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Overview at European History
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European HistoryBroad Historic Overview
Period: From the Revolution in France till the World War I
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
1789 a significant year
First time Marx’s “class struggle” into view
Great Impact that sparked further revolts
Absolute Monarchy of Louis XVI and wife Marie Antoinette
Present Chaos and Conditions ripe for change
Revolution in France
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
The term applied to the reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances
End of War of Austrian Succession in 1748
France & Austria versus Great Britain & Prussia
Marie Antoinette from Austria marries Louis XVI
Seven Years’ War 1758-1763, Austria and France failed against Prussia
Diplomatic Revolution
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
The Austrian Alliance – one of the main causes for the Revolution
Queen out of touch with the general population
No-one else to blame for bad policies, but the Queen
Queen exercised influence on the choice of Ministers
Diplomatic Revolution
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
The Enlightenment ideas
Locke’s idea of overthrowing government
Rousseau’s ideas of the general will
The Enlightenment attached divine right of the ruler
Food shortages, social inequality, week rulers and harsh winter
The immediate spark – the financial crisis in France
Precursors to the French Revolution
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Nobles: tax exempt
Massive debt caused by Seven Years’ War
Corruption of the tax-collectors
The Estates General: clergymen, nobles and commoners
Commoners declared the National Assembly
Oath of the Tennis Court swearing allegiance and list of grievances
Democratic Representation and hope for constituion
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Precursors to the French Revolution
1st time struggle between different classes
Social mobility and equality
July 14th 1789: Paris mob storms Bastille
The event symbolized the rising of the people against the tyranny of absolutism
1st time for popular mobs to rise and take action outside of the legislature
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Class Struggle & Storming the Bastille
The National Assembly – 1789 to 1791
Members were from the Third Estate (Estates General)
Mostly Jacobins or bourgeois
Lower third estate did not take part in the government
Urban middle class led the storming of the Bastille and the march on Versailles
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Efforts to remake society
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen: a social contract
Freedom of religion, taxation of equality, legal equality, freedom of press and expression
Constitution: Constitutional Monarchy with a Parliament
Bourgeois – active citizens running the Parliament
The rest of the citizens – passive citizens
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Progress based upon merit
Establishment of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
Church property – nationalized
Abolishment of religious vows and Church clerics turned into civil servants with assignments from Paris, not Rome
Severe punishment for those not taking the oath causes severe resentment
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Legislative Assembly: 1791 to 1792
Permanent Constitutional Monarchy
Failure due to inability to fix food and unemployment
Lower third estate felt politically abandoned by the bourgeois
Sans –culottes rise against it
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Austrian Government pushed to crash the revolution
Other Nations feared the Revolution
Austria signs the “Declaration of Pillnitz” in 1791
French interprets it as a declaration of war
Prussia signs the Brunswick Manifesto in 1792
Prussia and Austria ally for the balance of power
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
The Convention: 1792 to 1795
Emergency Republic with universal male suffrage
Committee of Public Safety: suppress dissent & protect the Revolution
12 members
Leaderships splits between Robespierre/Montagnards (radicals) and Girondin (middle class)
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Convention has issues to address
War with Prussia and Austria
First draft “levee en masse” instituted
1794 French troops invades Austria successfully
“Dechristianization”
“General Maximum” established: controls bread price and wages
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
The Convention needed a new constitution to prevent counter-revolution
“The Terror” period, guillotine invented
New Constituion establsihes government known as the Directory
Permanent Republic envisaged
27th July 1794 Robespierre arrested and executed
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Jacobins and Montagnards replaced with Girondins (Bourgeois)
Directory: 1795 to 1799 / First Constitutional Republic
Executive Body of 5 Directors and bicameral legislative body consisted of Council of Ancients and Council of 500
1797: first free elections. Royalist mostly chosen to the Legislature
Left-wing members get support from military to purge rightists
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
New Governments
Dictatorship established
People fear return of the Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte and Abbe Sieyes launched coup to end Directory
Consulate established with little resistance
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
New Governments
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
French Revolution at a Glance
Napoleon seizes control and establishes despotism known as the Consulate
Number of Enlightened Reforms
The Napoleonic Code: freedom of religion, uniform law code, social and legal equality, property rights, end of feudal dues
State-wide compulsory education known as the University of France
End of Dechristianization
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
The Empire:
1799 to 1804
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
Napoleon declares French Emperor and becomes a military dictator
Undefeated against Austria. Russia and Prussia
During his tenure he seized large proportions of mainland Europe
Napoleon fails to subdue England
Defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar by Admiral Nelson
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
Establishment of the Continental System: method of economic welfare
Napoleon prohibits trade with England, but fails in his attempt
England trades with colonies in Asia and America
Napoleon completely eliminates the Holy Roman Empire
1806 “Confederation of Rhyne” (40 states consolidated)
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
Russia with Alexander I withdraws from the Continental System
Napoleon invades in return, but fails for the 1st time
Russian army: scorched earth tactics
Napoleon rises another army
Battle of Nations/ Leipzig 1813
Quadruple Alliance of England, Austria, Russia and Prussia
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
Napoleon exiled in Elba
“Hundred days” period in 1815 as Napoleon returns
Quadruple Alliance crashes his new army at the Battle of Waterloo led by Duke of Wellington
Napoleon exiled again on the Island of Saint Helena, where he dies in 1821
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815
Aim: to create Post-Napoleonic Europe
Representatives from England, France, Austria and Russia
France was restored old boundaries and Louis XVII
No reparations
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
Louis XVIII signs the Charter of 1814: legal equality, offices open to all men, two chamber parliament, Napoleonic Civil Code, abolishment of feudalism
Major Shift in Foreign policy: balance of power still important
Featured in war: advocates of liberalism versus conservatism or the “Old Regime”
Old Regime monarchs establish “the Concert of Europe” using the Congress system to prevent revolution and war
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
Sense of new nationalism
Largely due to Napoleon’s occupation and destruction/suppression of individual cultures
Napoleon’s conquests spurred new level of Nationalism (esp. Germany and Italy)
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Napoleon BonaparteRise of Nationalism
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Age of RevolutionsTo be continued
Aftermath of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars
Many European states transformed by 25 years of conflict
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Assignments
For next week: One paragraph for each of the EU founding fathers: who were they and why they are considered to be the founding fathers of the European Union
1. Konrad Adenauer
2. Winston Churchill
3. Alcide De Gasperi
4. Jean Monnet
5. Robert Schuman
Send as email to: [email protected]
by Wednesday 12th of March
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Countries Assignement
Each student chooses a country of the EU and makes a country profile research. This will be used for future simulation, role-plays and workshops.
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?
POLS 208 European StudiesEuropean University of Lefke
Guess the Flag?