…..Learn to use correct English(course title: #6552)

PARTS OF SPEECHBefore we go ahead with any part of

grammar we should know that English Grammar constitutes of 9 parts of speech.

These 9 parts of speech will teach to speak a perfect and correct English.

So let’s start..

1. Tenses 2. Verb3. Noun4. Pronoun5. Adverb6. Adjective7. Prepositions8. Conjunctions and Interjections9. Articles

Tenses:The word Tenses is derived from a Latin

word “Tempus” means time.

There are 3 types of tenses:- 1.Present Tense 2.Past Tense 3.Future TenseThese three tenses are further divided into

subdivisions:

Different types of tenses:

Present Tense:Simple present tensePresent ContinuousPresent perfectPresent Perfect Continuous

Past Tense:Simple past tensePast continuousPast perfectPast perfect continuous

Future TenseFuture Tense has no specific subdivision.

Present Tense:

Simple Tense(formula=subject+1st form of verb) This is without doubt the most important tense

in the English language and we use it in a great number of very different situations in our lives. To encourage you to have a look at the below thorough description of the Present Simple, I must say that this tense is relatively easy to understand for people learning English, which is also why it is the best tense to learn first. OK, now it's time to have a look at the uses of this tense:

Its use:Facts and generalization Habits and routines Permanent situations State verbs (e.g. be, have, think, know) more Fixed / official arrangement that we can't

change e.g., I eat.He eats.They go.

Present Continuous(formula=be + main verb + ‘ing’ form)

We use the Present Continuous

(Progressive) tense when talking about actions that are happening at the moment (present or temporary activity) or which will be done in the future (future arrangement). To form sentences in this tense, you should know these.

Its uses:Present or temporary activities Future (personal) arrangements e.g., He is eating.They are going.I am coming.

Is,are,am are the forms of ‘be’.We will discuss about verbs later.Present continuous is also called present

progressive.

Present perfect(formula=have/has + 3rd form of verb ) The Present Perfect is used to express actions that

happened at an indefinite time or that began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment.

Note: later in this article, Preset Perfect will be abbreviated as PP.

Its uses:Actions which happened at an indefinite

(unknown) time before now Actions in the past which have an effect on

the present moment Actions which began in the past and continue

in the present e,g., I have lived here for 20 years. She has never seen my brother.

There is another form of present tense which I did not mention as it is least used.

Present perfect Continuous(formula=have/has been + ‘ing’ form)

We use the Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) to express actions that started in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used to talk about actions which began in the past and have recently stopped.

Its uses:Actions that started in the past and continue

in the present Actions that have recently stopped

e.g., I have been waiting since 6pm.

He has been telling me not to go there.

Past Tense:-Simple Past:

We use the Past Simple to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long. There can also be a few actions happening one after another.

Its uses:Events in the past that are now finished (e.g.

I went to school) * Situation in the past (they lived a normal life

until they won a lottery) ** *often referred to as short actions in the past

** often referred to as long action in the pastA series of actions in the past

E.g., He didn't learn any Italian when he was in Italy two year ago (Use 2)

I wasn't at my grandma's when you came (Use 1)

He didn't get any good grades when he attended school (Use 3)

Normally its like, I ate.They ate.

Past continuous(formula=forms of be + ‘ing’ form of verb)

We use the Past Continuous to talk about

past actions in progress. The actions can also be interrupted by something (I was eating).

* am,are,were,was,is are the forms of be.

Its uses:Actions in progress Interrupted actions in progress* Actions in progress at the same time in the past. Irritation Timid /polite question (read more below) *events that were in progress when another

event happened. We often use when to link these two events. E.g., I was going.

They were coming.He was eating when I called him.

Past perfect(formula=had + 3rd form of verb)

The Past Perfect is quite simple and useful, we use it to show that one action in the past occurred before another action in the past.

Normally we use this to say an incident

which ad occurred long back.

Its uses:A completed action before another activity in

the past Third conditional sentences (a) and reported

speech (b) (read more at the bottom the page) Dissatisfaction with the past e.g., Use 3 is the so-called hypothetical past.

We're talking about things that never happened.I wish I had fixed my umberella. (but I didn't) If only I had known the answer to that

question. (but I didn't)

Now the fourth one which is again least used is Past perfect continuous(had been + ‘ing’ form of verb)

The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) is very similar to the Past Perfect. However, while using this tense, we focus on the duration of an activity rather than the result of it.

Its uses:Duration of a past action up to a certain point in

the past Third conditional sentences (a) and reported

speech (b) I had been running for an hour when it started

raining. (Use 1)

Mary said she had never been swimming so much in one day. (Use 2b)

Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar (Use 1)

Future Tense:Futurity is expressed by many ways.Futurity in English is expressed either by using

words that imply future action ("I go to Berlin next week.") or by employing an auxiliary construction combined with the main verb which represents the true action of the sentence (Source: Wikipedia).

The most common auxiliary verbs used to express futurity are will, can,should, may, and must. 

May and might

Of these, "will" is the most neutral and it is the most commonly used:

Simple FutureFuture ContinuousFuture PerfectFuture Perfect ContinuousApart from that there are several other

constructions that can express futurity:Going to

Among all future tenses, the Future Simple is the most common. It is used in many situations such as making promises or predictions.

It uses:-Promises (Use 1) Unplanned actions (spontaneous decisions) (Use

2) Predictions based on experience or intuition *

(Use 3) Habits (obstinate insitence, usually habitual) (Use

4)

* Use going to form to express predictions based on observing the present situation.

** You probably have encountered the word "gonna". That is the contraction of "going to".

Keep in mind: "Gonna" is rather informal so be careful when using it!

Caution:Remember, you should never use will to say

what somebody has already arrange or decided to do in the future:

– Mike is moving to New Jersey next month (not "Mike will move")

There are several ways to express futurity.You’ll learn as you use it.

We use the Future Continuous (Progressive) to indicate that we will be in the middle of doing something in a specified time in the future.

Its uses:-Future actions in progress. Guesses about the present or the future. Polite questions about somebody's

intentions*.

*RememberIf you want to learn about somebody's

intentions, you should never use the Future Simple. Using the Future Simple implies that you want to influence somebody's decision. Questions become much more objective if formed in the Future Continuous.

Will you come home? (= I want you to come home)

We use this tense to express an action that will be finished before some point in the future.

Its uses:-Common time expressions used in the

Future Perfect:Before By tomorrow/7 o'clock/next month Until/till

Common time expressions used in the Future Perfect Continuous :

By tomorrow / 8 o'clock This year / month / week Next year / month / week

Now this is what tenses are.We’ll discuss about your queries if any in

details if we chat online.(priyadarshinibehera@gmail.com)

VERB:A verb is a word which expresses a mode of

action.In other words, its is a word in the sentence

whichshows that something is being done.

He eats.(‘eats ‘is a verb)You like your mother.(here ‘like’ is a verb)Te baby is sleeping.(‘sleeping’ is a verb)

Types of verb:TRANSITIVE VERB:A verb which shows an action which is adressed from

asubject to an object.Now, what is subject and object.In simple words , subject is the person or thing we aretalking about and the object It denotes somebody orsomething involved in the subject's "performance" of

theverb. As an example, the following sentence is given:

In the sentence "Bobby kicked the ball", "ball" is the

object."Bobby" is the subject, the doer or performer,

while"kick" is the action, and "ball" is the object

involved inthe action.

Here ‘kick’ is the transitive verb.

INTRANSITIVE VERB:A verb which is used in a sentence with no

object iscalled an intransitive verb, pretty simple, isn’t

it?

Few examples:He sleeps all the time.(sleep)A ball always rolls.(rolls)

AUXILIARY VERB:It is also called as ‘helping verb’.A verb which helps another verb in forming a

sentence iscalled as auxiliary verb.Now these auxiliary verbs include

be,have,do,etc.

The auxiliary verbs are again of 2 types:PRIMARY and MODALS

Auxiliary Verbs and its types: Primary Auxiliary Verbs Its Forms

Be Am,is,are,was,were

Have Has,Had

Do Does,Did

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Its Forms

Shall Should

Will Would

Can Could

May Might

Must Had to

Ought (to) -no forms-

Need -no forms-

Dare -no forms-

Used -no forms-

Modal auxiliary verbs (in details)Modal auxiliary verbs are used according to its

meaning

to be expressed.Can: ability,permission,request,posibilityCould: -same as can-Shall: Futurity,Willingness,Suggestion,InsistenceShould:

Obligation,Advisiability,necessity,ExpectationWill: Willingness,Prediction,RequestWould: Willingness,Habitual action in the

past,Wishes,Probaility

May: Permission,Possibility,Wishes,PurposeMight: -same as may-Must:Necessity,Prohibition,Obligation,Probability‘Could’ is the past form of ‘can’. Similarly,Is-WasAre-Were‘Could’ is important to note here as it’s the past form

ofcan which expresses the ability that existed in the

past.e.g., I could swim when I was in school.

Important points to note about verbs when we speak:‘Can’ is used in informal requests. It means,

we use it in a type of request we make to our friends and intimates.

e.g., Can I use your pen?‘Could’ is used in formal requests. It means,

we use it to request high status people or professionals such as teachers,managers,etc.

e.g., Could you please give me your pen?

‘Will’ and ‘would’ are used in neither formal or

informal requests.It means, it’s used to request less known

persons orstrangers. It is used in question form.

e.g., Will you go to the meeting?Would you please repeat what you just said?

1st,2nd,3rd form of words :Another most important thing to know in

verbs is the forms of words(verbs).E.g., Let’s take few examples.

Verbs 1st Form 2nd Form 3rd Form

Go Go Went Gone

Write Write Wrote Written

Draw Draw Drew Drawn

See See Saw Seen

Where are they used?Generally 1st forms are used in simple

present simple.2nd forms are used in past simple.3rd forms are used in past perfect tenses.

Let’s take one example: I eat(1st form) I ate(2nd form) I have eaten(3rd form)

NOUN:Noun is nothing but it describes the name of

a person, place, thing.There are 5 types of noun: 1.Proper Noun 2.Common Noun 3.Collective Noun 4.Material Noun 5.Abstract Noun

Proper Noun:

A proper noun is the special word (or name) that we use for a person, place or organization, like John, Marie, London, France or Sony. A name is a noun, but a very special noun - a proper noun. Proper nouns have special rules.

The rules are as follows:

Rule 1:We always use a Capital Letter for the first

letter of a proper noun (name). This includes names of people, places, companies, days of the week and months. For example:

They like John. (not *They like john.) I live in England. She works for Sony. The last day in January is a Monday. We saw Titanic in the Odeon Cinema.

Rule 2(proper nouns without ‘the’):We do not use "the" with names of people.

For example:first names Bill (not *the Bill) We do not normally use "the" with names of

companies. For example:Renault, Ford, Sony, EnglishClub.com General Motors, Air France, British Airways We do not normally use "the" for shops,

banks, hotels etc named after a founder or other person (with -'s or -s).

Exception! If a country name includes "States","Kingdom", "Republic" etc, we use "the":

e.g., The United States The United Kingdom

We do not use "the" with "President/Doctor/Mr etc + Name.

e.g., The President but not The President Bush.

Rule 3(Proper nouns with ‘the’):We normally use "the" for country names that

include "States","Kingdom", "Republic" etc: e.g., The United StatesWe normally use "the" for names of canals,

rivers, seas and oceans: e.g., The Suez CanalWe normally use "the" for plural names of

people and places: e.g., The Clintons, The Himalayas

We normally use "the" for names made with "of":

e.g., The Tower of London The London School of Economics The Statue of Liberty The Tropic of Cancer

Common Nouns:All common nouns are divided into countable

and uncountable nouns.It is the name of any person , place or thing.Countable: can be counted(may be singular

and plural)Uncountable: cannot be counted e.g.,

Rice,Students,Table,Roger,Singapore(these are countable)

Milk,Hair,Water(uncountable nouns)

Collective Noun:Collective nouns are referred to a collection

of things , persons.

These are always plural. e.g., A bunch of grapes The jury The people of India

Material Noun:These refer to a material or thing like Gold ,

Copper , etc.These are least used.

All these above mentioned nouns come under a category

called Concrete Nouns.

Now the other category of nouns are Abstract Nouns.

Abstract Nouns:These refer to any

idea,intellectual,Technology,etc.

Few examples and its use are as below: I gave him a great idea.(idea) He has an intuition of an accident.(intuition)

PRONOUN:Pronoun is nothing but a word that replaces a

noun or substitutes a noun.Few examples are:

It,That,They,He,His,Her,Them,Their,You,Your,She,etc.

John plays cricket well. He plays cricket well.

ADVERB:

Adverb is a word which modifies any part of speech except a noun or pronoun.

An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much“.

ADJECTIVE:An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun

by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb.

e.g., He drives his vehicle too fast.(fast) She is too beautiful.(beautiful)

In the above examples, the word ‘fast’ describes the driving , that is the verb. In the second sentence the word ‘beautiful describes ‘she’ , that is the pronoun.

Other adjectives are Ashamed,Consious,Tolerant,Ugly,

Amazed,Confused,and lots more.

**For better clarifications, catch me online at priyadarshinibehera@gmail.com

Time: 11.30pm onwards GMT

PREPOSITIONS:A preposition links nouns, pronouns and

phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class.

Few common mistakes:Often confused prepositions are:In and Into: ‘In’ denotes a state of rest or

state of being inside something and ‘Into’ denotes movement inside something.

Let’s try to understand with an example: 1.The frog is in the well. The frog jumped into the well. 2.The baby is in the room. The baby ran into the room.

By and With: ‘by’ is used to refer the doer of the action and ‘with’ is used to refer the instrument or element with which the action is done.

Let’s see the examples: 1.He was shot dead by his own body-gaurds. He was shot dead with a gun. 2.The field was dug by a farmer. The field was dug with an axe.

Between and Among: ‘between’ is used to compare 2 persons or things and ‘among’ is used compare more than 2 persons or things.

E.g., Who is taller between John and Roger? Who is the tallest among all of them?

The two brothers shared the property between themselves.

The brothers shared the property among themselves.

CONJUNCTIONS:Conjunctions are the joininng words.I will give you a simple way to remember it.Just remember FANBOYS F:For A:And, as well as N:Neither/Nor B:But O:Or,Either/Or Y:Yet S:So

INTERJECTIONS:Interjection is a big name for a little word.

Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

E.g., Enough! Don’t speak anymore.

Wow! Its amazing.

ARTICLES:Articles are also known as ‘determines’.There are 2 types of articles:

Indefinite and DefiniteIndefinite includes a , an.Definite includes The.The indefinite articles are called so because the

persons or things it refers are not defined.

e.g., I met a beggar today.Next time we talk about the beggar , we use The.

e.g., I met the beggar today.

VOICE CHANGES:Its not our vocal voice that we are talking

about.These are the Voice in Grammar which are of

2 types: Passive and ActiveActive Voice In sentences written in active voice, the

subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts.

e.g., The dog bit the boy.

Passive VoiceIn sentences written in passive voice, the subject

receives the action expressed in the verb; the subject is acted upon. The agent performing the action may appear in a "by the . . ." phrase or may be omitted.

e.g., The boy was bitten y the dog.If you want to change a passive-voice sentence to

active voice, find the agent in a "by the..." phrase, or consider carefully who or what is performing the action expressed in the verb. Make that agent the subject of the sentence, and change the verb accordingly.

CLAUSES:A clause is a grammatical unit that  includes, at minimum, a predicate and an explicit

or implied subject, and expresses a proposition.

Please refer the below link for more clarifications or you can contact me online.

http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClause.htm

Summary:This tutorial includes :Tenses VerbNounPronounAdverbAdjectivePrepositionsConjunctions and InterjectionsArticles

ClausesVoice ChangesFew Common Mistakes

So students, are we ready with our basics of English Grammar?

If you have any questions , you can ask me online at 11.30 pm to 1.30 am any weekdays in Indian Time Zone. On weekends , you can catch me between 10pm-1.30am.

By, Priya darshini BeheraMasters in BiotechnologyBangalore,INDIA.

**I am coming with my new course on ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY soon.. Inform your friends to join the course…Cheers!!!