BELOVED TEACHERS OF ENGLISH

MUTHURAMALINGAM.P.S.

GGHSS, PANDALGUDI

• CAPTIVES-PRISONERS ****

• VALIANT -BRAVE***

• INTERRED-BURIED**

• HONOURABLE-BRIGHT**

• SLEW-KILLED**

• CENSURE-JUDGE*

• VALOUR-COURAGE*

• RUFFLE UP-DISTURB*

• SACRED -HOLY*

• GRIEVOUS-SERIOUS*

• REVERENCE-RESPECT*

• RANSOM-MONEY PAID TO

RELEASE THE PRISONERS**

EMERGED -ROUSED*****

INTUITION - INSIGHT****

FRAILTY - WEAK****

DORMANT- LATENT**

ADVENT - ARRIVAL***

ENDURANCE-TOLERATE*

LIBEL- HARM*

SUBJUGATION-

SUPPRESSION*

CRUSADER- FIGHTS FOR A

CAUSE*

AWAKENED – ROUSED **

DELICATELY – CAREFULLY *

CONSUMMATE – COMPLETE *

BIZARRE – STRANGE***

STRANDED – MAROONED ***

RECCE – SURVEY **

MENACING – THREATENING ***

TRUANT – STAYED AWAY

WITHOUT PERMISSION*

STURDY – STRONG ***

FASCINATING – ATTRACTING*

IN HOT PURSUIT – CHASING*

RETAINED – CONTINUED TO

POSSESS*

TRANSFIXED - FASCINATED*

INADVERTENCY –

UNINTENTIONAL*

ANIMATED – ENCOURAGED*

SEDUCE – TEMPT***

TRANQUILITY – CALM*

PATRONAGE – SUPPORT*

OBVIOUS – APPARENT*

ORNATE – FLOWERY**

BATTERED – THRASHED*

PETRIFIED – IMMOBILE****

VILE – EVIL****

BELITTLING – TREATED

WITH SCANT RESPECT*

PATRONAGE –

ENCOURAGEMENT** HYSTERICALLY –SCREAMED*

INSTANTLY – IMMEDIATELY*

SULLEN – SAD, MISERABLE*

SQUASHED – DEFEATED***

RESOLVED – INFORMED*

UNHERALDED– UNANNOUNCED***

ACCELERATED – SPEEDED UP***

HARNESS – CONTROL****

STENCH – STINK**

INDUSTRIOUS – HARD WORKING***

ASSAIL – ATTACK*

CENSURE- CRITICISM*

ENIGMA- MYSTERY*

OMINOUS – SOMETHING BAD*

BROAD X NARROW*

FAITHFUL X DISLOYAL**

SACRED X UNHOLY**

HONOURABLE X UNWORTHY*

REVERENCE X DISRESPECT*

ROUGH X SMOOTH*

VALOUR X COWARDICE*

ANGUISHED X PEACEFUL*

TRAITOR X PATRIOTS*

VALIANT X COWARD**

RUFFLE UP X CALM**

BLUNT X SHARP*

TYRANT X DEMOCRAT*

PRAISE X CRITICISE*

MARVELLOUS X ORDINARY**

RADICALLY X MODERATE***

SUBSERVIENT X DOMINANT*

DOMINEERING X SUBMISSIVE***

DORMANT X ACTIVE*

BESTOWED X OBTAINED/DENIED**

FRAILLY X STRONG**

TIMID X BOLD*

INFINITE X FINITE*

FAITHFUL X FAITHLESS, DISLOYAL*

ABANDONED X INHABITED***

STURDY X WEAK*****

EVENTUALLY X INITIALLY***

CONTINUOUSLY X

INTERMITTENTLY****

SHROUDED X UNCOVERED***

VANISH X APPEAR*

BUSTLING X INACTIVE*

DETERRED X ENCOURAGED*

FORBIDDEN X ALLOWED*

PATIENT X IMPATIENT*

RISIBLE X SERIOUS**

COPIOUS X MEAGER******

OBSCURE X CLEAR**

TRANQUILITY X AGITATION**

OBVIOUS X HIDDEN*

PERFECT X IMPERFECT*

OMITTED X INCLUDED*

VIGOROUS X SPIRITLESS*

EXAGGERATED X UNDERPLAYED*

BRIEF X DETAILED*

DESPISE X ADMIRE****

VILE X GOOD*

INTERESTED X INDIFFERENT*

SULLEN X CHEERFUL**

AGONY X ECSTASY*

CREATOR X DESTROYER****

TRUSTED X UNWORTHY

STUPID X CLEVER*

LOOSENED X TIGHTENED*

SUSPICION X CERTAIN*

UNDAMAGED X DAMAGED*

ILLITERATE X LITERATE*

INDIFFERENT X INTEREST**

ULTIMATE X INITIAL**

EXTINGUISHED X LIT**

LIBERAL X CONSERVATIVE*

CURSED X BLESSED******

TRIVIAL X SIGNIFICANT*****

RELEVANT X IRRELEVANT*

GUILT X INNOCENCE*

MONSTROUS X HUMANE*

DESTRUCTION X CONSTRUCTION*

HARNESS X RELEASE**

ADVERSE X FAVOURABLY*

REMOTE X NEAR**

INDEX –INDEXES*******DATUM –DATE********BACTRIUM -BACTERIA**ERRATUM – ERRATACRITERION – CRITERIA*MEDIUM –MEDIA*****SYLLABUS – SYLLABI**

MATRIX – MATRIXES**BASIS – BASESTHESIS – THESESRADIUS – RADII**FORMULA –FORMULAE*AGENDUM – AGENDA*ALUMNUS –ALUMNI******

• ae usi uma sises exes

• VŒ cÁ ckh ÁrZ v¡rZ

• a+e, us+i, um+a, sis+es, ex+es

1. ‘a’ endings take ‘e’(formula-formulae)

2. ‘us’ endings take ‘i’ (‘us’ is dropped as ‘y’ in lorry-

lorries and if there is already an ‘i’, ‘i ’doubles (radius-

radii).

3. ‘um’ endings take ‘a’( datum-data), ‘um’ is also

dropped as ‘us’.

• FOR ‘POSITIVE’ NOUNSSUBJECTS VERBS NOUNS

I LIKED THE DATA (PLURAL).

MY FATHER MISSED THE BBC (ABBREVIATION).

SHE KNEW THE NEWSCAST (BLENDING).

MY FRIEND WANTED THE TRUCK (AMERICAN WORD).

OUR TEACHERS SAW THE KITCHEN GARDEN ( COMPOUND WORD).

THE GIRLS FOUND THE IMPROVEMENT (PREFIX).

WE RECEIVED THE ABILITY( SUFFIX)

RAJA LOVED THE MARK (DEMARCATE) (CLIPPING).

ANY SUBLECT NEEDED THE LIGUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS.

* IF ‘NEGATIVE’ WORDS LIKE ‘AIDS’ , WE CAN USE ‘HATE’ OR ‘DID NOT LIKE/SEE/LOVE/ETC.

MY FRIEND HATED, DISLIKEDDID NOT LIKE

PUNISHMENT.

Idioms and Phrases (Pp-284, 285, 286)

1. To give someone a piece of one’s mind****. (HE GAVE ME A PIECE OF MIND).

2. To be at logger heads*****. (I saw them at logger heads)

3. To be at the end of one’s tether. (We found him at the end of his tether)

4. To be on cloud nine***(The winners are in cloud nine)

5. A bolt from the blue***(Missing the first rank is a bolt from the blue to Shammi)

6. A yellow streak. (Don’t show an yellow streak)

7. In the pink of health***(He is in the pink of health at 80)

8. A shadow of one’s self (He became an MLA in the shadow of his father)

9. Honour bound*(We are honour bound to look after our parents)

10. Put on airs**.(My friend put on airs after his MBBS)

11. Once in a blue moon*(English teacher visits home once in a blue moon)

ABBREVIATIONS (Pp-124, 125)PC-Personal Computer*, UGC-University Grants Commission***, PSU- Public Sector Unit, HSS-Higher Secondary Schools, CPU- Central Processing Unit******, NLC- NeyveliLignite Corporation *, BBC- British Broadcasting Corporation** , LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas *, CD- Compact Disc, VCR- Video Cassette Recorder*, LAN- Local Area Network, TANSI- TaminaduSmall Scale Industries, ISRO- Indian Space Research Organisation, AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome**, ATM- Automatic teller machine**, WHO- World Health Organisation***, UNO- United Nations Organisation*, TOEFL*-Test of English as a Foreign Language. (Students have to write the abbreviated words in sentences not just the abbreviation), (refer ready to use sentence table for context – Example: I loved the Personal Computer, I saw the University Grants Commission, I liked the Public Sector Unit, I knew the Higher Secondary Schools, I found the Central Processing Unit, etc.)

HOMOPHONES (Pp-179,180)

Dessert (payasam), desert (palaivanam)** - We eat dessertin the desert.

Eminent(sirantha), imminent (udan nigala kudia)*** - Theeminent scientist warned the imminent danger.

Stationery (eluthu porutgal), stationary (asayatha, nilayana)-The stationery stores are not stationery*

Principal ( kalloori muthalvar) principle ( neri murai, olukkaniyathi)**- Our principal in a man of principle.

Industrial(thozlil sarntha), industrious (kadina ulaippu) *-Ratan Tata is industrious and he solves all industrialproblems.

Prescribed(thoguthu kodu), proscribed(aapathu endruarivithal)*-The lesson prescribed is announced proscribed bythe government.

Seen(paarthal), scene(katchi)*- I have seen a bad scene.Illegible(padikka mudiyatha), eligible(thaguthi)* - He is not eligible as he has illegible hand writing. Popular(pirapalyamana),populous(makkal athigamulla) – India is a popular democracy

but a populous one.Moral(neethi), morale(kattu pattu unarvu)*- The moral of the story improved his morale.Peace(amaithi), piece(thundu thundaga)* - The state was in pieces but it has peace.Sell(virpanai seithal), cell(min kalam, aria)*- The shop sells cell for my phone. Route(valiyaga), root(aaniver)*- The route of Silk rooted in China.Adopted(thathueduthal), adapted(porunthipoguthal)*- The adopted boy has adapted into the family.Threw(erithal), through(valiyaga)*- She threw the waste through the window

• Conscience(ulunarvu),conscious(vilipudaniruthal)*- If you are conscious of your conscience, you will not make mistake.

• Weak(palaginam), week(vaaram)*- My friend was weak in this week.

• Whether(irandilondru), weather(kalanilai)*- I do not know whether the weather will permit us.

• Due(karanamaga), dew(panithuli)*- Due to dew the train was cancelled.

• Note: Students May be told, if they don’t know the exact answer, to write one of the homophones in both the blanks so that they may get at least one mark for the right blank.

News and broadcast**-newscast

Education and entertainment** - edutainment

Travel and catalogue****- travelogue

motorway and hotel**- motel

Lecture and demonstration**- lecdem

Helicopter and airport***- heliport

Breakfast and lunch*- brunch

Smoke and fog- smog

Electro and execute**- electrocute

Information and wizard- info wiz.

information + technology - InfoTech

Documentary and drama**- docudrama

Vegetable and burger*- veg burger

International and police**- Interpol

Medical and care* ***- Medicare,

(refer ready to use sentence table for context- For example; I liked the newscast. My father loved the edutainment, my friends needed the travelogue, my sister found the motel, etc.; using ‘the’ is rather more important.)

de.tect****,don.key**,daugh.ter***,queue*,va.nish*,cen.sure*,con.tact*,ad.van.tage***,en.ter.tain****,pre.si.dent***,en.ter.tain**,dra.ma.tic******,ac.ci.dent**,ec.cen.tric***,con.fi.dence***,ex.press.ion*,fa.ci.li.tate*,e.ra.di.cate***,cal.cu.la.tion*,phi.lo.so.phy*,di.li.gence*,dy.na.mic*,per.mi.sion/per.mission*,for.tu.nate*,im.pli.cit*,pro.duc.tion*,me.mo.ry*,es.ta.blish*,fan.tas.tic*,in.sti.tu.tion**,ins.pi.ra.tion**,par.ti.cu.lar***,al.lit.te.ra.tion**,si.mul.te.ne.ous*,in.te.li.gent*,as.tro.lo.gy****,mag.ni.fi.cent*,su.per.sti.tion*,em.bo.di.ment*,e.du.ca.tion*,for.mi.da.ble*,la.bo.ra.to.ry*,ac.ti.vi.ty*,in.tro.duc.tion*,po.pu.la.tion*,fa.ci.li.tate*,as.so.ci.a.tion**,ap.pre.ci.a.tion**,ar.gu.men.ta.tive*.

ONE WORD IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Address as a verb as a noun. 2. Hope as averb as a noun. 3. Equal as an adjective as anoun. 4. Old as an adjective as a verb. 5. Like asan adjective as a verb. 6. Well as a verb as anoun. 7. Tears as verb and Noun. 8. Fine asNoun and adjective. 9. Help as Noun and Verb.10. Love as Noun and verb. 11. File as Nounand Verb.

• FOR USING A WORD IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH

‘ADDRESS’ AS NOUN AND VERB

1. For using as ‘Noun’- the previous table can be used:

‘I liked the address’- used as ‘Noun’( I liked the love, We saw the tears, They needed the hope, My friend wanted the well)

2. For ‘ Verbal’ usage:

‘ I___________ all’ ( I addressed all, I loved all, I filed all)

3. For ‘an Adjective’:

‘ I liked the __________ time’ ( I liked the old time, she saw the fine time, Radha wanted equal time

BRITISH vs AMERICAN( Pp-25,26,27)

Flat*– apartment, / Biscuit*– cookies, /Holiday****– vacation, / Lorry****–truck, / Luggage* – baggage, / Railway –railroad, / Lift**– elevator, / Taxi – cab, /Tin – can, / Petrol*– gasoline, / Autumn-Fall**, / Film-Movie***, / - Tap-Faucet, /Underground*- subway, / Pavement* -sidewalk, / Sweets-Candies**, / Mail*-post/, / Aerial- Antenna.

COMPOUND WORDS (Pp- 126)

Duty-free***, / kitchen garden*, / day- to– day**,/ air-conditioning*, / long-forgotten*, / well-to-do****, / wood-work*,/ point-to-point**, / washing-machine*, / sports-man*, / son-in-law*,/down-to-earth*,/ world-famous*, / taxi-driver*, / shop-owner***,(refer ready touse sentence table)

SUFFIX-PREFIX (Pp-121, 122)

• PREFIXES

• Un-kind***-, dia-gram*, contra-band, in-active* , im-possible***, pre-paid*, post-lunch, de-frost*, bi-weekly*, tri-colour, ir-resposible*, dis-miss**, non-violence*, mis-lead*, il-legal*.

• SUFFIXES: abil-ity***, quick-ly***, symbol-ise*, faith-less***, kind-ness***, govern-ment****, faith-ful**, eat-able, mob-ile*, affect-tion**, child-hood*.

• Note: Ask the students to write either prefix or suffix, not both (refer ready to use sentence table).

COMPOUND WORD FORMATION (Pp-125)

Noun + noun (moonlight) *********, /Noun + verb (sunrise) *******, / Noun +gerund (air-conditioning) *******, / Noun+ adjective (lifelong) ******, / Preposition+ noun (upstairs) ***, / Verb + noun(washbasin) ****, / Gerund + noun(washing-machine) **, / Adjective + noun(blackboard) *****, / Adjective + verb(whitewash) *

PHARASAL VERBS (Pp-283)

• Break in (enter by force). The thief broke in the house.

• Break up (separate into smaller piece). The child broke up the doll*.

• Call upon (call somebody to do something).The teacher called upon us to clean the campus.

• Call off (cancel). We called off the tour due to bandh**.

• Cut off (cutting from a larger part). The branches were cut off from the tree.

• Cut short (get reduced). My father cut short his shirt to suit me**.

Phrasal-verbs

• See through (realise truth). I saw through the reason for my headache.

• See to (deal with). I saw to the power cut with invertor.

• Go ahead (move forward). I went ahead of my decision to join medicine.

• Go against (not in favour). All the evidence went against him**.

PHARASAL VERBSKeep away (avoid going near). I kept away from the porewell.Keep on (continue). We kept on preparing for the boardexam.Keep up (at the same level). My friend kept me up hislevel****.

Look after (take care of). We must look after our agedparents well.Look into (examine something). The judge looked into thecase carefully.Look out (keep trying to find). My friend looked out for hislost dictionary******.

Phrasal-verbs

Pick on (treat unfairly by blaming).My neighbour pickedon a quarrel with us when he lost his hen.pick up (Get by chance). I picked up my close friend onthe way.

Stand by (ready for action). I stood by my friend whenhe joined Army.Stand up (on your feet). I stood up to answer thequestion

Give up (abandon completely). My friend gave up smoking. Give off (sent out). The dish gave off a fine smell*.

PHARASAL VERBS

Put on (wear). She put on her new dress for Diwali.

Put off (away from, postpone) We put off our trip to Amarnath**.

Take off (left the ground, remove).The copter took off from the port.

Take over (assume charge). He took over the office when the manager fell ill*.

Phrasal-verb

Pull back (move back). The army pulled back when it started raining.

pull on (going ahead, breath in). We pulled on in spite of heavy rain.

Pull up ( criticizing someone) My friend pulled up me for giving false information*.

NOTE: USE ‘DON’T____’/ ‘PLEASE_____’ (Don’t pull back or Please pull back).

CLIPPED FORM (Pp-226)

Omnibus-bus, Laboratory-lab**, Advertisement-ad***, Influenza-flu*, Microphone-mike*,Spectacles-specs**, Demonstration-demo*,Gymnasium-gym****, Suitcase-case**, helicopter-copter**, Taxi-cab-taxi*, handkerchief-kerchief***,kilogram-kilo***, signature-sign**, aero-plane-plane*, hamburger-burger**, photograph-photo*,fountain-pen- pen*, refrigerator-fridge*, telephone-phone**, perambulator-pram*, demarcate- mark**,mathematics-maths**. (Refer ready to use sentencetable for context).

‘IF’ CLAUSE• Type – IEx: If you study (first form of verb/simple present) well, youwill pass. (Simple future/ will + first form)• Type – IIEx: If she asked (simple past/second form) for help I wouldhelp (would + first form of verb) her.• *If she were an angel she would fly. (If the verb ‘if’ clause is

a ‘be’ verb it always takes ‘were’ when the verb in the mainclause is would + first form)

Type – III• Ex: If I had known (past perfect/had + third form of verb)

the answer I would have told (would + have + third form) it.(These verb combinations must be practiced. Refer page No.86, 87, 88, 89, and 90).

SEMI MODALS (Pp-191,192,193)

• Dare to: (refer courage) How dare you call me byname. She dare not go out at night.

• Need to: (necessity or not necessary) You need toprepare all lessons. You need not read allquestions

• Ought to: (compulsion, obligation) We ought totake care of our elders/children/health.

• Used to: (regular past happening, suspended atpresent) I used to go for a walk when I was inBangalore.

TENSES

• Simple present tense: with adverbs present in thesentence- always, often, frequently, generally, usually,sometimes, every day, every week, every month, oncea week, twice a week, and truth/fact

• Present continuous: with words- still, now, while,now-a-days, these days, at this time, at present, atthat moment and a likely action in the future.

• Present perfect: with words-yet, as yet, so far, eversince, already, just, just now, presently, once, twice,and period of time

• Present perfect continuous: period of time andsentence begin with for how long, since when.

• Simple past: with words-yesterday, ago, all the while,last and past action

RELATIVE PRONOUNS( Pp-236, 237)The ‘5’ steps

1. Word referring human beings + relative pronoun + verb = ‘who’

• Eg: I know the boy (human word) who (relative pronoun) was selected (verb).

2. Word referring human beings + relative pronoun + noun = ‘whose’

• Eg: I know the boy (human word) whose (relative pronoun) father (noun) was selected

3. Word referring to human beings + relative pronoun + pronoun = ‘whom’

• Eg: I know the boy (human word) whom(relative pronoun) they (pronoun) trusted with.

4. A word not referring human + relative pronoun + verb/noun/pronoun = ‘that’ or‘which’

• Eg: I read the story (non-human word) that (relative pronoun) was (verb) written byTagore/ I (pronoun) found in the library/ my father (noun) also liked.

5.A word referring a place of purpose + relative pronoun + verb/noun = ‘where’

• Eg: I went to the college where I had my graduation

Note: use ‘what’ other than the human, non-human and place word comes infront of the blank, particularly ‘verb’.

Sentence pattern

• SVO**- (I named/called him),

• SVOA***** (I named/called him yesterday),

• ASVO* (Yesterday, I named him),

• SVOC**** (I named him Raja),

• SVOCA** (I named him Raja yesterday),

• ASVOC* (Yesterday, I named him Raja),

• SVIODO** (I gave him a pen),

• ASVIODO (Yesterday, I gave him a pen),

• SVIODOA (I gave him a pen yesterday),

• SVC** (He was a king/ He was good),

• SVCA***** (He was a king yesterday/ He was good yesterday)

TYPE OF PASSIVE

• Voice with ‘by’ before object is personal passive

• Voice without ‘by’+ ‘object’ is impersonal

LINKERS• Tips:

1.____ he was good (positive), he was selected (positive) (‘AS’ or ‘and so’-when the sentence is positive)

2.______ he was good (positive), he was refused (negative). (‘though,although, even though’ or ‘but, yet, still’ -if one part is negative)

3.______ he was good (positive), he would be (would + first form of

verb)selected (positive)(‘If’ or ‘and’ if -one part is positive and the other part has‘will/would + first form/have + third form of verb’+ positive)

4.______ he was good (positive), he would be (would + first form) rejected(negative). ( ‘unless, or, or-else, otherwise’ -if one part is positive and the otherpart has ‘will/would + first form/have + third form of verb’+ negative)

5. When I went to the station, the train had already left.(Verb ‘simplepast’ in one clause and ‘past perfect’ in the other clause use ‘when’ or ‘and’.)

• Note: subordinate conjunctions like ‘as, though, although, even though, if,unless, when’ are usually placed in the beginning of the sentence and thecoordinate conjunctions like’ and so, and, but, yet, still, or or-else,otherwise’ are placed in the middle of the sentence)

Dialogue writing

Eg: Raj : Where are you going now, Geetha?

Geetha : I am going to Madurai.

Raj (subject) asked Geetha (object)(reporter speech),“Where are you going? (reported speech) & Geetha toldRaj, “I am going to Madurai” are the actual speech.The reporter verb and the object are understood.The verb is as per the type of sentence, the object isthe speaker in the next conversation, i.e. Geetha andthe conjunction will also be as per the type ofsentences. The object for the second conversation isthe speaker of the first conversation).

Dialogue writingType of

sentence

Reporter

verb

conjunction Pronoun

change

Verb of reported

speech

1.statements told/replied that Use

S

O

N

Method

for all *

present tense

→past tense,

simple past

→past perfect,

will→would,can

→could,

may→might,

shall→should

2.interrogative

s

asked If/weather

or ‘wh’type

pronouns

3.imperatives ordered,

advised,

requested

To + verb or

Not to +

verb

4.exclamatory exclaimed that

Dialogue writing

• First person ‘I’ in the reported speech alwaysrefers to →S= subject reporter speech.

• Second person ‘you’ in the reported speechalways refers to→ O= object of reporter speech.

• Third persons ‘he/she/it’ in the reported speechhas → N= no change.

• So, change the pronouns ‘I/you’ → ‘he/she’,‘me/you’ →him/her and ‘My/your’→ ‘her/his’

• Ans: Raj asked Geetha where she was going then.Geetha replied him that she was going toMadurai.

Start with• Start with the given word and remove the

conjunction and the word in which you start.

1. If I were you, I would help her (Start with ‘were’)

step 1:Were if (conjunction) I were (the word in which we start)

you, I would help her.

Step 2: Were I you, I would help her.

2. If you had invited me, I would have come. (Start with ‘had’)

Step 1: Had if you had invited me, I would have come.

Step 2: Had you invited me, I would have come.

Simple/compound/complexCOMPLEX COMPOUND SIMPLE (phrases)

When,

As soon as

(time)

and On + (possessive adjective-

(my/our/your/his/her/their)(If the subject of both clauses are

different) + verb+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb)

As,

Since, Because

(reason)

and so or

therefore

Being (for ‘be’ verb) or having + III form or as a result of +

verb+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb) or on account of + v+ing or

being (for ‘be’ verb) or because of + v+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb) or

due to + v+ing or owing to + v+ing

Though,

Although,

Even though

(contrast)

But or yet or

stillIn spite of + possessive adjective

(my/our/your/his/her/their) + V+ing or being(for ‘be’ verb) or despite + v+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb)

If (positive

Condition)

and Incase of + v+ing or being (for ‘be’ verbs) or in the event o + v+

ing or being (for ‘be’ verb)

Simple compound complexUnless(negative

Condition)

Or,orotherwise,or orelse

Incase of + not + v+ing or being (for

‘be’ verbs) or in the event o + v+ ing or

being (for ‘be’ verb)

So..that + S +can

not(for present tense) or

couldnot(past)

(result)

Very and so Too…to

So that (purpose) and In order to + V+ing

Not only..but also

(emphasis)

As well as Besides being

After (time later

than)

and Having + III form of verb

Simple compound complex

• Some examples:

• Though he wrote well, he scored less (complex)/ He wrotewell but he scored less(compound) (just inter change onlythe conjunction to transform compound to complex orcomplex to compound)(memorise the table to use correctconjunctions)

• To convert to simple;

• Step- 1. Remove the conjunction (Though he wrote well, hescored less/ He wrote well but he scored less).

• Step-2. Start with respective phrase choosing from the table(in spite of + v + ing (no possessive as the subjects are same) In spite ofwriting (-ing form is added only to the first form of verb)

• Step-3. Ask them to write the remaining part as it is- well,he scored less.

Simple compound complex

• Note: only the ‘conjunction’, ‘subject’ (takes possessive form if the

subjects are different or it is dropped) and ‘verb’ (takes –ing form) are changed.

• As he was ill, he was absent (complex)/ He was ill and so hewas absent(compound)/ Being ill, he was absent (simple)

• Having completed my home-work, I went out to play(simple). As I completed my home-work, I went out to play(complex).I completed my home work and so I went out toplay(compound).

• Note: While converting to simple sentence to eithercomplex or compound, the ‘verb of main clause’ (went - simple

past) should be noted carefully. The ‘verb’ in sub-clause isformed as per the tense of the main clause. But, to form‘If’/‘unless’ clause the verb ‘will/would’ of the main clausebe noted.

Combining sentences

1. If the conjunction is already given follow thepattern as per the tableEg: ‘Venkat shared his lunch with the boy. He hadonly one sandwich’. (form a complex sentenceusing ‘though’)• Note: it is a ‘contrast’ sentence. He had only one

sandwich. He shared it. ‘Contrast’ sentencesusually have ‘actions of difference whencompared’. It may also be mentioned as more orless, positive and negative. So, we have to use‘though’ with more than less.

‘Though Venkat had only one sandwich (has one - more),he shared his lunch with the boy (has no sandwich - less)

Combining the sentences

2. The children of the household constantly belittledGunga Ram. They never read scriptures’.(combinethem using a ‘relative pronoun’)• Note: while using Relative pronouns see what noun

(antecedent) the subject of the second sentence refersto. Replace the subject with RP and place thesentence after the ‘antecedent’.

In the above sentence the subject (they) refers to ‘thechildren’.• The children of the house hold who never read

scriptures constantly belittled Gunga Ram.Eg; I am reading a book (antecedent). It is interesting.• I am reading a book which is interesting.

Combining sentences

3. The rain stopped. The play resumed. (combinethe sentences into complex)(refers ‘time’)

When the rain stopped, the play resumed.

4. If the same type of sentences have ‘will/would+ verb’ combinations, it becomes conditionals.

The rain stopped. The play would beresumed.(combine them into complex)

If the rain stopped, the play would beresumed.

Combining sentences

5. If the same type of sentences have ‘will/would + verb’combinations, it becomes conditionals.

• Eg: The rain stopped. The play would be resumed.

• If the rain stopped, the play would be resumed.

6. If such sentences have ‘negatives’ in the second part, itwould be ‘contrast’ sentences.

• Eg: The rain stopped. The play did not resume. (contrast)

• Though the rain stopped, the play did not resume.

7. If they are ‘negative conditionals’ with ‘will/would + not +verb’ combination, it will take ‘unless’

Eg: The rain stopped. The play would not be resumed.

Unless the rain stopped, the play would not be resumed.

Essays• JULIUS CAESAR

• Introduction: Julius Caesar is a famous play of WilliamShakespeare. His characters are real.

• Speech of Brutus: Brutus loved Caesar. But he lovedhis country more. Caesar was ambitious. He wouldmake his people slaves. So, he killed him. He touchedthe head of the people.

• Speech of Mark Antony: Antony came to bury Caesarnot to praise. Caesar filled the treasury with ransom.He refused the crown thrice. He left a will to people.He was not ambitious. He touched the sentiment ofthe people.

• Conclusion: The skilled speeches attracted the people.

• GANDHIJI AS A CRUSADER.• Introduction: Gandhi worked for women’s equality. He

wanted education for them and take part in all. He madethem equal.

• Woman, man’s friend: Women are not slaves but equal. Onecannot live without the support of other. Women needequality to shape their future.

• Gandhi Vs Tradition: He did not follow tradition blindly. If atradition is irrelevant to our progress, we must leave it. Childmarriage, untouchability and child widowhood are wrong.They are immoral. They must be removed.

• Ahimsa and Sathyagraha: Ahimsa means endless love. It isendless capacity for suffering. God created women to love.Women are true models of Ahimsa like Sita, Savithri, andDhamayandhi. The power of non-violence lies with them.They can spread good news.

Poem: Appreciation. 1. ‘Psalm of Life’- H. W. Longfellow

1. which is ‘mournful numbers’? – sad song**.2. What is meant by ‘bivouac of life’ – temporary camp*****.3. When should we act? – at present*.4. What is compared ‘muffled drum’?- our heart**.5. What is ‘learn to labour’? – work-hard*,6. What does the life compared to? – Battle field*.7. Who leave foot prints? – great men/our ancestors**.8. What does the foot prints refer to? - our ancestors achievement*.9. Where do they leave foot prints? – on the sands of time*.10. What does the life of great men teach us? - our life issublime/great*.11. Which is death-less? - soul.12. Which soul dies? – the soul that ‘slumbers/sleeps.ALLUSION: ‘Dust thou art, to dust returnest’ - BIBLE, Genesis.

2. ‘Women’s Rights’- Annie Louisa Walker

1. To whom does the poem addressed to? – men in general*.

2. What is the picture about? – women’s rights/mission*.

3. Where do they claim to dwell? – in the kitchen/under theroof***.

4. What is ‘inane abstraction’? – meaningless emptythoughts***.

5. What is meant by ‘to sleep our life away’? – waste ourtime**.

6. What are women compared to? – humble plants*.

7. What do they make - a bright home with love andhappiness*.

8. What do you mean by ‘cherished circle’? – familycircle******.

3. ‘A Noiseless patient Spider’- Walt Whitman

1. What is ‘promontory’? - highest place***.

2. How does the soul stand? – detached from likes and dislikes**.

3. Who is musing continuously? – human soul**.

4. What is filament? – flimsy material/saliva**.

5. Where does the soul stand? – in the vast space**.

6. What does the spider symbolise? – soul**

7. What is ‘gossamer thread’? – fibre/filament/the thread bridge**.

8. What is the bridge? – connecting human soul to spiritual world.

4. ‘English Words’- V.K.Gokak1. What is ‘leech craft’? – using leeches to remove impure blood**.2. What are English words compared to? –leech craft, tongues of fire, forest fire,sunlight, winged seed, winging seed, swarm of fire flies, homing bees, god***.3. Which were the ‘thorns’ in our blood? – Native language*.4. What do you mean by ‘thorn-mills’? – superstitious thoughts*.5. What does the word ‘you’ and ‘dawn’ refers to? – English words*.6. What is ‘devouring’? – removed unnecessary things*.7. Who crossed the furrowed seas? - English words*.8. What are clustered stars? – clustered means ‘group of stars’, all Englishwords*.9. What is ‘nascent loveliness’? – new born beauty/beautiful existence**.10. What is ‘gospel’? – good news**.11. What is ‘global merchandise’? – trade language**.12. What is ‘homing bees’? – as bees collect honey and keep them in hive,English words collect word all over and keep them vocabulary list*.13. What is ‘Indo Aryan’? – English belongs to Germanic, an Indo Aryanlanguage**.ALLUSION:1. ‘Indo Aryan’- English belong to Germanic, Indo-Aryan language.2. ‘And the Word was God’ – BIBLE, St. John.

5. ‘snake’- D. H. Lawrence1. Why did the snake come? – To drink water*.2. Who is ‘someone’, ‘guest’? – The snake***.3. What is education tell? – Yellow snakes are poisonous, must be killed**.4. Who must be killed? – Snake**.5. What is education? - learned knowledge*.6. What is accursed education? – Education made him hate snakes*.7. Who is the first comer? – Snake**.8. Who is the second comer? - D. H. Lawrence, the poet**.9. What does ‘he’ refers to? – Snake.10. What is Etna? – Volcano in Sicily**.11. What is the mean act/pettiness? – act of throwing the log***.12. What is ‘albatross’? – A sea bird*.13. Who is the king in exile? – Snake*.14. What does the poet wish for? – The snake to come back*.• ALLUSION:1. ‘Sicilian July with Etna smoking’ – Etna, a volcano in Sicily, referring heat andburning.2. ‘And I thought of the albatross’ – ‘Rime of Ancient Mariner’ by Coleridge. S.T.

6. ‘The Man He Killed’- Thomas Hardy 1. Who shot whom? – The poet shot his enemy**.2. Who stared face to face? – The poet and his foe/enemy***3. Why did the narrator shot him? – Because he was hisenemy/foe***.4. Who do ‘he’ and ‘I’ refer to? – The poet and his enemy*.5. What is ‘nipperkin’? – Wine glass***.6. What is ‘infantry’? – Foot-soldiers*.7.What is ‘half a crown’? – British coin, five shillings.8. What is ‘quaint and curious’? - treat one in bar but kill him in thewar***.

• Figure of Speech:1.Simile: If the given poetic line has ‘like, as, so’, it has a ‘simile’ as the figure ofspeech.2. Metaphor: If the given poem line does not have ‘like, as so’, it has a ‘metaphor’.Alliteration: repetition of ‘consonant’ sounds more than once in the beginning of theword in a poem line.• ‘In the word’s broad field of battle’- ‘b’ sound is repeated. Alliterated words are

‘broad and battle’.

Clue words for ERC• Clue words for ERC: 1.Poem:A Psalm of Life, Poet: W.H. Longfellow-

mournful numbers, slumbers, life is real, grave, dust, art is long, to act,muffled drums, funeral marches, worlds broad field of battle, bivouac of life,dumb driven cattle, lives of men, foot prints.

• 2. Poem: Women’s Rights, Poet: Annie Louisa Walker- rights we cherish,claim to dwell, inane abstraction, home sunshine, humble plants, andcherished circle.

• 3. Poem: A Noiseless Patient Spider, Poet: Walt Whitman – promontory,explore the vast, filament, O soul, ocean of space, sphere to connect, bridge,gossamer thread.

• 4. Poem: English Words, Poet: V. K. Gokak – speech, leech-craft, tongues offire, dawn and sunlight, winged seeds, swarm of fireflies, nascent loveliness,nectar in fruit jars, clustered stars, homing bees, aeons bright, gospel, IndoAryan, global merchandise, word was God

• 5. Poem Snake, Poet: D.H. Lawrence- second comer, as drinking cattle do,earth brown earth golden, Sicilian July Etna, like a guest, voice of education,kill him, looked around like a God, like lightning, thought of the albatross,like a king in exile.

• 6. Poem: The Man he Killed, Poet: Thomas Hardy- ancient inn, nipperkin,killed him in his place, shot him dead, foe, out of work, quint and curious,half a crown.

To remember the Poet and the Poem

• 1. ‘Psalm….’ oru ‘Long…’ pattu.

• 2. ‘Annie…’ oru ‘Women..’

• 3 ‘…spider’ on the ‘Walt…’

• 4. ‘English..’ ‘..Gokak’

• 6. ‘Snake’ ‘Dhla..’

• 7. ‘….killed’ ‘…..Hardy’

paragraphs• A PSALM OF LIFE

W.H. Longfellow says that life is not an empty dream. It isreal. Only the body dies but the soul is deathless. Our heart beattells us that time is short. Our life on earth is temporary. Weshould not waste our time. We must act and work hard. Theworld is a battle field. We must act like heroes. We have thefootprints of great men to make our life great. Let us work hardand achieve.• WOMEN’S RIGHTS

Annie Louisa Walker tells that men cannot rob the rightswomen cherish. They live alone and silently under the roof. Theydo not lead a meaningless life. Humble plants on the road sidegive happiness to all. Similarly, women make the home brightwith happiness. They are not noticed but they are happy. Theyare not known beyond the family circle. They share their lovewith their near and dear. Women are projected as symbol ofsacrifice not as a modern woman.

1. The Selfish Giant

1. Children entered through -a hole on the wall*.2. The giant stayed with his friend Cornish Ogre for – 7

years*****.3. Autumn did not give any – fruit*.4. The giants final journey to – the paradise/God’s garden****.5. The giant died of – old age and feeble*.6. The giant longed for – the little child**.7. 12 peach trees have – pink and pearl flowers*.8. The giant knocked down – the wall with axe*,9. The children have – no place to play*.10. These are the wounds of – love.11. The giant was covered with – white blossoms.12. The little child was – infant Jesus.

The Lottery Ticket• 1. Ivan want to visit – India**.

• 2. Ivan’s income – 1200 roubles per annum**.

• 3. Ivan has – no faith in lottery***.

• 4. The lottery belongs to – Masha*.

• 5. The prize amount – 75,000 roubles**.

• 6. Real property – 25000**.

• 7. To the bank - 40000*,

• 8. Immediate expenses- 10000.

• 9. Disappointment of not winning lottery – hate eachother***.

• 10. Ivan did not visit – Italy, India and south of France*.

• 11. The series number – 9499,

The Last Leaf• 1. Sue and Johnsy – painters/ common taste in painting,

coffee, chicory***.

• 2. They have rented in – Greenwich Village*.

• 3. Johnsy, Joanna, affected by pneumonia, counted from – 12**.

• 4. Johnsy was watching – Ivy vine*,

• 5. Johnsy’s ambition was – painting The Bay of Naples*.

• 6. The colour of the woollen scarf – blue*,

• 7. Behrman, a failure in art, wanted to paint – masterpiece*.

• 8. Behrman earned his living – served as a modal**.

• 9. Behrman died of - pneumonia***.

• 10. Behrman’s Master Piece – The last Leaf***.

• 11. Pneumonia is - deadly disease*.

How The Camel Got Its Hump

• 1. The camel did not work for – 3 days********.

• 2. The animals, dog, horse, ox were – angry*.

• 3. Camel is – lazy**.

• 4. The camel is lived in – the middle of howling desert*.

• 5. Dijinn is – in charge of desert**.

• 6. Dijinn punished the camel – with magic power**.

• 7. The camel can live without food for – 3 days.

Two Friends

• 1. The two friends were – anglers/fishingfriends**.

• 2. They have common interest in – fishing***.

• 3. They drank – absinth***.

• 4. The Prussian general asked – password forrelease*.

• 5. The two friends were – shot dead**.

• 6. The Prussians shot them and - threw them intothe river***.

• 7. The value depicted in this story is – patriotism

Refugees

• 1. The uncommon men are from – one region**.

• 2. They were refugees due to – flood/the dike broke**.

• 3. The women wore – blue stuff wrapped like hanky**.

• 4. The city dwellers – hated the refugees withbitterness**.

• 5. The passer by gave the old man – a silver and acopper***.

• 6. The vendor was – keen on selling noodles **.

• 7. The old man spent – the copper*.

• 8. He kept the silver for – buying seeds**.

• 9. The child was his – grandson*.

Open Window

• 1. Veera was Sappleton’s – Niece ****.• 2. Veera’s speciality was – romance at short notice***.• 3. The tragedy took place – 3 years ago **.• 4. The hunting party went through – the French window*• 5. The hunting party was accompanied by – spaniel, the

dog***.• 6. The hunting party was engulfed in – bog***.• 7. Snipe is a – bird*.• 8. Nuttel was afraid of – dogs*.• 9. The three figures came – at twilight *.• 10. Nuttel’s sister, sent Nuttel with a letter of introduction,

as he has nervous breakdown worked in a - rectory 3 yearsago.

essays• THE SELFISH GIANT

The selfish giant stayed with his friend for sevenyears. Children played in his garden. When he returned, hechased the children out. The unhappy children had no placeto play. Spring season came but winter stayed in the garden.Nature was angry.

One day he heard some music. He found flowers ineleven peach trees and children brought the spring. Underone tree a small boy stood crying. He was not able to climb.The Giant helped him and the boy kissed him. That tree toogave flowers. The giant realised his mistake. He allowed thechildren in his garden.

He could not find the small child afterwards. One dayhe came with wound of nail in his palm and legs. They werewounds of love. The giant found infant Jesus in the child. Hedied of old age and was taken to paradise.

• THE LOTTERY TICKET

The lottery belongs to Masha. Ivan had nofaith in lottery. He was a middle class man. He sawthe series 9499 in the newspaper. They starteddreaming about the prize money. Ivan wanted togo abroad, invest in real business and deposit inbank. His relatives are not good. He did not like togo with Masha.

Masha also wanted a villa and deposit in thebank for interest. The lottery number is 26. Thenumber in the newspaper was 46. They lost thelottery. Their dream dropped. The disappointmentmade them hate each other.

• THE LAST LEAF

Sue and Johnsy were friends and painters. Theystayed in Greenwich Village. Pneumonia attacked thevillage and Johnsy was affected. Sue took care of her.Johnsy lost the will to live. She saw the Ivy leavesfalling and associated it with her life. She said whenthe last leaf fell, she would die.

Sue told this to Behrman, a failure in art, livingby posing as model, stayed in the second floor. Hepainted the last leaf of the Vine and pasted it there.When Johnsy found the last leaf, she regained.Behrman was affected by pneumonia and died. His‘Last Leaf’ saved Johnsy. It is the masterpiece.

Study Skill• 1. What are the different sections in a library? – a)Journal

section, b)The stack, c) Electronic section d)Reference Sectionand e) The reprography********.

• 2. What is electronic section? – It is the print and electronicsources. It contains audio-visual materials such as audio/videocassettes and CD, ROMs, microforms like micro films, computerfacilities and internet**.

• 3. What does the reference section contain? – Indexes,bibliographies, abstracts, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, yearbooks, atlases, Gazettes and important books in alldisciplines**** (write any four).

• 4. Expand and explain OPAC: On line Public Access Catalogue.Any document can be searched through computer. ************

• 5. What is Note-taking – 1. Listening and writing. 2. Useabbreviations*****************.

• 6. Two E-mail ID of two service organizations 1.redcross@yahoo.com 2. teresa@vsnl.com*****************.

• 7. What is cliché? – Word or phrase too often used to the point of monotony. He arrived- with kith and kin/ bags and baggage/ last but not the least/ first and foremost***********.

• 8. What are the two systems of classifications? – Dewy decimal system and Library of American Congress System*****.

• 9. Two instructions for using library – 1. Keep silence 2. Don’t tear pages***.

• 10. What is the use of ‘thesaurus? – to find synonyms and antonyms and related concepts***.

• 11. Mention any two search/search engines of books – 1. Author search, 2. Title search, 3. Computer search*.

• 12. What is a)E-mail b)www. –a) Electronic mail. Messages can be sent quickly. B) World Wide Web. We get all information through internet**.

• 13. Why do we consult a dictionary? – to find out the meaning, pronunciation and stress***.

• 14. What is ‘euphemism’? – using inoffensive word in place of offensive. Eg. ‘Visually challenged’ for ‘Blind’***.

• 15. What is summarising? - 1. Use a rough draft and a fair draft. 2. Remove abbreviations and titles.

• 16. Arrange two author in library catalogue –William Wordsworth and Kamal Doss –Wordsworth, William and Doss, Kamala (it should be arranged in apathetical order) Doss, kamala and Wordsworth, William (this question is asked in all exams)************************.

Spot the Error and Correct

• 1.‘If’ clause:

• a) If he had contacted me I would help would have helped him******.

• b) If I was were a bird, I would fly away**.

Articles• a) Cow is an a useful animal**.

• b) He gave me an a one rupee note****.

• c. We speak the English*.

• d) Guilty must be punished*.(The guilty..)

• e) John is best student in the class* (… the best..)

• f) A An honest man is always respected*.

• g) Sun rises in the east*. (The sun…)

• h) He is a an M.P/ M.L.A/ M.Sc./ M.A/ M. Ed***.

• i) He wears a an HMT watch***.

• j) He made an a universal appeal/ He joined an aEuropean university***.

Prepositions

• a) Kevin has been working from since 2003**.

• b) She is angry at with her husband**.

• c) She is inferior/junior/superior/ than to me***.

• d) He is confident on of his success**.

• e) The cat is sitting in on the wall**.

• f) Children prefer coffee than to tea******.

• g) He goes to school by on foot*.

• h) He congratulated me for on my success**.

Conjunction

• A)Though/although she is weak but/yet/still she is active*******. (keep one of the conjunctions).

• b) As I am suffering from fever so give me leave ***.

• c) Sitting near the window and he saw the crowd/workinghard and he passed**.

Concord: Subject Verb Agreement

• a) Neither Ram nor John are is present**. / Neither he nor I are am active*.

• b) One of the/a group of/none of the/ each of the students are is happy (the noun is always plural but the verb is singular)**********.

• c) The principal with /along with /together with/as well as all teachers are is present*.

• d) Gomes is one of the tallest boy boys in the class**

Nouns• 1. My father gave me a lot of advices advice ***.

• 2. He took up gymnastic gymnastics when he was 7 years old*.

• 3. Mathematics are is my favourite subject. (Luggage**, news**, furniture****, meal*, scenery*, civics** are all singulars)

Words in Excess

• 1. He is my cousin brother**.

• 2. He discussed about the matter**.

• 3. He went to abroad* / 4. Raj told to me.

Advertisement-applicationFrom

Xxxx,Yyy

To (the address in the question paper)

Sir, Sub: application for the post of________(fill the post wanted in the

Advertisement)Ref : your advertisement in the news paper

With reference to the advertisement I herewith apply for the post. I have enclosed my Bio-data.

BIO-DATAName : xxxxxFather’s name : xxxxxDate of birth : 02-06-1997Address for communication : xxxxx,

YyyyyQualification :Degree in _____( fill in as

per the post)Languages known :Tamil and EnglishActivities : Sports, NSS, Red CrossExperience :Two years in TVS Chennai.

If I am appointed I would work sincerely.Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,Xxxx

Proverbs and Meanings

• 1. Waste not want not – do not waste, be frugal**.• 2. All the glitters are not gold – appearances are

deceptive/misguiding******.• 3. Seeing is believing - do not believe in rumours*• 4. Look before you leap – think well before you act *****.• 5. Even homer nods – even great men make mistakes******.• 6. Haste makes waste – hurry makes you worry****.• 7. Rome was not built in a day – nothing can be achieved at

once***• 8. Strike while the iron is hot/make hay while the sun shines –

make use of the opportunity/act in time******.• 9. Birds of the same feather fly together – Like minded make

good friends***.• 10. No pains no gains – one cannot succeed without hard

work***.

• 11. Blood is thicker than water – family bond is alwayscloser ***.

• 12. Covert all, lose all – be happy with what you have***.• 13. Where there is a will there is a way – strong will

power needed to achieve**• 14. As you sow so shall you reap –accept the result of

your action**.• 15. Empty vessels make much noise – who talk more will

achieve, nothing**.• 16. Pen is mightier than the sword - words are powerful

than wars**.• 17. To err is human – no one is perfect**.• 18. Honesty is the best policy/truth alone triumphs –

always speak the truth*• 19. United we stand, divided we fall – union is strength*• 20. Too much cook spoil the broth – work should not be

entrusted to many*

Slogans/products• Box of matches - makes fire*, • Air conditioners – brings Switzerland into your room/keeps cool****• Digital camera/ camera– say cheese and freeze/ fine snaps / the world at click/

freeze your memory / freeze memorable moment / capture the moment******• Lipstick - paint the town red***• Shoes - a comfortable sole / put your best foot forward***• Glass- handle with care***• Mobile phones / cell phone - immediate contact / talk more pay less /

anywhere connectivity / connect the world / brings people to your palm********• Detergent - cleans well and fine**• Shampoo - leaves your hair smooth and silky**• Dress - modest/dashing and smart look****• Ointment - for external use*• Tooth paste - a sparkling smile/pearls in your mouth / clean with glee / say

cheese and freeze*********• Ball point pen/ micro tip pen - flawless writing /it glides on the paper***• Eraser - erases everything but past**• Lens - give a clear vision*

• Computer - door step to knowledge / information at door step /technology at door step/ the world in your room******

• Music system - hear more enjoy more**• Tea - the cup that cheers every Indians**• Motor-bike/ scooter - for extra mile and smile / for smooth riding***• Ice cream - no more summer, children special/ children’s delight**• Gum - fixes everything except broken heart**• Watch - sharp time for sharp people / fits your wrist, an

ornament****• Newspaper - world news for a rupee*• All out - have a peaceful sleep*• Mineral water - quench your thirst/ fresh from Himalaya**• Dictionary - increase your word power**• Credit card - buy now pay later*****• Mixer grinder - kitchen-mate**• Boost - secret of my energy*• Radio - enjoy the news and music*• Car - make the travel easier**• Calendar - point out the passing days*

• Shaving cream - a neat face in two seconds*• Fan - keeps you cool*• Coffee - rejuvenates you*• Washing powder - removes the adamant dirt*• Washing machine - soft on cloth, hard on dirt*• Lock - guarantee you great safety*• Furniture - carved with love and care*• Basmathi rice - proven to ensure health**• Onida - neighbours envy*• Maruti 800 - eye it, buy it*• Torch light - sun beam in your hand*• Five star hotel - live on the lap of luxury*• Floor tiles - tread on style*• Inverter - no power cut, no worry*• Tube light - consumes less, lasts longer*• Paper cups - non pollutant and cheap*• Burglar alarm - lock and travel in peace*• Books - gate way to knowledge*• Diary - plan your day*• T-shirt - a good casual wear*• Mouse - the world at a click*

General Essays

• My ambition/my aim/my favourite profession/my career***********

• Science******

• Deforestation*****

• Pollution****

• Rain Water Harvesting****

• Role of women****

• Computer ***

• Television**

• My hobby**

• The book I like- Julius Caesar**

• My favourite leader / my favourite person- Gandhiji**.

• My ambition/my aim/my favourite profession/my career

I want to become a teacher. They arededicated. They serve the humanity. Help thechildren get knowledge. They teach us all subjectsand shape our life. Teachers are the role models.They help the nation.

I want to serve the humanity. The selflessservice of our teachers helps the society. They areremoving the caste and race barriers. Teachersbring unity and peace to all. So I want to become ateacher.

• Science/ compuer/TelevisionScience has changed the world. Science has

given us many things from a pin to rocket. All thebeautiful things around us are the gift of science. Ithas made our life easy. We can travel quickly, cookanything fast, solve maths in minutes and reach theworld in seconds.

Computer is one of the best inventions. We cansolve any problems through computer. We cancontact our friends living in USA in seconds.Internet plays an important role. E-mail help ussend messages quickly. We use science in space, insea and on land. Television changed our life andthinking. It brought information andentertainment.

• Role of Women

Women play an important role in our life.They play the role of a mother, a teacher, afriend, a guide and a goddess. Their role as amother is more superior. A child is nothingwithout a mother.

Women in India are great with ability andintelligence. There are Prime-ministers, Chief-ministers, Judges, IAS and IPS officers fromwomen. We got Kalpana Chawla in space, greatwriters like Amritha Pritham, great leaders likeSarojini Naidu, great and freedom fighters likeJhansi Rani.

LET US WIN