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Figo staging systems of various gynaecological cancers
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REVISED FIGO STAGING SYSTEMS FOR
GYNAECOLOGICAL CANCERS (2009)
Glenn McCluggage, Belfast Trust
BACKGROUND
• Groups set up several years ago
• March 2009-staging system for uterine sarcomas published (IJGO 2009;104;179)- PATHOLOGICAL INPUT
• May 2009-staging systems for endometrial, cervical and vulval tumours published (IJGO 2009;105;103-104)- NO PATHOLOGICAL INPUT
OTHER TUMOURS
• groups set up to look at staging of ovarian, fallopian tube and trophoblastic neoplasms
NEW FIGO STAGING FOR UTERINE SARCOMAS
• never had staging system previously
• carcinosarcomas staged as per uterine carcinomas
• staging system for leiomyosarcomas
• different system for ESS and adenosarcoma
Leiomyosarcomas- FIGO 2009
Stage I Tumour limited to uterus
IA <5 cm
IB >5 cm
Stage II Tumour extends to the pelvis
IIA Adnexal involvement
IIB Tumour extends to extrauterine pelvic tissue
Stage III Tumour invades abdominal tissues (not just protruding into the abdomen)
IIIA One site
IIIB > one site
IIIC Metastasis to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes
Stage IV
IVA Tumour invades bladder and/or rectum
IVB Distant metastasis
Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) and adenosarcomas- FIGO 2009
Stage I Tumour limited to uterus
IA Tumour limited to endometrium/endocervix with no myometrial invasion
IB Less than or equal to half myometrial invasion
IC More than half myometrial invasion
Stage II Tumour extends to the pelvis
IIA Adnexal involvement
IIB Tumour extends to extrauterine pelvic tissue
Stage III Tumour invades abdominal tissues (not just protruding into the abdomen)
IIIA One site
IIIB > one site
IIIC Metastasis to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes
Stage IV
IVA Tumour invades bladder and/or rectum
IVB Distant metastasis
ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Carcinoma of the endometrium- FIGO 2009
Stage I Tumour confined to the corpus uteri
IA No or less than half myometrial invasion
IB Invasion equal to or more than half of the myometrium
Stage II Tumour invades cervical stroma, but does not extend beyond the uterus
Stage III Local and/or regional spread of the tumour
IIIA Tumour invades the serosa of the corpus uteri and/or adnexae
IIIB Vaginal and/or parametrial involvement
IIIC Metastases to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes
IIIC1 Positive pelvic nodes
IIIC2 Positive para-aortic lymph nodes with or without positive pelvic lymph nodes
Stage IV Tumour invades bladder and/or bowel mucosa, and/or distant metastases
IVA Tumour invasion of bladder and/or bowel mucosa
IVB Distant metastases, including intra-abdominal metastases and/or inguinal lymph nodes
CHANGES TO STAGE I
• old IA and IB is now IA (FIGO figures show no difference in outcome; pathological difficulties)
• old IC is now IB
• endocervical glandular involvement alone will still be stage I
CHANGES TO STAGE II
• single category of stage II (cervical stromal involvement)
CHANGES TO STAGE III
• IIIA- uterine serosal or adnexal involvement
• IIIB- vaginal and/or parametrial involvement
• IIIC- pelvic and/or para-aortic nodes (IIIC1-pelvic nodes; IIIC2- para-aortic nodes)
CHANGES TO STAGE IV
• none
PERITONEAL WASHINGS
• to be performed and reported separately ie not part of staging system
• significance to be discussed at MDTM
PATHOLOGY PROFORMAS
• ? still include confined to endometrium or inner half of endometrium
• ? still include cervical glandular involvement (? will be treated with radiotherapy)
CERVICAL CARCINOMA
Carcinoma of the cervix uteri- FIGO 2009
Stage I The carcinoma is strictly confined to the cervix (extension to the corpus would
be disregarded)
IA Invasive carcinoma which can be diagnosed only by microscopy, with deepest
invasion <5 mm and the largest extension >7 mm
IA1 Measured stromal invasion of <3.0 mm in depth and extension of <7.0 mm
IA2 Measured stromal invasion of >3.0 mm and not >5.0 mm with an extension of
not >7.0 mm
IB Clinically visible lesions limited to the cervix uteri or pre-clinical cancers
greater than stage IA
IB1 Clinically visible lesion <4.0 cm in greatest dimension
IB2 Clinically visible lesion >4.0 cm in greatest dimension
Stage II Cervical carcinoma invades beyond the uterus, but not to the pelvic wall or to the lower
third of the vagina
IIA Without parametrial invasion
IIA1 Clinically visible lesion <4.0 cm in greatest dimension
IIA2 Clinically visible lesion >4.0 cm in greatest dimension
IIB With obvious parametrial invasion
Stage III The tumour extends to the pelvic wall and/or involves lower third of the vagina and/orcauses hydronephrosis or non-functioning kidney
IIIA Tumour involves lower third of the vagina, with no extension to the pelvic wallIIIB Extension to the pelvic wall and/or hydronephrosis or non-functioning kidney
Stage IV The carcinoma has extended beyond the true pelvis or has involved (biopsy proven) themucosa of the bladder or rectum. A bullous oedema, as such, does not permit a case tobe allotted to Stage IV
IVA Spread of the growth to adjacent organsIVB Spread to distant organs
CERVICAL CARCINOMA
• no stage 0
CHANGES TO STAGE I
• none
CHANGES TO STAGE II
• IIA- without parametrial invasion ie vaginal involvement (IIA1- < 4cm; IIA2- >4cm)
CHANGES TO STAGE III
• none
CHANGES TO STAGE IV
• none
VULVAL CARCINOMA
• MUCH MORE COMPLICATED
• significant changes
Carcinoma of the vulva- FIGO 2009
Stage I Tumour confined to the vulvaIA Lesions <2 cm in size, confined to the vulva or perineum and with stromal
invasions <1.0 mm*, no nodal metastasisIB Lesions >2 cm in size or with stromal invasion >1.0 mm* confined to the
vulva or perineum, with negative nodesStage II Tumour of any size with extension to adjacent perineal structures (1/3 lower
urethra, 1/3 lower vagina, anus) with negative nodesStage III Tumour of any size with or without extension to adjacent perineal structures
(1/3 lower urethra, 1/3 lower vagina, anus) with positive inguino-femoral lymph nodes.IIIA (i) With 1 lymph node metastasis (>5 mm), or
(ii) 1-2 lymph node metastasis(es) (<5 mm)IIIB (i) With 2 or more lymph node metastases (>5 mm), or
(ii) 3 or more lymph node metastases (<5 mm)IIIC With positive nodes with extracapsular spreadStage IV Tumour invades other regional (2/3 upper urethra, 2/3 upper vagina), or distant structures.IVA Tumour invades any of the following:
(i) upper urethral and/or vaginal mucosa, bladder mucosa, rectal mucosa, or fixed to pelvic bone, or(ii) fixed or ulcerated inguino-femoral lymph nodes
IVB Any distant metastasis including pelvic lymph nodes
* The depth of invasion is defined as the measurement of the tumour from the epithelial-stromal junction of the adjacent most superficial dermal papilla to the deepest point of invasion.
CHANGES TO STAGE I
• IA- < 2cm, stromal invasion <1mm, confined to vulval or perineum, no nodal metastasis
• IB- previous IB and II combined- >2cm size or with stromal invasion >1mm, confined to vulval or perineum, no nodal metastasis
CHANGES TO STAGE II
• any size with extension to lower third of urethra, lower third of vagina or anus and negative nodes
CHANGES TO STAGE III
• any size, with or without extension to lower third of urethra, lower third of vagina or anus and positive inguino-femoral nodes
• IIIA- 1 nodal metastasis > 5mm or up to 2 nodes <5mm
• IIIB- 2 or more nodes >5mm or 3 or more nodes <5mm
• IIIC- extracapsular spread
CHANGES TO STAGE IV
• upper two thirds of urethra or vagina or distant structures
• various substages
• bilateral nodal involvement now not taken into account
IMPLICATIONS/DIFFICULTIES
• dissemination of information to surgical oncologists, gynaecologists, non-surgical oncologists, pathologists, radiologists
• ? set start date• endocervical glandular involvement in endometrial
cancer (marked interobserver variation)• pathologists difficulty in distinguishing cervical glandular
from stromal involvement• TNM will differ for a while- will be updated in 7th TNM
edition (? drop TNM from pathology proformas)
WIDER QUESTIONS
• rest of UK (role of British Gynaecological Cancer Society, British Association of Gynaecological Pathologists)
• if piecemeal introduction, will create difficulties
