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By Abhinav Verma

POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON

-: THE TENSES :-

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CHART FOR TENSES

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@ TENSES @When we talk about an action verb, we

talk about it in relation to time. The time of the action is called the tense of a

verb. { The word tense comes from the Latin tempus, time

} There are three main tenses –

The Present tense , The Past tense , The Future tense1. A verb that refers to present time is said to be in

present tense : as , I wrote I love2. A verb that refers to past time is said to be in

past tense : as , I wrote. I loved.3. A verb that refers to future time is said to be in

future tense : as , I shall write I shall Love

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THE PRESENT TENSE VERB

CHART

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@ USES OF TENSES @

-: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE :-The simple present tense is used :-1. To express a habitual action ; as,

He takes milk every morning.I get up every day at five o’ clock.

My watch keeps good time.2. To express general truths ;

as,The sun rises in the east.

Honey is sweet. Fortune favours the brave.

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3. In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is actually taking place in the present ; as,

Here comes the bus !There she goes !

4. In vivid narrative, as substitute for the simple past; as,Soharb now rushes forward and deals a heavy blow to Rustom.

Immediately the Sultan hurries to his capital.

5. To indicate a future event that is a part of a fixed pro-gramme or timetable ; as

He retires next month.The train leaves at 5.20.

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: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE :The Present Continuous Tense is used

1. For an action going on at the time of speaking : as,

She is singing (now).The boys are playing hockey.

2. For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of

speaking ; as,I’m reading ‘David Copperfield’ (but I am not reading at this

moment.

3. For an action that is planned or arranged to take place in the near future ; as,

I’m going to the cinema tonight.My uncle is arriving tomorrow.

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: PRESENT PERFECT TENSE :The Present Perfect Tense is used

1. To indicate completed activities in the immediate past; as,

He has just gone out.It has just struck ten.

2. To express past actions whose time is uot given and not definite; as,

Have you read ‘Gulliver’s Travels’?Mr. Hari has been to Japan.

3. To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of

the action itself; as, I have cut my finger and is bleeding now)I have finished my work (=now I am free)

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4. To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and con-tinuing up to the present moment;as,

He has been ill siuce last week.We have lived here for ten years.

:PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:The present perfect continuous tense is used

1. The present perfect continuous tense is used for an actiuon-which beganb at some time in the past and still continuing;as,

They have been building the bridgefor several months.They have playing since 4 o’ clock

He has been sleeping for five hours (and is still sleeping)

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Forms of simple present tense:- Positive :- Subject + first form of verb + object. :- He goes to Agra.

Negative :- Subject + do not/does not + first form of verb object. :- The cook does not cook the food.

Interrogative :- Do/does + subject + first form of verb + object + ? :- Does she book the tickets ?

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Forms of present continuous tense :- Positive :- :- Subject + is/am/are + first form of verb + ing + object. :- Teacher is teaching English in the class. :- Sun is shining in the sky.

Negative :- :- Subject + is/am/are + not + first form of verb + ing + object. :- The boys are not climbing the tree. :- Sun is not shining in the sky.

Interrogative :- :- Is/am/are + subject + first form of verb + ing + object + ? :- I my pen laying here ? :- Is the sun shining in the sky?

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Forms of present perfect tense :- Positive :- :- Subject + has/have + third form of verb + object. :- She has caught the ball. Negative ;- :- Subject + has/have + not + third form of verb + object. :- He has not drawn water from the well.

Interrogative :- :- Has/have + subject + third form of verb + object + ? :- Have the birds flew away in the sky.

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Forms of Present perfect continuous tense :- Positive :- :- Subject + has/have + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/for + time. :- He has been roaming in the hall for two hours.

Negative :- :- Subject + has/have + not + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/for + time. :- CID has not been investigating their case since yesterday.

Interrogative ;- ;- Has /have + subject + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/for + time + ? :- Have they been working in the mine since 1990.

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:- PAST TENSE :-

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-: THE PAST TENSE :-SIMPLE PASTSimple Past tense is used

1. The simple past is used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often

occurs with adverbs or adverbs phrases of past time. The streamer sailed yesterday.I received his letter a week ago.

She left scholl last year.2. Sometimes this tense is used without

an adverb of time. In such cases the time may be either implied ir

indicated by the content.

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I learnt Hindi in shrinagar.I didn’t sleep well (i;e last night).

Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha.

3. The simple past is also used for past habits; asHe studied many hours every day.She always carried an umbrella.

-: PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE :-The past continuous tense is used

1. The past continuous is used to denote an action go-ing on at some time in the past. The time of the action

may or may not be indicated.

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We were listening to the radio all evening.It was getting darker.

The light went out while i was reading.When i saw him, he was playing chess.

AS IN THE LAST TWO EXAMPLES ABOVE, THE PAST ARE USE TOGTHER

WHEN A NEW ACTION HAPPENED IN THE MIDDLE OF A LONGER ACTION. THE

SIMPLE PAST IS USED FOR THE NEW AC-TION.

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-: PAST PERFECT TENSE :-The past perfect tense is used

1. The past perfect describes an action completed before a certain moment in the

past ; asI met him in New Delhi in 1970, i had seen him last five years

before.2. If two actions happened in the past , it

may be necessary to show which action happened earlier than the other , the past parfect is maiuly used in such situations . The simple pat is used in one clause and

the past perfect in th other ; as When i reached the situation the train had started (so i couln’t get

into the train )I had done my exercise when Hari came to see me.

I had written the letter before he arrived.

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: PAST PERFECT : : CONTINUOUS TENSE :

The past perfect continuous tense is used

1. The past perfect continuous is used for an action that began before a

certain point in the past and continued up to that time ; as

:At that time he had been writting a novel for two months.:When Mr. Mukherji came to the scholl in 1965, Mr.Anand

had already been teaching there for five years.

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Forms of simple past tense :- Positive :- ;- Subject + second form of verb + object. :- She planted a sapling of rose.

Negative:- :- Subject + did + not + first form of verb + object. :- He did not obey the teacher.

Interrogative :- :- Did + subject + first form of verb + object + ? :- Did she water the plants.

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FORMS OF PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Positive :- :- Subject + was/were + first form of verb + ing + object. ;- Rohit was flying the kite.

Negative ;- ;- Subject + was/were + not + first form of verb + ing + object. :- It was not raining out side.

Interrogative ;- ;- Was/were + subject + first form of verb + ing + object + ? ;- Were they planning to go for a picnic.

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Forms of past perfect tense ;- Positive ;- :- Subject + had + third form of verb + object. ;- The horseman had ridden the horse.

Negative ;- :- Subject + had + not + third form of verb + object. :- He had not broke the flower vase.

Interrogative :- :- Had + subject + third form of verb + object + ? :- Had the mother forgiven her child.

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Forms of past perfect continuous tense:- Positive:- :- Subject + had + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/for + time. :- They had been fighting with each other since half an hour.

Negative :- :- Subject + had + not + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/for + time. :- Students had not been learning the chapter since half an hour.

Interrogative :- :- Had + subject + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/for + time + ? :- Had the grandmother been knitting a sweater sine last year ?

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-: THE FUTURE TENSE :-

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

1. The simple future tense is used for an action that has still to take place ;

asI shall see him tomorrow.Tomorrow wil be Sunday.

Note that the simple future tense generally expresses pure or colourless

future. When the future is coloured with intention , the going to +

infinitive construction is preffered , eg : ‘He is going to build a new house’.

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Future Continuous Tense

1. The future continuous tense represents an action as going on at

some time in future time ; asI shall be reading the paper then.

When i get home, my children will be playing .

This tense is also used for future events that are planned ; as

I’ll be be staying here till Sunday.He will be meeting us next week.

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Future Perfect Tense

1. The future perfect tense is used to indicate the completion of an action by a

certain future time ; asI shall have written my exercise by that time.

before you go to see him , he will have left the place .Future perfect continuous tense2. The perfect future continuous tense indicates an action represented as being

in progress over a period of time that will end in the future.

By next july we shall have been living here for four years.When he gets his degree , he will have been studying at Oxford

for four years.

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By :- Abhinav Verma

Thank you for your patience.