING THE CURRENT BETWEEN THE +VE AND –VE PLATES, THERENY INITIATING AN ALARM SIGNAL.GENERALLYB RESPONDS FASTER TO FLAMING FIRE VERSES SMOLDERING FIRES. AUTOMATICALLY RESETS WHEN THE ATMOSHPHERE CLAERS.

SMOKE DETECTORS

PHOTO ELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTORS ARE BETTER THEN IONISED SMOKE DETECTORS AS LIGHT TRAVELS FASTER THAN IONS.

PHOTO ELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTORS IONIZED SMOKE DETECTORS

FIXED TEMP. HEAT DETECTORS

DETECT HEAT BY ONE OR MORE OF 3 PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS:

Expansion of heated material

Melting of heated material

Changes in resistance of heated material FRANGILEBULB DETECTOR

INPUT DEVICES

AUDIBLE OUTPUT DEVICES

An audible alarm signal lets people know the alarm system has been activated

Devices may be mounted inside or outside based on level of protection required may consist of:

Sirens Bells Buzzers Horns Voice Drivers

OUTPUT DEVICES

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SPRINKLER SYSTEMS- A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Sprinkler systems provide early fire control or extinguishment, helping to mitigate the hazards for occupants and firefighters alike.

TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS Standpipe system Wet standpipe system Dry standpipe- system

Standpipe A standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical position, to which fire hoses can be connected. Standpipes classes are as follows:

• Class I system. A system providing 21 2 -inch (64mm) hose connections to supply water for use by fire departments and in handling heavy fire steams. • Class II system. A system providing 11 2 -inch (38mm) hose connection to supply water for use by the fire department during initial response. • Class III system. A system providing both 11 2 -inch (38mm) and 21 2 -inch (64mm) hose connections.

Types There are two types of standpipes: • Automatic Dry • Automatic Wet • Manual Dry • Manual Wet

• An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc.

• It is usually a strategically located (e.g. in a stairwell, hallway, or other likely place) outward opening door with a crash bar on it and with exit signs leading to it.

• A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, mounted to the outside of a building.

• Local building codes will often dictate the number of fire exits required for a building of a given size. This may include specifying the number of stairs For any building bigger than a private house, modern codes invariably specify at least two sets of stairs. Furthermore, such stairs must be completely separate from each other.

EMERGENCY EXIT

An exit route must be a permanent part of the workplace

Basic Requirement

Eat at Ma’sPlace

No ropes or rope ladders

Exit separated by fire resistant materials

Construction materials used to separate an exit from other parts of the workplace:

1 hour resistance 3 stories2 hours resistance 4 stories

1 hour2 hour

Exit route capacity may not decrease toward exit discharge

The capacity of an exit route must be adequate

At least 2 routes must be available • Except for sufficiently small

occupancy – see (b)(3)• As far away from each other as

practical in case one is blocked by fire or smoke

• More than 2 required if all cannot evacuate through 2 exit routes

Ceiling at least 7’6”Any projection from the ceiling 6’8”Exit access 28 inches wide

Including all objects projecting into route

Exit minimum height and width requirements

7-½ ft.

6 ft.- 8 in.

Building EvacuationProceed to nearest exit in an orderly fashionAssemble at least 100 feet from buildingProvide emergency crews with information about people still in the buildingProvide information to emergency crews about the reason for evacuationNever re-enter a building until instructed to by the police department, fire department.

Inspection of fire equipment should cover the following items:

• control valves on piping that supplies water for fire protection• hydrants • fire pumps• hose houses and associated equipment• sprinkler system water supplies including tanks• automatic sprinkler systems• special type of protection • portable fire extinguishers• fire doors, exits and aisles• alarm and communication systems and routines• communication to fire department

Fire brigadesManagement cannot depend on automatic fire protection equipment, municipal fire departments to prevent fire losses. Fires can get out of control before municipal fire department arrives. One method of providing additional fire protection is to form a fire brigade. Brigade members should be regular plant employees from all departments, thoroughly trained in using the plant’s fire fighting equipment. Electricians, engineers, mechanics, and safety and fire inspectors all have special skills, thus making them valuable members of the plant’s emergency team.

THANK YOU