ENBE | Final Project | Part A – Report | The Better Livable Town Representation

Speed

cityName: Abdul Qayyum Shahmie

ID: 0320220

Group name : Project X

FNBE AUG 2014 Intake

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ENBE | Final Project | Part A – Report | The Better Livable Town Representation

Table of Contents

Description PageCover page 1

Table of Contents 2Introduction 3

City – definition 4City – History 5-10

What makes a good city

11-12

Future City 13Ancient city 14-16Present City 17-21

The new city - Speed City

22-25

Conclusion 26Reference 27

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Introduction

The main objectives of this ENBE final project (Part A) is to create a proposal for the new and better town based on the topics and guidelines

given.

For this proposal, we have chosen the topic ‘A land next to a river or sea’. For this Part A that is the proposal, I have to do a case study about ancient towns and present towns. Furthermore, I have to create a town that fix the current and ancient city weakness that is located next to a beach or river and propose the new town that is not bigger than 20-40(km2) with the population of 150,000-300,000 people and located in Malaysia. For this new town, I will be providing a better solutions to the problems that usually occurred in a town.

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City

A city is a relatively large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process, but it also presents challenges to managing urban growth. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed aconurbation or megalopolis. In terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest growing is Dubai.

According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population.

HistoryAbdul Qayyum Shahmie | 0320220 | Ms.Ida | FNBE AUG 2014 | Taylor’s University

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Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on whether any particular ancient settlement can be considered a city. A city formed as central places of trade for the benefit of the members living in close proximity to others facilitates interaction of all kinds. These interactions generate both positive and negative externalities between others' actions. Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange of ideas, sharing of natural resources, large local markets, and later in their development, amenities such as running water andsewage disposal. Possible costs would include higher rate of crime, higher mortality rates, higher cost of living, worse pollution, traffic and high commuting times. Cities grow when the benefits of proximity between people and firms are higher than the cost.

The first true towns are sometimes considered large settlements where the inhabitants were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding area, but began to take on specialized occupations, and where trade, food storage and power were centralized.

The development of a city began from ancient times and evolving itself into our now known as modern/Industrial age cities. The development of the city is categorized into 4 that is;

1. Ancient time2. Middle ages3. Early Modern4. Industrial Age

Ancient times

Early cities developed in a number of regions of the ancient world. Uruk is the world's first city.After Mesopotamia, this culture arose in Syria and Anatolia, as shown by the city of Çatalhöyük(7500–5700BC). It is

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the largest Neolithic site found to date. Although it has sometimes been claimed that ancient Egypt lacked urbanism, several types of urban settlements were found in ancient times.

The Indus Valley Civilization and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions. Among the early Old World cities, Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan, existing from about 2600 BC, was one of the largest, with a population of 50,000 or more.

In ancient Greece, beginning in the early 1st millennium BC, there emerged independent city-states that evolved for the first time the notion of citizenship, becoming in the process the archetype of the free city, the polis. The Agora, meaning "gathering place" or "assembly", was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the polis. These Greek city-states reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy, and nurtured in Athens under a democratic government. The Greek Hippodamus of Miletus (c. 407 BC) has been dubbed the "Father of City Planning" for his design of Miletus; the Hippodamian, or grid plan, was the basis for subsequent Greek and Roman cities. In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great commissioned Dinocrates of Rhodes to lay out his new city ofAlexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world, where the city's regularity was facilitated by its level site near a mouth of the Nile.

The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with Alexandria, Antioch andSeleucia of the Hellenistic civilization, Pataliputra (now Patna) in India, Chang'an (now Xi'an) in China, Carthage, ancient Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople (later Istanbul).

Alexandria's population was also close to Rome's population at around the same time, the historian Rostovtzeff estimates a total population close to a million based on a census dated from 32 AD that counted 180,000 adult male citizens in Alexandria.

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In the first millennium AD, an urban tradition developed in the Khmer region of Cambodia, where Angkor grew into one of the largest cities (in area) of the world. The closest rival to Angkor, the Mayan city of Tikal in Guatemala, was between 100 and 150 square kilometres (39 and 58 sq mi) in total size. Although its population remains a topic of research and debate, newly identified agricultural systems in the Angkor area may have supported up to one million people.

Agriculture was practiced in sub-Saharan Africa since the third millennium BC. Because of this, cities could develop as centers of non-agricultural activity. Exactly when this first happened is still a topic of archeological and historical investigation. Western scholarship has tended to focus on cities in Europe and Mesopotamia, but emerging archeological evidence indicates that urbanization occurred south of the Sahara well before the influence of Arab urban culture.

Additionally, other early urban centers in sub-Saharan Africa, dated to around 500 AD, include Awdaghust, Kumbi-Saleh the ancient capital of Ghana, and Maranda a center located on a trade rout between Egypt and Gao.

Middle ages

While David Kessler and Peter Temin consider ancient Rome the largest city before the 19th century, London was the first to exceed a population of 1 million. George Modelski considers medieval Baghdad, with

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an estimated population of 1.2 million at its peak, the largest city before 19th century London and the first with a population of over one million. Others estimate that Baghdad's population may have been as large as 2 million in the 9th century.

From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, the city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million.

During the European Middle Ages, a town was as much a political entity as a collection of houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community: "Stadtluft macht frei" ("City air makes you free") was a saying in Germany. In Continental Europe cities with a legislature of their own were not unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside, the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. In the Holy Roman Empire, some cities had no other lord than the emperor. In Italy medieval communes had quite a statelike power. In exceptional cases like Venice, Genoa or Lübeck, cities themselves became powerful states, sometimes taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of Sakai, which enjoyed a considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan.

Early modern ages

While the city-states, or poleis, of the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea languished from the 16th century, Europe's larger capitals benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. By the early 19th century, London had become the largest city in the world with a population of over a million, while Paris rivaled the well-developed regionally traditional capital cities of Baghdad, Beijing, Istanbul and Kyoto. During the Spanish colonization of the

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Americas the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories, and were bound to several laws about administration, finances and urbanism.

Most towns remained far smaller, so that in 1500 only some two dozen places in the world contained more than 100,000 inhabitants. As late as 1700, there were fewer than forty, a figure that rose to 300 in 1900.

Industrial ages

The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In the United States from 1860 to 1910, the introduction of railroads reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, thus allowing migration from rural to city areas.

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Cities during this period were deadly places to live in, due to health problems resulting from contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases. In the Great Depression of the 1930s cities were hard hit by unemployment, especially those with a base in heavy industry. In the U.S. urbanization rate increased forty to eighty percent during 1900–1990. Today the world's population is slightly over half urban, with millions still streaming annually into the growing cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

What makes a good city/town?

A great city is like a great love — it makes you feel closer to your own center, envelops you in its immutable and caring magic, and no matter how far from it you may travel, it always beckons you with steadfast, unshakable mesmerism.

City that is designed for everyone, especially the poor. Public places are where all can share in the good of the city. A cities public space should make all the people that live in the city happy. Making people happy

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requires that they have dignity, are treated equally, and have hope. That is what Enrique Penalosa did as mayor in Bogota Columbia.

A good town characteristics can be explain in the formula of 4C’s, with each "C" respectively standing for currency, cosmopolitanism, concentration and charisma. It is the cumulative impact of the "4Cs" that differentiates a great city from other cities. Using New York as an example;

New York City is a driver of global finance and a hotbed of arts and culture. It’s also known for green spaces, like Central Park and the award-winning City.

When we speak of currency, the financial drive of New York is almost unparalleled. Fueled by two large central business districts in Lower and Mid Manhattan, the city stands at the top of the globally connected localities. New York's economic influence extends to the rest of the world for good and bad. The force of New York's boom periods (2004–2007) and

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its cycles of bust periods (2008–2009) have reverberated around the world.

New York is known as the world's immigrant city and for good reason, but New York's cosmopolitanism goes beyond the contributions of its immigrants. The city is home to the United Nations and hosts large numbers of foreign correspondents and diplomats, diverse religious institutions and exotic street musicians. Add to this an influx of migrants from other parts of the country.

Manhattan's density of more than 70,000 people per square mile is extraordinary-even by European standards. Even excluding Manhattan, the rest of the New York City's density reaches nearly 24,000 per square mile. Every workday, nearly 1.4 million commuters avail themselves of the city's complex subway system, by far the largest in the US. Manhattan's business districts mix freely with residential use as do business districts in downtown Brooklyn, Jamaica, Queens and Fordham Road in the Bronx. Save for the less populated Staten Island, most of New York is continuously developed.

If charisma can be contained within symbol, New York has much to offer. It is often identified by a dramatic skyline, whose through song and literature; it has an authentic culture and its characterization as "The Big Apple" conveys an authenticity about the opportunities to be realized in America's largest city. The city's unique culture contributes mightily to its appeal and to the mind set it evokes. New York has few rivals in its ability to lure adventurous youth, ambitious entrepreneurs and avant-gardes artists.

Future Town

We change the way we live and how we design and engineer buildings and transportation networks. So for example after the 2004 Tsunami in the Indian Ocean, the affected countries installed Tsunami early warning systems in and around the Indian Ocean and in other locations. Also, following floods in England and Wales flood defences have been installed meaning that during the current 2013/2014 floods, a million plus homes have been protected, with a relatively small number effected

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(5,800, at current count). Also people have designed and built their own solutions such as a house with stilts, built by a Gloucester man in 2012.

 

Future Towns should covers every aspect of disaster resistant building, from large town sized buildings to small dwellings, such as 'The Safe House' and also other disasters, such as poor air quality, asteroid strikes and volcanic and Earthquake activity.

The Safe House, is a basic model for a disaster resistant, low cost housing solution, that rather than just being a low carbon build, will actually be prepared for the results of climate change as well. It is becoming very clear that we are already too late to prevent climate change from wreaking havoc on communities all over the world, from the floods in the Phillipines which killed thousands of people, to the US big freeze this winter and the series of Jet Stream movements that have brought extreme weather to the UK on four occassions in the last ten years. It also sets out other disaster resistant features such as Earthquake resilience.

3.Ancient City/Town

Patara, Lycia - Turkey

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Patara , later renamed Arsinoe was a flourishing maritime and commercial city on the south-west coast of Lycia on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey near the modern small town of Gelemiş, in Antalya Province. It is the birthplace of St. Nicholas, who lived most of his life in the nearby town of Myra (Demre).

History

Possessing a natural harbour, Patara was said to have been founded by Patarus, a son of Apollo. It was situated at a distance of 60 stadia to the southeast of the mouth of the river Xanthos. Patara was noted in antiquity for its temple and oracle of Apollo, second only to that of Delphi. The god

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is often mentioned with the surname Patareus. Herodotus says that the oracle of Apollo was delivered by a priestess only during a certain period of the year; and from Servius we learn that this period was the six winter months. It seems certain that Patara received Dorian settlers from Crete; and the worship of Apollo was certainly Dorian. Ancient writers mentioned Patara as one of the principal cities of Lycia. It was Lycia's primary seaport, and a leading city of the Lycian League, having 3 votes, the maximum.

The city, with the rest of Lycia, surrendered to Alexander the Great in 333 BC. During the Wars of the Diadochi, it was occupied in turn by Antigonus and Demetrius, before finally falling to the Ptolemies. Strabo informs us that Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt, who enlarged the city, gave it the name of Arsinoe (Arsinoë) after Arsinoe II of Egypt, his wife and sister, but it continued to be called by its ancient name, Patara. Antiochus III captured Patara in 196 BC. The Rhodians occupied the city, and as a Roman ally, the city with the rest of Lycia was granted its freedom in 167 BC. In 88 BC, the city suffered siege by Mithridates IV, king of Pontus and was captured by Brutus and Cassius, during their campaign against Mark Antony and Augustus. It was spared the massacres that were inflicted on nearby Xanthos. Patara was formally annexed by the Roman Empire in 43 AD and attached to Pamphylia.

What makes is a significant city and what are the details?

What makes this city special is because of its historical value and because of its natural harbour that makes it a great trading city in ancient times.

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Conclusion

It is good for a city to have its own value, and for this city, it is because of the natural harbour for shipping and location of the city that makes the Patara city interesting. Because of its strategic location, the city have been attacked by some great Empire such as Alexander the great and Roman Empire. As a conclusion, a good city that is accommodated with its strategic location and trading point should have great defence system that can withstand the attack of other’s.

- Information/Elements that can be used for the new city is that the new city should be equipped with proper defence system and a great trading point that is the Shipping port that can generate the economy of the new city.

4. Present Towns

Barcelona, Spain

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Barcelona is the capital city of the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain and the country's 2nd largest city, with a population of 1.6 million

within its administrative limits. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 4.5 million people, being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after

Paris, London, Madrid, the Ruhr area and Milan. It is the largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of

the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range, the tallest peak of which is 512 metres (1,680

ft) high.

History

The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC.

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In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum (Roman military camp) centred on the "Mons Taber", a little hill near the contemporary city hall (Plaça de Sant Jaume). Under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. Pomponius Mela mentions it among the small towns of the district, probably as it was eclipsed by its neighbour Tarraco (modern Tarragona), but it may be gathered from later writers that it gradually grew in wealth and consequence, favoured as it was with a beautiful situation and an excellent harbour. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens. The city minted its own coins; some from the era of Galba survive.

Important Roman vestiges are displayed in Plaça del Rei underground, as a part of the Barcelona City History Museum MUHBA; the typically Roman grid plan is still visible today in the layout of the historical centre. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have been incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have been founded in 343. The city was conquered by the Visigoths in the early 5th century, becoming for a few years the capital of all Hispania. After being conquered by the Arabs in the early 8th century, it was conquered in 801 by Charlemagne's son Louis, who made Barcelona the seat of the Carolingian "Hispanic March" (Marca Hispanica), a buffer zone ruled by the Count of Barcelona.

The Counts of Barcelona became increasingly independent and expanded their territory to include all of Catalonia. In 1137, Aragon and the County of Barcelona merged in dynastic union by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer IV and Petronilla of Aragon, their titles finally borne by only one person when their son Alfonso II of Aragon ascended to the throne in 1162. His territories were later to be known as the Crown of Aragon, which conquered many overseas possessions and ruled the western Mediterranean Sea with outlying territories in Naples and Sicily and as far as Athens in the 13th century. The forging of a dynastic link between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile marked the beginning of Barcelona's decline. The Bank of Barcelona, probably the oldest public bank in Europe, was established by the city magistrates in 1401. It originated from necessities of the state, as did the Bank of Venice (1402) and the Bank of Genoa (1407).

The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 united the two royal lines. Madrid became the centre of political power whilst the colonisation of the Americas reduced the financial importance (at least in relative terms) of Mediterranean trade. Barcelona was a center of Catalan separatism, including the Catalan Revolt (1640–52) against Philip IV of Spain. The great plague of 1650–1654 halved the city's population. In the 18th century, a fortress was built at Montjuïc that overlooked the harbour. In 1794, this fortress was used by the French astronomer Pierre François André Méchain for observations relating to a survey stretching to Dunkirk that provided the official basis of the

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measurement of a metre. The definitive metre bar, manufactured from platinum, was presented to the French legislative assembly on 22 June 1799. Much of Barcelona was negatively effected by the Napoleonic wars, but the start of industrialization saw the fortunes of the province improve.

During the Spanish Civil War, the city, and Catalonia in general, were resolutely Republican. Many enterprises and public services were "collectivised" by the CNT and UGT unions. As the power of the Republican government and the Generalitat diminished, much of the city was under the effective control of anarchist groups. The anarchists lost control of the city to their own allies, the Communists and official government troops, after the street fighting of the Barcelona May Days. The fall of the city on 26 January 1939 caused a mass exodus of civilians who fled to the French border. The resistance of Barcelona to Franco's coup d'état was to have lasting effects after the defeat of the Republican government. The autonomous institutions of Catalonia were abolished,[40] and the use of the Catalan language in public life was suppressed. Barcelona remained the second largest city in Spain, at the heart of a region which was relatively industrialised and prosperous, despite the devastation of the civil war. The result was a large-scale immigration from poorer regions of Spain (particularly Andalusia, Murcia and Galicia), which in turn led to rapid urbanisation. The city gained vitality in 1992 when it hosted the Olympic games.

What makes is a significant city and what are the details?

What makes this city significant is that The Barcelona metropolitan area comprises over 66% of the people in one of the richest regions in

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Europe – Catalonia, with a GDP per capita amounting to €28,400 (16% more than the EU average).

Trade Center - Barcelona is known for its award-winning industrial design. It also has several congress halls, notably Fira de Barcelona – the second largest trade fair and exhibition centre in Europe.

Tourism - It is the 10th most visited city in the world and 3rd most visited in Europe after London and Paris.

Education - Barcelona has a well-developed higher education system of public universities. Most prominent among these is the University of Barcelona (established in 1450), a world-renowned research and teaching institution with campuses around the city.

Sports - Barcelona has a long sporting tradition and hosted the highly successful 1992 Summer Olympics as well as several matches during the 1982 FIFA World Cup (at the two stadiums). It is also the home of the football giant known as FC Barcelona (Camp Nou) that is established in 1899.

Transportation - The Port of Barcelona has a 2000-year old history and a great contemporary commercial importance. It is Europe's ninth largest container port, with a trade volume of 1.72 million TEU's in 2013. The port is managed by the Port Authority of Barcelona. Its 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are divided into three zones: Port Vell (the old port), the commercial port and the logistics port (Barcelona Free Port). The port is undergoing an enlargement that will double its size thanks to diverting the mouth of the Llobregat river 2 kilometres to the south.

Conclusion

Barcelona is a current city that is rich with its historic value, and it is the second largest city of Spain. It is also home to 1.6 million people and it is considered as one of the most densely populated city in Europe because of the uneven in the land distribution. As a conclusion, the land distribution of a city must be carefully planned so that the city is not too densely populated in the future.

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- Information/Elements that can be used for the new city is that the new city should be planned for its land distribution and its special value in sports, education, tourism, and transportation.

The Speed City

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Location : Malaysia

Size : 20-40(km2)

Population : 250,000 - 300,000

This new town will be divided into 4 district that is District 1, 2, 3, and 4.

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- What inspired me to come up with the solutions is from the case study from the ancient and present city.

- From the problems occurred in the city in the case study, Speed city will provide solutions such as better public transportation, effective food distribution, better water drainage technology, waste control system, hi-tech solar energy system, armed with perfect defence systems, better land distribution so that the city is less densely populated.

- The city will be giving better security and services( hospitals and police station ) as it is available in every district. The city will also provide education system and sustainability towards natural disaster.

- The city will be using hi-tech military system to avoid any intruders.- The food distribution is more effective as the city is provided with

grocery and restaurant areas in all district.- The water drainage system in build underground.- Public transportation in this town is improved as the city provided

with train stations in every district and would only take 5 minutes to go from district to another.

- The building and houses in this city uses the Safe House technology that is designed to sustain natural disaster.

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Speed City Characteristics (every district is provided with its own hospitals, police station and grocery market):

District 1 – town hall, governments building, business area, pavilion and shipping port.

District 2 – commercial area, recreational area, education area, garden, and civic building.

District 3 – residential and community area.

District 4 – services area, industrial area, utility area ( energy, water, waste ), army camp.

Hills Area – the hills area provide tourism attraction, forest and green area, agriculture area and monuments.

Speed City Plan

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Conclusion

As a conclusion, the new town that is named as Speed City is improved in the problems that

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usually is in the previously built city because the main objective in building this town is to offer solutions for all the problem that occurs in a

town.

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Reference

1. http://www.brainpickings.org/2014/07/09/e-b-white-here-is-new-york/

2. http://www.planetizen.com/node/46776

3. http://www.vagabond-unlimited.co.uk/#!future-towns/c19bv

4. http://www.lycianturkey.com/lycian_sites/patara.htm

5. http://www.naturallifenetwork.com/news_detail.cfm?news=44

6. http://www.barcelona.cat/en/

7. http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/ciudades-pueblos/grandes-

ciudades/barcelona.html

8. http://www.fantasticmaps.com/2013/03/how-to-design-a-town/

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