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Want more Updates http://facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks facebook /gmail/skype: - http://tanbircox.blogspot.com অনায ফু ক ফা pdf রযডারযয Menu Bar এয View নরি তে রিক করয Auto /Automatically Scroll নরি করন (থফা যারয তমরে Ctrl + Shift + H )এফায up Arrow ফা down Arrow তে রিক করয অনায ড়ায ু রফধা নুারয র ীড রিক করয রনন। Words divided into different kinds or classes are called Parts of Speech. According to their uses; that is according to the work they do in a Sentence. In the parts of speech section, we will discuss identification, formation, and usage of every part of speech. But you should be seriously careful about the usage and this is very important for your preparation. Everywhere you will face the questions related to correct usage. So be serious about usage. Different Kinds of Part of Speech: Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Prepositin Conjunction Interjection

English grammar A to Z

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Page 1: English grammar A to Z

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অনায আminusফক ফা pdf রযডারযয Menu Bar এয View নরি তে রিক করয Auto Automatically Scroll নরি রররকট করন (থফা যারয তমরে Ctrl + Shift + H ) এফায uarr up Arrow ফা darr down Arrow তে রিক করয অনায ড়ায রফধা নারয সকরর সপীড রিক করয রনন

Words divided into different kinds or classes are called Parts of Speech According to their uses that is

according to the work they do in a Sentence

In the parts of speech section we will discuss identification formation and usage of every part of speech But

you should be seriously careful about the usage and this is very important for your preparation Everywhere you

will face the questions related to correct usage So be serious about usage

Different Kinds of Part of Speech

Noun

Pronoun

Adjective

Verb

Adverb

Prepositin

Conjunction

Interjection

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Noun is a naming word of any place thing action quality or nation etc

There are some clues to identify a Noun

Oslash A word used as the subject or object of a verb is Noun

Beauty is truth I see a bird

Oslash The object of Gerund Participle or Infinitive is a Noun

To tell the truth is hard

Reading books is always amusing

Seeing a tiger I turned pale

Oslash If you see a word used after the preposition it is a Noun

Love came from Heaven

He believes in God

Oslash If you see only a word after articles (a an the) it is a Noun

He is a genius

The rich are not always happy

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একরি ভর word এয ারথ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে োআ একরি word এয ারথ রকবারফ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে ো রনরেয example রি তেখরর বারবারফ ফঝরে াযরফ- Communicate (V তমাগারমাগ যকষা কযা)

Communication (N তমাগারমাগ)

Verb এয তরল tionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

express ndash expression emancipatendashemancipation

apply ndash application eradicate - eradication

Verb এয তরল ment তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

commit ndash commitment

embezzle ndashembezzlement

disappoint ndash disappointment

Verb এয তরল iour তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Behave = Behaviour

Verb এয তরল age তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Block = Blockage Cover = Coverage

Verb এয তরল or তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Visit = Visitor Act = Actor

inspect ndash inspector invent ndash inventor

Verb এয তরল ce তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Present = Presence Absent = Absence

Verb এয ারথ err (Suffix) তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Speak = Speaker Make = Maker sing ndash singer

Verb এয ারথ eee তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee

Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Bake = Bakery

Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Beg = Beggar

Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Grow = Growth Deep = Depth

Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Hard = Hardship

Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity

Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism

Euphemistic ndash euphemism

Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal

Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Discover = Discovery

Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence

Competent ndash competence

Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

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Express = Expression Divide = Division

Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness

Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency

Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty

Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ

For Example

Happiness means different things to different people

We have already evaluated your performance

Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]

Coherence is necessary for writing

Fill in the gap with any one of the following -

_ ______ is an ancient source of energy

(A) The wind (B) Winds

P (C) Wind (D) A wind

Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -

For Example

He was craving for affection

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English is used for communication

He is good in English

Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -

করেকরি তরঃ

(i) Determiner + Noun The communication

(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system

Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room

For Example

The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city

The history of this genetic engineering is not very old

The work of many people made the project a success

Fill in the gap with any one of the following-

_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities

(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)

A affects B effecting

C affect PD effects

Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

Building house is very costly

Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river

I wanted to know the destination

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To tell a lie is a great sin

Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

He is wearing the shirt for going to University

He saved the child after jumping in the river

He boasts of accomplishing everything individually

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun

John is absent because he is ill

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

I Me My Mine

We Us Our Ours

You You Your Yours

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

They Them Their Theirs

It It Its Its

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 2: English grammar A to Z

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Noun is a naming word of any place thing action quality or nation etc

There are some clues to identify a Noun

Oslash A word used as the subject or object of a verb is Noun

Beauty is truth I see a bird

Oslash The object of Gerund Participle or Infinitive is a Noun

To tell the truth is hard

Reading books is always amusing

Seeing a tiger I turned pale

Oslash If you see a word used after the preposition it is a Noun

Love came from Heaven

He believes in God

Oslash If you see only a word after articles (a an the) it is a Noun

He is a genius

The rich are not always happy

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একরি ভর word এয ারথ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে োআ একরি word এয ারথ রকবারফ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে ো রনরেয example রি তেখরর বারবারফ ফঝরে াযরফ- Communicate (V তমাগারমাগ যকষা কযা)

Communication (N তমাগারমাগ)

Verb এয তরল tionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

express ndash expression emancipatendashemancipation

apply ndash application eradicate - eradication

Verb এয তরল ment তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

commit ndash commitment

embezzle ndashembezzlement

disappoint ndash disappointment

Verb এয তরল iour তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Behave = Behaviour

Verb এয তরল age তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Block = Blockage Cover = Coverage

Verb এয তরল or তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Visit = Visitor Act = Actor

inspect ndash inspector invent ndash inventor

Verb এয তরল ce তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Present = Presence Absent = Absence

Verb এয ারথ err (Suffix) তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Speak = Speaker Make = Maker sing ndash singer

Verb এয ারথ eee তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee

Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Bake = Bakery

Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Beg = Beggar

Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Grow = Growth Deep = Depth

Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Hard = Hardship

Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity

Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism

Euphemistic ndash euphemism

Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal

Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Discover = Discovery

Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence

Competent ndash competence

Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

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Express = Expression Divide = Division

Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness

Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency

Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty

Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ

For Example

Happiness means different things to different people

We have already evaluated your performance

Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]

Coherence is necessary for writing

Fill in the gap with any one of the following -

_ ______ is an ancient source of energy

(A) The wind (B) Winds

P (C) Wind (D) A wind

Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -

For Example

He was craving for affection

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English is used for communication

He is good in English

Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -

করেকরি তরঃ

(i) Determiner + Noun The communication

(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system

Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room

For Example

The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city

The history of this genetic engineering is not very old

The work of many people made the project a success

Fill in the gap with any one of the following-

_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities

(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)

A affects B effecting

C affect PD effects

Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

Building house is very costly

Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river

I wanted to know the destination

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To tell a lie is a great sin

Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

He is wearing the shirt for going to University

He saved the child after jumping in the river

He boasts of accomplishing everything individually

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun

John is absent because he is ill

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

I Me My Mine

We Us Our Ours

You You Your Yours

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

They Them Their Theirs

It It Its Its

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 3: English grammar A to Z

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একরি ভর word এয ারথ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে োআ একরি word এয ারথ রকবারফ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে ো রনরেয example রি তেখরর বারবারফ ফঝরে াযরফ- Communicate (V তমাগারমাগ যকষা কযা)

Communication (N তমাগারমাগ)

Verb এয তরল tionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

express ndash expression emancipatendashemancipation

apply ndash application eradicate - eradication

Verb এয তরল ment তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

commit ndash commitment

embezzle ndashembezzlement

disappoint ndash disappointment

Verb এয তরল iour তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Behave = Behaviour

Verb এয তরল age তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Block = Blockage Cover = Coverage

Verb এয তরল or তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Visit = Visitor Act = Actor

inspect ndash inspector invent ndash inventor

Verb এয তরল ce তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Present = Presence Absent = Absence

Verb এয ারথ err (Suffix) তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Speak = Speaker Make = Maker sing ndash singer

Verb এয ারথ eee তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee

Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Bake = Bakery

Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Beg = Beggar

Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Grow = Growth Deep = Depth

Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Hard = Hardship

Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity

Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism

Euphemistic ndash euphemism

Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal

Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Discover = Discovery

Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence

Competent ndash competence

Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

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Express = Expression Divide = Division

Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness

Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency

Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty

Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ

For Example

Happiness means different things to different people

We have already evaluated your performance

Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]

Coherence is necessary for writing

Fill in the gap with any one of the following -

_ ______ is an ancient source of energy

(A) The wind (B) Winds

P (C) Wind (D) A wind

Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -

For Example

He was craving for affection

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English is used for communication

He is good in English

Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -

করেকরি তরঃ

(i) Determiner + Noun The communication

(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system

Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room

For Example

The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city

The history of this genetic engineering is not very old

The work of many people made the project a success

Fill in the gap with any one of the following-

_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities

(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)

A affects B effecting

C affect PD effects

Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

Building house is very costly

Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river

I wanted to know the destination

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To tell a lie is a great sin

Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

He is wearing the shirt for going to University

He saved the child after jumping in the river

He boasts of accomplishing everything individually

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun

John is absent because he is ill

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

I Me My Mine

We Us Our Ours

You You Your Yours

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

They Them Their Theirs

It It Its Its

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

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Page 4: English grammar A to Z

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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee

Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Bake = Bakery

Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Beg = Beggar

Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Grow = Growth Deep = Depth

Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Hard = Hardship

Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity

Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism

Euphemistic ndash euphemism

Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal

Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Discover = Discovery

Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence

Competent ndash competence

Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

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Express = Expression Divide = Division

Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness

Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency

Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty

Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ

For Example

Happiness means different things to different people

We have already evaluated your performance

Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]

Coherence is necessary for writing

Fill in the gap with any one of the following -

_ ______ is an ancient source of energy

(A) The wind (B) Winds

P (C) Wind (D) A wind

Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -

For Example

He was craving for affection

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English is used for communication

He is good in English

Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -

করেকরি তরঃ

(i) Determiner + Noun The communication

(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system

Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room

For Example

The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city

The history of this genetic engineering is not very old

The work of many people made the project a success

Fill in the gap with any one of the following-

_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities

(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)

A affects B effecting

C affect PD effects

Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

Building house is very costly

Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river

I wanted to know the destination

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To tell a lie is a great sin

Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

He is wearing the shirt for going to University

He saved the child after jumping in the river

He boasts of accomplishing everything individually

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun

John is absent because he is ill

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

I Me My Mine

We Us Our Ours

You You Your Yours

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

They Them Their Theirs

It It Its Its

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 5: English grammar A to Z

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Express = Expression Divide = Division

Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness

Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency

Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ

Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty

Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ

For Example

Happiness means different things to different people

We have already evaluated your performance

Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]

Coherence is necessary for writing

Fill in the gap with any one of the following -

_ ______ is an ancient source of energy

(A) The wind (B) Winds

P (C) Wind (D) A wind

Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -

For Example

He was craving for affection

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English is used for communication

He is good in English

Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -

করেকরি তরঃ

(i) Determiner + Noun The communication

(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system

Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room

For Example

The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city

The history of this genetic engineering is not very old

The work of many people made the project a success

Fill in the gap with any one of the following-

_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities

(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)

A affects B effecting

C affect PD effects

Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

Building house is very costly

Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river

I wanted to know the destination

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To tell a lie is a great sin

Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

He is wearing the shirt for going to University

He saved the child after jumping in the river

He boasts of accomplishing everything individually

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun

John is absent because he is ill

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

I Me My Mine

We Us Our Ours

You You Your Yours

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

They Them Their Theirs

It It Its Its

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 6: English grammar A to Z

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English is used for communication

He is good in English

Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -

করেকরি তরঃ

(i) Determiner + Noun The communication

(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system

Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room

For Example

The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city

The history of this genetic engineering is not very old

The work of many people made the project a success

Fill in the gap with any one of the following-

_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities

(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)

A affects B effecting

C affect PD effects

Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

Building house is very costly

Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river

I wanted to know the destination

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To tell a lie is a great sin

Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

He is wearing the shirt for going to University

He saved the child after jumping in the river

He boasts of accomplishing everything individually

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun

John is absent because he is ill

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

I Me My Mine

We Us Our Ours

You You Your Yours

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

They Them Their Theirs

It It Its Its

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 7: English grammar A to Z

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To tell a lie is a great sin

Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

He is wearing the shirt for going to University

He saved the child after jumping in the river

He boasts of accomplishing everything individually

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun

John is absent because he is ill

Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

I Me My Mine

We Us Our Ours

You You Your Yours

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

They Them Their Theirs

It It Its Its

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 8: English grammar A to Z

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Rule - 01

Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ

For Example

He and they followed me and her

I saw her at the play

Rule - 02

Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

They tried to follow me

After dropping Sujana and her I came here

Rule - 03

Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর

For Example

The commander ordered them to go

She showed them how to play on harmonium

Rule - 04

Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 9: English grammar A to Z

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For Example

He always looks after me

You can depend on him and her

Rule - 05

Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ

For Example

It is he who did this

Hers is she

Rule - 06

WhoWhom এয ফযফায

Who + Verb ------

Whom + Noun Pronoun-----

Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে

For Example

I know the man who is waiting for you

You are the lady whom he wants

For Example

Tell this whowhom looks confident

Tell this whowhom you find

Tell this whowhom you think is confident

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 10: English grammar A to Z

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Rule - 07

Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ

For Example

It is you who are responsible for this

I have lost the books which were bought from this store

It is I who am your friend

[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08

Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর

For Example

Inc The man will be punished who has done this

Corr The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09

ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে

For Example You he and I are to organize the show

_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)

A Selim you and I shall be punished

B I you and Selim shall be punished

C You me and Selim shall be punished

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 11: English grammar A to Z

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PD You Selim and I shall be punished

অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে

For Example I you and he are in the wrong

An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun

You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-

তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা

This is an honorary degree

Any succinct essay is appreciable

Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ

He became very much effusive

What is intangible can be perceived only

Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা

Your installment must be refunded

His instability is really irritable

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 12: English grammar A to Z

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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right

_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Monotony ndash monotonous

Harmony ndash harmonious

Courtesy ndash courteous

Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Excellence ndash excellent

Indifference ndash indifferent

Inadvertence ndash inadvertent

Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artifice ndash artificial

Convention ndash conventional

Benefit ndash beneficial

Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Beauty ndash beautiful

Care ndash carelesscareful

Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 13: English grammar A to Z

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Permeate ndash permeable

Consoleacute ndash consolable

Dispense ndash dispensable

Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Artist ndash artistic

Hero ndash heroic

-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Incredible ndash incredibility

Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility

Invisible ndash invisibility

ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ

Deception ndash deceptive

Apprehension ndash apprehensive

Rule - 01

Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword

For Example

The active participant

A young inactive lazy boy

A round Italian pizza dish

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 14: English grammar A to Z

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Rule - 02

Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ

For Example

I saw that

I do not know the

Rule - 03

াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা

Be become feel appear

smell stay sound taste

look seem remain

He works silently

রকনত He remains silent

He drives carefully

রকনত He looks careful

রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ

For Example

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

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Page 15: English grammar A to Z

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He looks after carefully

I tasted that soup hungrily

Rule - 04

রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

I saw a beautiful

I saw a beautiful girl

রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না

For Example

This book contains ten pages (Noun)

This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)

Give me a ten page book (adj)

Rule - 05

Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর

enough + noun

For Example

You can love if you have enough money to spend for women

adjective adverb + enough

For Example

You are beautiful enough to satisfy me

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 16: English grammar A to Z

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He has enough strength to lift this

01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)

A food as enough B food enoughly

C enough the food PD enough food

E food enough

02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap

The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)

A so B much C very PD too

Rule - 06

Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না

For Example

You have little money [Not few money]

He has not few friends [Incorrect]

He has few friends [Correct]

রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয

I have a little money

এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ

For Example

Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct)

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 17: English grammar A to Z

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We will need only little food (Incorrect)

We will need only a little food (Correct)

01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A a little people PB only a few people

C some of the people D many people

02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)

A A little information B Few information

P C Little information D A few information

Rule - 07

Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী

রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ

For Example

I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue

I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 18: English grammar A to Z

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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা

Finite Verb and

Non Finite verb

তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা

Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb

তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর

তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea

তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ

Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 19: English grammar A to Z

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CASUATIVE VERBS

তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ

Simple verb Causative Verb

Eat Feed

Learn Teach

Know Inform

Dive Dip

Rise Raise

Drink Drench

See Show

Suck Suckle

Remember Remind

Fall Fell

রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ

Oslash I had or got the letter written by him

Oslash I got him to write the letter

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 20: English grammar A to Z

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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence

He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]

He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]

He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]

Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]

Formation

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective

Frequent ndash frequently

Horrible- horribly

Merry ndash merrily

UsageRules

Rule - 01

Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ

For Example

She looks

He wanted an extremely large amount of money

Rule - 02

মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 21: English grammar A to Z

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For Example

He speaks English fluently

He walks silently

01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)

uumlA Write the essay in brief

B Write the essay briefly

C Write the essay in short

D Write the essay shortly

Rule - 03

Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে

For Example

In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc

01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP

(C Unit 2009 - 2010)

A as dictated by uumlB in line with

C as a support to D consistent with the

Rule - 04

Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে

Manner reg Place reg Time

For Example

He works sincerely in his office everyday

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 22: English grammar A to Z

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She went there at 900 pm

Rule - 05

রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর

For Example

He often visits our house

I hardly watch movies

He has already completed this

He has just arrived

Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর

For Example

I always have to do my work

He often used to wear unusual dress

01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)

A I already twice have read this book

uumlB I have already read this book twice

C I have read already twice this book

D I twice have already read this book

Rule - 06

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না

For Example

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

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httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 23: English grammar A to Z

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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)

I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)

01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না

A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better

uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better

C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly

D Real flowers could smelt better hardly

Rule - 07

Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ

For Example

Rarely are you found in the room

Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain

Hardly could I solve this problem

Rule - 08

Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয

For Example

Never again will they stay in the hotel

Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 24: English grammar A to Z

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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------

(D Unit 2003 - 2004)

A the first primitive mammals did develop

uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop

C did develop the first primitive mammals

D the first primitive mammals develop

Rule - 09

মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয

For Example

Helen types fast and efficiently

He arrived late because of bad weather

_ Choose the correct option

Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)

A angrily friendly B angry friendly

C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 25: English grammar A to Z

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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words

To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause

I arrived at the office after him

[Here after is preposition]

I arrived at the office after he did

[Here after is conjunction]

But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English

A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words

Rule 01

তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে

উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয

For Example

He looks like me [Like is preposition]

It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

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httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 26: English grammar A to Z

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He instructed like my father

01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)

uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture

C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek

E As did Tarek

02 Complete the sentence

There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)

A except B nor

uumlC without D before

occur because a misunderstanding

03 Complete the sentence

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A to resemble

B which resembles

C despite its resemblance

uumlD although it resembles

_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)

uumlA The flower is red like blood

B The flower is blood like red

C The Flower is as red as blood

D The flower is bloody

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 27: English grammar A to Z

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Rule 02

(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না

For Example

He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)

He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)

Rule 03

Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে

For Example

I went there and found him

I went there but did not find him

Rule 04

In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ

For Example

You should take an umbrella in case it rains

You should not go outside if it rains

Rule 05

াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 28: English grammar A to Z

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For Example

Stephen is as sharp as a tack

Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear

Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে

Between এফং Among এয ফযফায

Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর

For Example

In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches

Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them

The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist

Divide the money among the players

Besides এয ফযফায

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 29: English grammar A to Z

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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities

(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)

Besides our dog we have two cats

We sat beside the teacher

Such as এয ফযফায

Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয

For Example

There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies

Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North

Instead of এয ফযফায

Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে

For Example

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad

You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 30: English grammar A to Z

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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না

For Example

Despite his denial we know that he was guilty

In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty

Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Choice between ―because and ―because of

Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয

For Example

He was absent because her cold was worse

He was absent because of her cold

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 31: English grammar A to Z

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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion

01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)

02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)

03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)

04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)

05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)

06 Hi Hello আহিান

07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 32: English grammar A to Z

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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses

a Present Tense

b Past Tense

c Future Tense

Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous

াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +

Subject + main verb + ses +

Note

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং

interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না

Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর

negative এবং interrogative করা যায়

Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-

বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 33: English grammar A to Z

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That cake smells good

I believe that you are right

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)

The Browns do not was their windows every week

াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত

Parallel lines never meet

ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয

When does the college reopen

Her father sails for America next Sunday

উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2

They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)

অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত

Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms

The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly

ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)

I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)

আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয

Post the letter

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 34: English grammar A to Z

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Dont run in the sun

Stand up on the bench

here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয

Here comes the bus

There goes the ball

Choose the correct option

Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week

A is playing usually B is usually playing

uumlC usually plays D plays usually

ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে

Structure

Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]

The present continuous tense is used frac34

বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয

It is rainingsnowingsleeting

Shofera is dancing at this moment

to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)

They are going to a concert tomorrow night

We are repeating the experiment next month

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 35: English grammar A to Z

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What are you doing tomorrow evening

অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয

They are always asking for special favours

That little girl is always biting her finger nails

উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয

The population of the world is rising very fast

That childs getting bigger everyday

Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb

phrase বযবহত য়

I am having meal now

চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ

বযবহত য়

Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize

understand know seem etc

I see a bird

তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]

The present continuous tense is used-

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 36: English grammar A to Z

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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues

I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)

I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)

We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking

I havent seen you this morning

Have you had a holiday this year

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect

Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)

Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time

He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)

He has just come here (Right)

Choice Between YETALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect

He has just - out

uumlA gone B went

already - affirmative sentences

yet ndash negative sentences and questions

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 37: English grammar A to Z

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C going D getting

তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর

Structure

Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]

It has been raining for two hours

Ive been watching television since 2 oclock

The present perfect continuous tense is used

বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ

They have been playing since 4 pm

Our car has been giving us trouble recently

She has been looking everywhere for you

for + duration of time

For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes

since + beginning time

Since 1975 since five oclock since January

েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর

Structure

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 38: English grammar A to Z

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Subject + verb in past form

Alfred arrived last night

I received her letter yesterday

Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়

Used towould + verb (ম verb)

She used to bathe in the river every morning

He used to play cricket every afternoon

He would wait for her outside the office everyday

Simple past tense is used

অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে

Regularly every summer Janet fell in love

She was in Pakistan ten years ago

conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার

ককষরে

If you loved me you would not leave now

If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better

to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার

ককষরে)

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)

She would often go all day without eating

1 Complete the following sentence

They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job

A choose B choosen

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 39: English grammar A to Z

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C had choose uumlD cshose

2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge

A ever being had B that stands is

uumlC that was was D had fallen was

3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985

A has been uumlB was

C is D was being

4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him

uumlA went B would go

C have gone D was gone

েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে

Structure

Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]

I was painting all day yesterday

The Past continuous tense is used-

অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন

This time last year I was living in Brazil

I was painting all day yesterday

ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 40: English grammar A to Z

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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house

The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence

01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself

A repetitions B repeated

uumlC repeating D repeatedly

02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form

Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner

A burn uumlB burnt

C is burning D was burning

েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর

Structure

1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past

2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect

The patient had died before the doctor came

The doctor died after the patient had come

Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর

The past perfect tense is used frac34

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 41: English grammar A to Z

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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয

When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat

I realised that we had met before

verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before

She said that she had done the work last month

Choice Between BEFOREAFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after

The patient had died before the doctor came

Or

The patient died after the doctor had come

1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option

A broke uumlB had broken

C has broken D was broken

2 My friend - before I came

A would be leaving B had been leaving

uumlC had left D will leave

েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 42: English grammar A to Z

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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ

Structure

Subject + had been + [verb + ing]

Id been working hard all day

The past perfect Continuous tense is used -

অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months

When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying

01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she

ndashndashndashndash for a very long time

A had been waiting B waited

C is waiting D has waiting

বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে

Structure

Subject + shallwill + main verb

I shall prepare my lesson this evening

Next year will be different

The Future Indefinite tense is used

ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়

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All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

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c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 43: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

All the family will be at the wedding

Tomorrow will be warm

লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়

If it rains I shant go

Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that

বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]

I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow

The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34

ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach

I shall be reading the book then

ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry

বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ

Structure

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facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 44: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb

I shall have done the work before my father comes

The Future perfect tense is used-

ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত

The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday

01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years

A will be worked B will work

C have worked uumlD will have worked

বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে

Structure

Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]

Ill have been doing the work before my father comes

By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 45: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর

কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর

so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক

Affirmative agreement ফরর

এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second

clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ

Affirmative statement+and+

subject+beverbauxiliary+too

so+be verbauxulary+subject

I am happy and you are too

I am happy and so are you

They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too

They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you

Jane goes to the school and my sister does too

Jane goes to the school and so does my sister

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 46: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-

Negative statement + and +

Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either

Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject

I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either

I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either

Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I

EXERSISES

1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

a) Neither I do

b) Neither do I(ans)

c) I do either

d) I do

2 Which one of the following is correct

a) She took pictures and I did so

b) She took pictures and so I did

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 47: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

c) She took pictures and I so did

d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)

3 Which one of the following correct

a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children

c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children

d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)

Countable singular nouns

1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of

them are used before countable singular nouns

Example

I need a pen to sign here

She imported a new car

An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 48: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of

ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a

united force a European coin a U-tern etc

Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour

an honorable person aan hotel etc

Also remember

An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc

2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun

(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is

used

He lived in my house

Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car

Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives

(thisthat) no article is used

You need this pen to draw this picture

Her teacher asked her to buy that book

3 No article is used before a countable plural noun

She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars

4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo

is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece

of writing

He has a cat and a dog

The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola

5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But

ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same

piece of writing

Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them

6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a

pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc

But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant

The little money he has is not enough for his treatment

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 49: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant

The few books I have are all written in English

lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made

definite by post modifiers

The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy

7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the

frequently used uncountable nouns

Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice

knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread

traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc

But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers

Example-

The information you gave was wrong

He talks about the fun that we had last year

8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature

Such a thing is already known to all

-

the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc

sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather

9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the

Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf

the South Pole the North Pole etc

10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the

Gobi etc

11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the

Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc

12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the

Himalayas the Alps etc

13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West

Indies the Andamans etc

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 50: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and

Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the

Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc

15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the

piano the violin the aktara the flute etc

But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-

He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert

16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-

The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV

But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good

source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly

17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to

listen to the radio (The radio programs)

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-

She sings in radio

ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio

18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-

Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc

Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc

Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc

But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or

profession Example-

There are many differences between cinema and theatre

Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

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Page 51: English grammar A to Z

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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or

adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-

The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of

Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc

But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are

used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc

lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these

adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North

America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc

But remember The South Pole the North Pole

ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe

Africa etc

However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though

they have only the nouns as names

The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine

20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of

Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man

21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the

Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman

22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-

a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare

c) The down train is late

23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is

still alive

24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

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httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

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httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 52: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)

Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune

26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the

whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc

27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species

Example - the cow the whale etc

But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal

However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post

modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who

played well

28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The

Mondals The Sarkers

29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner

the better

30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class

But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of

something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers

use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor

31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)

Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

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httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom

Page 53: English grammar A to Z

Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom

আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে

httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox

httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox

httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox

httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox

httpfacebookcomtanbircox

httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks

httptanbircoxblogspotcom