Endocrine System

By: Andrea Bonde

HyperpituitarismRARE

An overactive pituitary gland that leads to high levels

of one of the pituitary hormones in the bloodstream. The most common

cause of hyperpituitarism is a

non-cancerous tumor of the

pituitary gland. 41% of hospital consultant episodes for hyperfunction of pituitary gland were for men in England 2002-0359% of hospital consultant episodes for hyperfunction of pituitary gland were for women in England 2002-03

Hypopituitarism54% of hospital

consultant episodes for hypofunction and

other disorders of pituitary gland were for men in England

2002-03 46% of hospital

consultant episodes for hypofunction and

other disorders of pituitary gland were

for women in England 2002-03

is a clinical syndrome of deficiency in pituitary hormone production. This may

result from disorders involving the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or surrounding

structures.

Pituitary Adenomas

1 out every 1000 adults

Pituitary adenomas are relatively common

Typically slow growingSome pituitary adenomas can

invade adjacent structures even if thy are benign

Can be 1cm in diameter to 1 cm in size

Most adenomas occur spontaneously, and are not inherited.Inherited pituitary adenomas are

very rare

Prolactinoma

• Benign noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland that produces a hormone called prolactin. • Most common type of pituitary tumor.

• Some symptoms include; irregular menstrual periods, milk production in the breasts, loss of sex drive, in men

enlargement of the breasts, vision loss, headaches, and double vision.

Posterior PituitarySyndromes

Diabetes insipidus

ADH deficiency Excessive urination

sometimes up to 12 gallons a

dayExcessive thirst

Polydipsia

High ADH Levels

Cerebral edema

HyponatremiaNeurologic dysfunction

Hypothalamic Suprasellar Tumor

Hypothalamic tumors may extend into the pituitary fossa leading to

endocrine, visual, and neurological symptoms that are similar to pituitary

tumor symptoms.Symptoms; disturbance in thirst

control, massive obesity by abnormal control of satiety, and dysegulartion of

body temperature.May lead to blockage of the foramen

of Monroe, internal hydrocephalus, and at the end, coma.

Multinodular Goiter

Effects a persons quality of life

•Cardiovascular changes

•Nervous system changes

•Palpable changes•Weight changes•Sleep Changes

CretinismAKA Congenital Hypthyroidism

1 in 4000 babies impacted

Signs and SymptomsThick, Protruding tongue

Chocking episodesProlonged Jaundice

Short statureDry, brittle hair

Short, thick neckBroad hands with short fingers

Horse sounding voiceHypotoniaMyxedema

MyxedemaMyxedema- a condition marked by thickening and swelling of the skin caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Can be caused by an accumulation of tissue products in the skin.

SymptomsThickening of SkinHypothyroidism

FatigueWeight gainDepression

Dry SkinBrittle Hair

ThyroiditisAn inflammation of the thyroid gland. It may be painful and tender when caused by an infection or trauma, or painless when caused by an autoimmune condition or medications.

TypesHashimoto’s disease

Subacute granlumatous thyroiditisPostpartum thyroiditis

Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditisDrug induced thyroiditis

Three phases:Overactive thyroid

Underactive thyroidReturn to normal

Granulomatous Thyroiditis

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis is a self-limited thyroid disorder that presents with localized neck pain and/or low-grade fever. The

basic clinical and laboratory data are needed for making the diagnosis, and a biopsy is rarely required. The number of diagnoses

made by using biopsies is not high. However, with the broad application of thyroid ultrasonography, the frequency of performing

cytopathological diagnosis is increasing.

Painless ThyroiditisPainless (silent) thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland characterized by passing hyperthyroidism, followed by

hypothyroidism and recovery.Signs and Symptoms

Weight lossIncreased appetite

Nervousness, RestlessnessHeat intolerance

Increased sweatingFatigue

Muscle crampsFrequent bowel movements

Menstrual irregularitiesWeakness

Diffused Goiter

• A nontoxic goiter that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process and it is not

associated with abnormal thyroid function.

• Nodes appear 2-4 times more likely in women than men.

Colloid Goiter• Enlargement of an otherwise

normal thyroid gland.• Compensation for not making enough thyroid

hormone• Environmental Factors• Happens in areas with

iodine-depleted soils• Risk factors: female, older than 40, inadequate intake of iodine, living in endemic area,

and genetics

Parathyroid Glands

We have 4 parathyroid glands. They regulate

calcium within the body by creating

parathyroid hormone (PTH). When too high

less PTH is made, when too low more

PTH is made.

Hyperparathyroidism

InformationWomen are more

likelyOver the age of 60

Kidney FailureBone pain or tendernessDepression

Tired, ill, weakFragile bones and

limbs

InformationIncreased urine

productionKidney stones

NauseaLoss of appetite

Treatment includes:Exercise

Drink plenty of fluids

Pseudohyperparathyroidism

CharacterizedHypocalcemia

HyperphosphatemiaIncreased serum

concentration of PTHInsensitivity to

biological activity of PTH

Information1942 Albright, F.Short statureRounded FaceShortened 4th

metatarsalObesityDental

Hypoplasia

In 1998, a nationwide epidemiologic survey of PHP was conducted in Japan based on hospital visits in 1997; the period

prevalence was 3.4 cases per 1 million people. No information is available regarding the prevalence of PHP in the rest of the world.

PinealomasThe pineal gland is known as the seat of the soulUncommon type of tumor associated with pineocytes, astrocytes, and germ cells.Can be characterized as a pineoblastoma or a pineocytoma.Worldwide 1%, Japan Korea and China 3-8%, and of all brain tumors about 10% of all pediatric.

Symptoms: Insomnia, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Obstructive hydrocephalus.Account for 15%-32% of all tumors in the pineal region.Occurs more frequently in late childhood or early adulthood.

Vestigial Remnant

Vestigal Remnant – Describes an organ that we as humans still

have in our bodies that isn’t used anymore.

ExamplesCoccyx (No tail)

AppendixWisdom Teeth

Outer EarMale Nipples

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

In mammals, the controlling clock component that generates a 24-hour rhythm is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in a

part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The SCN produces a signal that can keep the rest of the body on an approximately 24-hour schedule. This animation illustrates the location of the SCN

in the human brain.

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