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WHO definition of Health
bull Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
bull ldquo good health means to be fit physically and emotionally as well as being illness-free When one thing is off our health is out of balance In order to have good health we have to have proper nutrition stay active and take the time to mentally take care of our body and emotionsrdquo
Top 10 Reasons to Stay Healthy
bull Live Longer
bull Thrive Not Just Survive
bull More Energy
bull Avoid DiseaseIllness
bull Keep Medical Costs Down
bull For your Kids and Grandkids
bull Empowerment and Confidence
bull Look Better
bull Better Mental Health
bull Better Married and social Life
DISEASE
bull A disease is a particular abnormal pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs It may be caused by factors originally from an external source such as infectious disease or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases
bull In humans disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain dysfunction distress social problems or death to the person afflicted or similar problems for those in contact with the person
TYPES OF DISEASES
bull There are four main types of disease
bull Deficiency disease
bull Pathogenic disease
bull Hereditary disease
bull Physiological disease
DEFICIENCY DISEASE
bull Deficiency diseases can be caused by insufficient intake and usage of iron or protein and there are other diseases that occur when a persons diet lacks or is too low in a certain vitamin
bull Among the most well known of these are beriberi pellagra pernicious anemia scurvy rickets and osteo malacia
bull Generally such diseases can be treated successfully and even cured by ensuring that the nutritional needs of the body are met on a daily basis unless a person is fasting
Iron Deficiency
bull An iron deficiency can result if a person suffers significant blood loss if a person has a diet poor in this mineral or if a persons body has a decreased ability to absorb iron
bull A common form of anemia can usually be prevented by ingesting foods that are naturally high in iron like legumes molasses whole heirloom grains such as spelt and leafy green vegetables preferably those that have been organically grown
bull Certain groups of people such as women of childbearing age have a higher risk of suffering iron deficiency Among the symptoms of this condition are fatigue pain in the chest and shortness of breath
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Top 10 Reasons to Stay Healthy
bull Live Longer
bull Thrive Not Just Survive
bull More Energy
bull Avoid DiseaseIllness
bull Keep Medical Costs Down
bull For your Kids and Grandkids
bull Empowerment and Confidence
bull Look Better
bull Better Mental Health
bull Better Married and social Life
DISEASE
bull A disease is a particular abnormal pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs It may be caused by factors originally from an external source such as infectious disease or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases
bull In humans disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain dysfunction distress social problems or death to the person afflicted or similar problems for those in contact with the person
TYPES OF DISEASES
bull There are four main types of disease
bull Deficiency disease
bull Pathogenic disease
bull Hereditary disease
bull Physiological disease
DEFICIENCY DISEASE
bull Deficiency diseases can be caused by insufficient intake and usage of iron or protein and there are other diseases that occur when a persons diet lacks or is too low in a certain vitamin
bull Among the most well known of these are beriberi pellagra pernicious anemia scurvy rickets and osteo malacia
bull Generally such diseases can be treated successfully and even cured by ensuring that the nutritional needs of the body are met on a daily basis unless a person is fasting
Iron Deficiency
bull An iron deficiency can result if a person suffers significant blood loss if a person has a diet poor in this mineral or if a persons body has a decreased ability to absorb iron
bull A common form of anemia can usually be prevented by ingesting foods that are naturally high in iron like legumes molasses whole heirloom grains such as spelt and leafy green vegetables preferably those that have been organically grown
bull Certain groups of people such as women of childbearing age have a higher risk of suffering iron deficiency Among the symptoms of this condition are fatigue pain in the chest and shortness of breath
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull Look Better
bull Better Mental Health
bull Better Married and social Life
DISEASE
bull A disease is a particular abnormal pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs It may be caused by factors originally from an external source such as infectious disease or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases
bull In humans disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain dysfunction distress social problems or death to the person afflicted or similar problems for those in contact with the person
TYPES OF DISEASES
bull There are four main types of disease
bull Deficiency disease
bull Pathogenic disease
bull Hereditary disease
bull Physiological disease
DEFICIENCY DISEASE
bull Deficiency diseases can be caused by insufficient intake and usage of iron or protein and there are other diseases that occur when a persons diet lacks or is too low in a certain vitamin
bull Among the most well known of these are beriberi pellagra pernicious anemia scurvy rickets and osteo malacia
bull Generally such diseases can be treated successfully and even cured by ensuring that the nutritional needs of the body are met on a daily basis unless a person is fasting
Iron Deficiency
bull An iron deficiency can result if a person suffers significant blood loss if a person has a diet poor in this mineral or if a persons body has a decreased ability to absorb iron
bull A common form of anemia can usually be prevented by ingesting foods that are naturally high in iron like legumes molasses whole heirloom grains such as spelt and leafy green vegetables preferably those that have been organically grown
bull Certain groups of people such as women of childbearing age have a higher risk of suffering iron deficiency Among the symptoms of this condition are fatigue pain in the chest and shortness of breath
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
DISEASE
bull A disease is a particular abnormal pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs It may be caused by factors originally from an external source such as infectious disease or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases
bull In humans disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain dysfunction distress social problems or death to the person afflicted or similar problems for those in contact with the person
TYPES OF DISEASES
bull There are four main types of disease
bull Deficiency disease
bull Pathogenic disease
bull Hereditary disease
bull Physiological disease
DEFICIENCY DISEASE
bull Deficiency diseases can be caused by insufficient intake and usage of iron or protein and there are other diseases that occur when a persons diet lacks or is too low in a certain vitamin
bull Among the most well known of these are beriberi pellagra pernicious anemia scurvy rickets and osteo malacia
bull Generally such diseases can be treated successfully and even cured by ensuring that the nutritional needs of the body are met on a daily basis unless a person is fasting
Iron Deficiency
bull An iron deficiency can result if a person suffers significant blood loss if a person has a diet poor in this mineral or if a persons body has a decreased ability to absorb iron
bull A common form of anemia can usually be prevented by ingesting foods that are naturally high in iron like legumes molasses whole heirloom grains such as spelt and leafy green vegetables preferably those that have been organically grown
bull Certain groups of people such as women of childbearing age have a higher risk of suffering iron deficiency Among the symptoms of this condition are fatigue pain in the chest and shortness of breath
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
TYPES OF DISEASES
bull There are four main types of disease
bull Deficiency disease
bull Pathogenic disease
bull Hereditary disease
bull Physiological disease
DEFICIENCY DISEASE
bull Deficiency diseases can be caused by insufficient intake and usage of iron or protein and there are other diseases that occur when a persons diet lacks or is too low in a certain vitamin
bull Among the most well known of these are beriberi pellagra pernicious anemia scurvy rickets and osteo malacia
bull Generally such diseases can be treated successfully and even cured by ensuring that the nutritional needs of the body are met on a daily basis unless a person is fasting
Iron Deficiency
bull An iron deficiency can result if a person suffers significant blood loss if a person has a diet poor in this mineral or if a persons body has a decreased ability to absorb iron
bull A common form of anemia can usually be prevented by ingesting foods that are naturally high in iron like legumes molasses whole heirloom grains such as spelt and leafy green vegetables preferably those that have been organically grown
bull Certain groups of people such as women of childbearing age have a higher risk of suffering iron deficiency Among the symptoms of this condition are fatigue pain in the chest and shortness of breath
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
DEFICIENCY DISEASE
bull Deficiency diseases can be caused by insufficient intake and usage of iron or protein and there are other diseases that occur when a persons diet lacks or is too low in a certain vitamin
bull Among the most well known of these are beriberi pellagra pernicious anemia scurvy rickets and osteo malacia
bull Generally such diseases can be treated successfully and even cured by ensuring that the nutritional needs of the body are met on a daily basis unless a person is fasting
Iron Deficiency
bull An iron deficiency can result if a person suffers significant blood loss if a person has a diet poor in this mineral or if a persons body has a decreased ability to absorb iron
bull A common form of anemia can usually be prevented by ingesting foods that are naturally high in iron like legumes molasses whole heirloom grains such as spelt and leafy green vegetables preferably those that have been organically grown
bull Certain groups of people such as women of childbearing age have a higher risk of suffering iron deficiency Among the symptoms of this condition are fatigue pain in the chest and shortness of breath
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Iron Deficiency
bull An iron deficiency can result if a person suffers significant blood loss if a person has a diet poor in this mineral or if a persons body has a decreased ability to absorb iron
bull A common form of anemia can usually be prevented by ingesting foods that are naturally high in iron like legumes molasses whole heirloom grains such as spelt and leafy green vegetables preferably those that have been organically grown
bull Certain groups of people such as women of childbearing age have a higher risk of suffering iron deficiency Among the symptoms of this condition are fatigue pain in the chest and shortness of breath
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
SCURVY
bull Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels skin and the bodyrsquos healing process resulting in anemia hemorrhaging of the skin and gum disease (gingivitis)
bull Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C Scurvy is uncommon in the United States and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition
bull Most people are aware that scurvy can develop if the diet lacks ascorbic acid or vitamin C Eating fresh citrus fruits and a variety of fresh organically grown vegetables is all that is required to prevent treat or cure scurvy which rarely is seen in industrialized nations
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Protein deficiency diseases
bull Protein deficiency diseases could be caused by a persons failure to consume sufficient amounts of high-quality protein resulting in abnormal growth and maintenance of tissue Wounds generally do not heal as quickly as they should in these individuals
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Pernicious anemia
bull Pernicious anemia is a condition that can develop if a persons diet is lacking in vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin Symptoms are Common signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia are
ndash Feeling tired and weak
ndash Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
ndash A bright red smooth tongue
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
RICKETS
bull The deficiency diseases rickets in children is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphysis closure in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity
bull Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency)
bull Grains fruits and vegetables unfortunately are poor sources of this nutrient which can be formed in the skin when it is moderately exposed to sunlight In some countries such as the United States milk often is fortified with vitamin D to help prevent these conditions
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Beriberi
bull Beriberi is a very serious disease Symptoms of beriberi include weightloss emotional disturbances impaired sensory perception weakness and pain in the limbs and periods of irregular heart rate
bull Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common It may increase the amount of lactic acid and py ruvic acid within the blood In advanced cases the disease may cause high output cardiac failure and death this can prove quickly fatal in infants It is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B1 or thiamine Rich food sources of this nutrient include whole grain rice nuts and leafy green vegetables In some nations white rice is fortified with vitamin B1 to help prevent the development of beriberi
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Pellagra
bull Pellagra a deadly disease is caused by a diet deficient or lacking in vitamin B3 or niacin Symptoms include diarrhea depression dermatitis dementia and finally death This nutrient is abundantly provided in whole heirloom grains nuts seeds bananas figs prunes potatoes and legumes Diseases caused by a deficiency of a nutrient fortunately usually are simple to treat and cure by supplying the body with the nutrients that it requires to maintain vital life functions
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
INFECTIONS
bull Infection is the invasion of a host organisms body tissues by disease-causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce Infectious diseases also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (ie characteristic medical signs andor symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull Infections are caused by infectious agents such as viruses viroids and prionsmicroorganisms such as bacteria nematodes such as roundworms and pinworms arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice fungi such as ringworm and other macro parasites such as tapeworms
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Comparison of viral and bacterial infectionCharacteristic
Viral infection
bull In general viral infections are systemic This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time ie a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc They can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitisor pink eye and herpes Only a few viral infections are painful like herpes The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning]
Bacterial infection
bull The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body For example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat An ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
ALLERGIES
bull An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system[1] Symptomsinclude red eyes itchiness and runny nose eczema hives or an asthma attack Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma In some people severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medicationmay result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis Food allergies and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are more often associated with these severe reactions Not all reactions orintolerances are forms of allergy
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Common symptoms
Affected organNose
Sinuses
Eyes
Airways
Ears
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract
Symptomswelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) runny nose sneezing
allergic sinusitis
redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis watery
Sneezing coughing bronchoconstriction wheezingand dyspnea sometimes outright attacks of
feeling of fullness possibly pain and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube
rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria)
abdominal pain bloating vomiting diarrhea
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
bull Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli pleura andpleural cavity and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia pulmonary embolism and lung cancer
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist a chest medicine specialist a respiratory medicine specialist a respirologistor a thoracic medicine specialist
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Some respiratory diseases
bull ASTHMA
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected persons lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers such as dust mitespollen exercise or even dry air During an asthma attack the persons airway lining rapidly becomes inflamed and swollen the muscles around the airways tighten and excess mucus is produced as the body reacts to the trigger This reaction causes reduced airflow into and out of the lungs and the person has to gasp for breath
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull CYSTIC FIBROSISCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-limiting disease that
affects the bodys exocrine glands which produce mucus saliva sweat and tears In CF a genetic mutation disrupts the delicate balance of sodium chloride and water within cells causing the exocrine glands to secrete fluids that are poorly hydrated and therefore thicker and stickier than fluids in people without CF This leads to chronic problems in various systems of the body particularly the lungs and pancreas and the digestive and reproductive systems
bull In the lungs of a CF patient the thick mucus and the thinning of the airway surface liquid make it nearly impossible for the cilia to clear bacteria from the airway This severely impairs the natural airway-clearing processes and increases the potential for bacteria to be trapped leading to respiratory infections that may require hospitalization
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bull Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a generalized term for a group of diseases that involve progressive narrowing of the airways that service the lungs This airway narrowing cannot generally be reversed resulting in labored breathing and poor oxygen transfer from the lungs
bull People with COPD have excessive mucus build up in their airways and a chronic troublesome cough The most common diseases classified as COPD are emphysema chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis In chronic bronchitis the airways become inflamed and the bronchial walls thicken These changes and the loss of supporting alveoli limit airflow by allowing the airway walls to deform and narrow
bull COPD was responsible for 3 million deaths in 2005 and the WHO predicts that by 2030 it will be the third largest cause of mortality worldwide
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Bronchiectasis
bull Bronchiectasis is a progressive lung disease affecting 600000 people worldwide It is often mistaken for asthma or pneumonia and misdiagnosis is commonInthis disease the airway walls are chronically inflamed with poor clearing of the increased mucus production Chronic inflammation of the walls of the airway is common to all types of bronchiectasis
bull Effects include Reduced lung capacity Poor gas-exchange Changes of the organisation of blood vessels Overall increased blood flow through the lungs
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
bull Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart the blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) or both
bull Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system principally cardiac disease vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and hypertension are the most common In addition with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease even in healthy asymptomatic individuals
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Types
bull Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)bull Cardio myopathy ndash diseases of cardiac musclebull Hypertensive heart disease ndash diseases of the heart secondary to high blood
pressure or hypertensionbull Heart failurebull Pulmonary heart disease ndash a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system
involvementbull Cardiac dysrhythmias ndash abnormalities of heart rhythmbull Inflammatory heart disease
ndash Endocarditis ndash inflammation of the inner layer of the heart the endocardium The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves
ndash Inflammatory cardiomegalyndash Myocarditis ndash inflammation of the myocardium the muscular part of the heart
bull Valvular heart diseasebull Cerebrovascular disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)bull Peripheral arterial disease ndash disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legsbull Congenital heart disease ndash heart structure malformations existing at birthbull Rheumatic heart disease ndash heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused
by Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Hygiene
bull Hygiene (which comes from the name of the Greek goddess of health Hygieia) is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health Whereas in popular culture and parlance it can often mean mere cleanliness hygiene in its fullest and original meaning goes much beyond that to include all circumstances and practices lifestyle issues premises and commodities that engender a safe and healthy environment
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Good personal hygiene habits include
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull washing the body often
bull swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
bull cleaning the teeth at least once a day
bull Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided
bull washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
bull During normal daily activities such as working and playing disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the nails If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating they may get onto the food
bull changing into clean clothes Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before wearing them again
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull hanging clothes in the sun to dry The suns rays will kill some disease-causing germs and parasites
bull turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or sneezing
bull If this is not done droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in or the droplets can get onto food
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
FOOD HABITS AND CLEANLINESS
bull Food refers to anything that is eaten to provide energy and keep the body healthy
bull Nutrition education is very important in the life of every human being Think about what would happen to you if you do not eat the right kinds of food over a long period or if you do not know how to cook your food well to get the necessary nutrients
bull Economic status refers to the amount of money you have to spend that is whether you are rich or poor Your economic status affects your food habits because the types of food you choose would depend on how much money you have
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull All ethnic groups have their own food customs As cultural groups develop over the ages they formed their own living patterns which included food customs
bull Food patterns are influenced by religious beliefs What foods people can eat or cannot eat have been dictated by their religious beliefs For example Moslems do not eat pork because Islam forbids them to eat it
bull Meal management practices include the skills you have and the time and energy you have for meal preparation and service
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull The kinds of food available to you usually are the foods you eat Even though food may be imported from other countries most people depend on locally grown food products for their basic or staple food
bull Government policies transportation systems and technology
These also have effect on availability of food Some government policies affect the supply and price of food Governments also import or export food which have some effect on the prices of these foods
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
SOME GOOD FOOD HABITS ARE
bull 1 Always eat breakfast
bull 2 Eat your fruit and veg
bull 3 Take time to shop each week
bull 4 Walk for 10000 steps or exercise for an hour each day
bull 5 Sit down at the table to eat
bull 6 Always carry a protein-rich snack with you
bull 7 Have a green tea after meals
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
bull 8 Always carry a water bottle
bull 9 Choose wholegrain low-GI bread and breakfast cereal
bull 10 Always eat carbohydrates and proteins together
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
Cleanliness
bull Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt and the process of achieving and maintaining that state
bull Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality as indicated by the aphorism cleanliness is next to godliness and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty
