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it gives a complete knowledge of evolution or origin of universe and all the theories related to it.
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EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE BLACK HOLE
Contents :
Science and Religion
Relativity Theory
The Big Bang Theory
Steady State Theory
Cosmic Microwave Radiation
What is a Black Hole
Existence of Black Holes
Relativity Theory V/S Quantum Theory
What Hawking Really Said &
Meant
SCIENCE RELIGION
Science and religion have been rivals since the dawn of time. Before the 20th century there was no general consensus on whether the universe had a beginning or not.
Image source: Google Images
Some believed in the claims of the “Bible” that God created the universe.
Others looked at the beauty of the night sky and simply believed that it was always there.
Image source: Google Images
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RELATIVITY THEORY
In 1916 Albert Einstein published the theory of relativity which not only gave him international recognition but also proved that the universe had a beginning and was continuously expanding.
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The translated Relativity Theory written by Albert Einstein
Image source: en.wikipedia.org
His equations could predict how fast the galaxies were moving and therefore proved that the universe was continuously expanding.
However Einstein did not like the idea that the universe had a beginning and therefore changed his equation by adding a “Cosmological constant” to make his Theory Of Relativity to support the Steady State Theory that the universe is eternal.
Image source: Google Images
THE BIG BANG THEORY
oAccording to the theory, the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.
oGeorges Lemaitre first proposed what became the Big Bang theory in what he called his "hypothesis of the primeval atom
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The Big Bang TimelineTime Era Temperature Characteristics of the Universe
0 to 10-43 s Big Bang infiniteinfinitely small, infinitely dense Primeval fireball 1 force in nature - Supergravity
10-43 s Planck Time 1032 KEarliest known time that can be described by modern physics 2 forces in nature, gravity, GUT
10-35 s End of GUT 1027 K3 forces in nature, gravity, strong nuclear, electroweak Quarks and leptons form (along with their anti-particles)
10-35 to 10-33 s Inflation 1027 KSize of the Universe drastically increased, by factor of 1030to 1040
10-12 s End of unified forces 1015 K4 forces in nature, protons and neutrons start forming from quarks
10-7 s Heavy Particle 1014 Kproton, neutron production in full swing
10-4 s Light particle 1012 K electrons and positrons form
100 s (a few minutes)Nucleosynthesis era 109 - 107 K helium, deuterium, and a few other elements form
380,000 years Recombination (Decoupling) 3000 KMatter and radiation separate End of radiation domination, start of matter domination of the Universe
500 million yrs Galaxy formation 10 K galaxies and other large structures form in the universe
14 billion years or so
Now 3 K You are reading this table, that's what's happening.
STEADY STATE THEORY
▪ The Steady State Theory is a theory and model alternative to the Big Bang theory of the universe's origin .
▪ In steady state views, new matter is continuously created as the universe expands, thus adhering to perfect cosmological principle.
▪ Sir James Jeans, in the 1920s, was the first to conjecture a steady state cosmology.
▪ The idea was then revised in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi and others.
Image source: Google Images
Image source: Google Images
Big Bang Theory
Steady State Theory , You don’t have any supporters now.
Steady State Theory
In 1920 Belgian cosmologist and Roman Catholic Priest proved that Einstein’s “Cosmological Constant“ was a mistake
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He predicted that if the Big Bang occurred it would release “Cosmic Microwave Radiation” that should still be in the universe today. Cosmic Microwave Radiation is the oldest electromagnetic radiation that the hypothesized Big Bang produced in its early moments.
However a lot of Astrophysicists were skeptical of the proposal for the proposal due to two Reasons.
He lacked empirical evidence .
Astrophysicists felt like he had a secret agenda that being a catholic priest he wanted to push The Big Bang Theory so it would line up with the Biblical creation account that God created universe from a single point in time.
▪ Though Lemaitre faced a lot of opposition. In 1965 scientists discovered the “Cosmic Microwave Radiation” that he had predicted. To this day the “Cosmic Microwave Radiation” remains as the strongest evidence to support The Big Bang Theory.
▪ Whether it was for science or supporting his faith he has still left a legacy as one of the founders of The Big Bang Theory.
What is a BLACK HOLE ?
The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will usually deform spacetime to form a black hole.
Around a black hole, there is a mathematically defined surface called an event horizon that marks the point of no return.
The hole is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits the horizon, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics.
A Black Hole is a region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping.
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THERE ARE NO BLACK HOLES
On 22 January Stephen Hawking wrote
a paper and everywhere there was
news
There are no black holes.
Stephen Hawking changed his mind.
But all this is wrong because Hawking
never said it. But before we tell you
what he said lets talk about two
theories.
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RELATIVITY THEORY
Einstein's theory of general relativity suggests that the astronaut falling into a black hole would happily pass through the event horizon, unaware of his or her impending doom, before being crushed at the 'singularity', the black hole’s hypothetical infinitely dense core.
Quantum theory dictates that the event horizon must actually be transformed into a highly energetic region, or 'firewall', that would burn the astronaut to a crisp even before he reaches the singularity.
QUANTUM THEORY
“The absence of event horizons means that there are no black holes — in the sense of regimes from which light can't escape to infinity. There are however, apparent horizons which persist for a period of time.”
WHAT HAWKING REALLY SAID ?
WHAT HAWKING REALLY MEANT ?
Hawking proposes that both Quantum mechanics and general relativity remain intact because black holes do not have an “Event horizon” to catch fire, but instead an “Apparent horizon”.
“THERE IS NO ESCAPE FROM A BLACK HOLE IN CLASSICAL THEORY, BUT
QUANTUM THEORY ENABLES
ENERGY AND INFORMATION TO ESCAPE.” –
STEPHEN HAWKING
Image source: Google Images
COMPILED BY :-
ANMOL
BIBLIOGRAPHY :-
o en.wikipedia.org
o bbc.co.uk
o nasa.gov
o google.com
o youtube.com
o aquinasandmore.com
o npr.org
o acee-thethirdeye.org
o Google Images
o space.com
o universe.com
THANK YOU
