Introduction to Electronics

Mohamed Ibrahim

Introduction to ElectronicsHistory In 600 BC Greeks discovered static electricity by

rubbing wool against amber which would attract objects.

Amber is the common name for fossil resin or tree sap that is appreciated for its inherent and interesting mixture of colors and it is widely used for the manufacture of ornamental objects. Although not mineralized, it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. Semi-fossilized resin or sub-fossil amber is called copal.

Introduction to Electronics

What Amber Looks Like

Introduction to Electronics

Types of Electricity Two forms of electricity Static and

Produced Static Electricity is an electrical charge

at rest. Produced Electricity is produced by

either magnetism, chemicals, light, heat, or pressure.

Introduction to Electronics

Types of Electricity Magnetism – Generator Chemical – Battery Light – Photocell (solar cell) Heat – Thermocouple (nuclear

power) Pressure - Crystals

Review

The study of electronics can be broken down into four basic steps:

Step 1 – Basic ElectricityStep 2 – Electronic

ComponentsStep 3 – Electronic CircuitsStep 4 – Electronic Systems

Step 1: Basics of Electricity

Current

Voltage

Power

Resistance

• Step 1: Basics of Electricity

Current – Andre’ Ampere’

Voltage – Alessandro Volta

Resistance – George Ohm

Power – James Watt

Andre’ Ampere’

Alessandro Volta

Georg Ohm

James Watt

Step 2: Electronic Components

Current

Voltage

Power

Resistance

Com

pon

en

ts

• Step 2 Electronic Components

Switches and Keyboard

Semiconductors

Transducers

Resistors

Capacitors

Electron Tubes

Magnetic

Nikola Tesla

Thomas Edison

Step 3: Electronic Circuits

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

Components

Cir

cu

its

• Step 3: Electronic Circuits

Signal Generators and Timers

Amplifiers

Digital Circuits

Power Supplies

Detectors and Mixers

Filters

Phase-locked Looks

Converters

Data Acquisition

Synthesizers

Charles Wheatstone

Gustav Kirchoff

Robert Noyce

Step 4: Electronic Systems

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

ComponentsCircuits

Syste

ms

• Step 4: Electronic Systems

Communications

Computers

Consumer

Industrial

Test and Measurement

Biomedical

Step 4: Electronic Systems

• Communications Systems

Radio

TelecommunicationsTelevisionData Communications

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

Components

Circuits

Systems

Communications

Heinrich Hertz

Guglielmo Marconi

Lee Deforest John Baird

Step 4: Electronic Systems

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

ComponentsCircuits

Systems

Communication

Computers

• Computers

Data Terminals

Computer Systems

Data Storage

Input/Output Devices

George Boole

John von Neuman

Alan Turing Charles

Babbage

Step 4: Electronic Systems

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

Components

CircuitsSystems

Communication

Computers

Consumer

• Consumer

Video Equipment

Audio Equipment

Personal

Automobile Electronics

William Shockley

Chester Carlson

Jack Kilby

Nolan Bushnell

Step 4: Electronic Systems

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

Components

CircuitsSystems

Communication

Computers

Consumer

Industrial

• Industrial

Manufacturing Equipment

Computer-Aided-Design

and Engineering CAD/CAE

Management

Charles Steinmetz

Werner Von Siemens

James Joule

Carl Gauss

Step 4: Electronic Systems

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

• Test and Measurement

General Test and

Measurement Equipment

Automated Test Systems

Components

Circuits Systems

Communication

Computers

Consumer

Industrial

Test and MeasurementSir Isaac

Newton

RAdm Grace Harper

Benjamin Franklin

John Napier

Step 4: Electronic Systems

Current

Votlage

Power

Resistance

• Biomedical

Patient Care

Diagnostics

Circuits

Components

Systems

Communication

Computers

Consumer

Industrial

Test and Measurement

BiomedicalLuigi Galvani

Henry Cavendish

Sir John Fleming

Basic Electronics I

Electricity

Is an invisible force which can produce:

heat light sound motion

Electricity can be broken down into: Electric Charge Voltage Current Resistance

Electrons

The smallest amount of electrical charge having the quality called negative polarity.

Electrons orbit the center of atoms.

Protons

The proton is a basic particle with positive polarity.

Protons are located in the nucleus of atoms along with neutrons, particles which have neutral polarity.

Electrically, all materials fall into 1 of 3 classifications:

Conductors Insulators Semi-Conductors

Conductors

Have 1 valence electron Materials in which electrons can

move freely from atom to atom are called conductors.

In general all metals are good conductors.

The purpose of conductors is to allow electrical current to flow with minimum resistance.

Insulators Have 8 valence electrons Materials in which electrons tend to

stay put and do not flow easily from atom to atom are termed insulators.

Insulators are used to prevent the flow of electricity.

Insulating materials such as glass, rubber, or plastic are also called dielectrics, meaning they can store charges.

Dielectric materials are used in components like capacitors which must store electric charges.

Semi-Conductors

Have 4 valence electrons Materials which are neither conductors

nor insulators Common semi conductor materials are

carbon, germanium and silicone. Used in components like transistors

Harnessing Electricity

First we must separate the + & - charges in matter.

Changing the balance of forces produces evidence of electricity.

Example: A battery. Its chemical energy separates electric charges to produce an excess of electrons on one lead, and an excess of protons on the other.

Voltage

1 volt is a measure of the amount of work required to move 1C of charge

Potential refers to the the possibility of doing work.

Any charge has the potential to do the work of attracting a similar charge or repulsing an opposite charge.

The practical unit of potential difference is the volt (V)

The Symbol for Charge

The symbol for charge is Q which stands for quantity.

The practical unit of charge is called the coulomb (C).

One coulomb is equal to the amount of charge of 6.25X1018

electrons or protons stored in a dielectric.

Current

When a charge is forced to move because of a potential difference (voltage) current is produced.

In conductors - free electrons can be forced to move with relative ease, since they require little work to be moved.

So current is charge in motion. The more electrons in motion the

greater the current.

Amperes

Current indicates the intensity of the electricity in motion. The symbol for current is I (for intensity) and is measured in amperes.

The definition of current is: I = Q/T Where I is current in amperes, Q is

charge in coulombs, and T is time in seconds.

1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second

Resistance

Opposition to the flow of current is termed resistance.

The fact that a wire can become hot from the flow of current is evidence of resistance.

Conductors have very little resistance.

Insulators have large amounts of resistance.

Ohms

The practical unit of resistance is the ohm designated by the Greek letter omega: Ω

A resistor is an electronic component designed specifically to provide resistance.

People To Research

Andre Ampere Alessandro VoltaGeorg Ohm James WattNikola Tesla Michael FaradayJoseph Henry Thomas EdisonCharles Wheatstone Gustav KirchoffRene Descartes Robert NoyceGuglielmo Marconi Lee DeforestHeinrich Hertz John Baird

People To Research

George Boole John von Neuman

Charles Babbage Alan TuringWilliam Shockley Jack KilbyChester Carlson Nolan BushnellCharles Steinmetz Werner von

SiemensJames Joule Carl GaussJohn A. Napier Grace HopperBenjamin Franklin Luigi GlavaniHenry Cavendish John Flemming

References

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Basic ElectronicsIntroduction in ElectronicsHistory of Electronics and scientists