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THE ELECTRIC SPARK Q1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the following: 1mA = ___________ A 1.10 3 A 2.10 – 3 A 3.10 6 A 4.10 – 6 A To increase the effective resistance in a circuit, the resistors are connected in _________ 1.Series 2.Parallel 3.Both ways 4.None of these 1 kilowatt hr = ____________ Joules. 1.4.6 x 10 6 Joule 2.3.6 x 10 6 Joule 3.30.6 x 10 6 Joule 4.3.6 x 10 5 Joule If a P.D. of 12 V is applied across a 3Ω resistor, then the current passing through it is _______ 1.36A 2.4A 3.0.25A 4.15A

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THE ELECTRIC SPARKQ1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the following:•1mA = ___________ A

1.103A2.10 – 3 A3.106A4.10 – 6 A

•To increase the effective resistance in a circuit, the resistors are connected in _________1.Series2.Parallel3.Both ways4.None of these

•1 kilowatt hr = ____________ Joules.1.4.6 x 106 Joule2.3.6 x 106 Joule3.30.6 x 106 Joule4.3.6 x 105 Joule

•If a P.D. of 12 V is applied across a 3Ω resistor, then the current passing through it is _______1.36A2.4A3.0.25A4.15A

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Q2. State True or False. If false correct it.

•The SI unit of charge is volt. False: The SI unit of charge is the coulomb and the SI unit of P.D. is Volt. •A voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the device. False: A voltmeter is always connected in series with the device. •The conventional direction of flow of current is from positive terminal to negative terminal of the cell. Ans. True•Silver and copper are good conductors.Ans. True•Resistivity of pure metal is more than alloys. False: Resistivity of pure metals is less than that of alloys. •The electric bulb consists of the filament whose melting point is low. False: The electric bulb consists of the filament whose melting point is high.

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I II III

Heat generated Is used to reduce effective resistance in a circuit

V = IR

Resistance in parallel Proportional to the square of current

Resistivity Gives relation between V and I

Ohm’s law Depends on the material of the conductor

Q3. Match the column.

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I II III

Heat generated Proportional to the square of current

Resistance in parallel

Is used to reduce effective resistance

in a circuit

Resistivity Depends on the material of the

conductor

Ohm’s law Gives relation between V and I

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Q4. Give scientific reasons.

•The material used for fuse has low melting point.

•A fuse is used to protect a circuit and the appliances connected in the circuit by stopping the flow of an excess electric current. For this, a fuse is connected in series in the circuit. •When the current in the circuit passes through the fuse, its temperature increases. When the current exceeds the specified value, the fuse must melt to break the circuit. For this, the material used for a fuse has low melting point.

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•Wood and glass are good insulators. •When a current flows through a conductor, the free electrons in the atoms move from one end of the conductor to the other. •Certain materials have less free electrons in their atoms and the current does not easily flow through the material. •There are no such free electrons in wood and glass. Hence they cannot conduct electricity. Hence, they are good insulators.

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•The melting point of filament of a bulb is very high. •The bulb begins to glow only when the filament is heated to a high temperature, and it becomes incandescent (bright) without melting. •This happens only when the material of the filament has a high melting point. •Hence, the material used in the filament of an electric bulb must have a high melting point. For eg. Tungsten (33800C)

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•Connecting wires in a circuit are made of copper and aluminium. •Copper and aluminium offer a low resistance to the flow of current and hence they are good conductors of electricity. •Copper and aluminium are highly ductile and hence can be used for preparing the wire. •Copper being more ductile, it is used in making thin wires, and aluminium is used for making thicker wires. Thus, they are suitable for making wires used in electrical circuit.

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Define•1 volt: The potential difference between two points is said to be 1 volt if 1 joule of work is done in moving 1 coulomb of electric charge from one point to another.

•1 ampere: 1 coulomb of charge passing through a cross – section of a conductor in 1 second is one ampere. It is the S.I. unit of an electric current.

•1 ohm: If one ampere current flows through the conductor, and 1 volt potential difference is applied across it, then its resistance is 1 ohm.

•Potential: Electric potential is the electrical level.

•Resistivity: The resistivity of a conductor is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit length and the unit area of the cross – section. •Electric power: Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is consumed. It is the electrical work done per unit time.

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Resistance in series Resistance in parallel

1. If a number of resistances are connected in such a way that the same current flows through each resistance, then the arrangement is called resistances in series.

2. The effective resistance is a series combination is greater than the individual resistances.

3. This combination is used to increase resistance in a circuit.

4. This combination decreases the current in the circuit.

1. If a number of resistances are connected between two common points such that the potential difference across each is the same then that arrangement is called resistances in parallel.

2. The effective resistance of the combination is less than the individual resistances.

3. This combination is used to decrease resistance in the circuit.

4. This combination increases the current in the circuit.

Differentiate between.Resistances in series and parallel.

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Conductors Insulators

1. Those substances through which electricity can flow are called conductors.

2. Electrical resistances of conductors are very low.

3. They contain large number of free electrons.

4. Generally metals are conductors. E.g. silver, copper, aluminium

1. Those substances through which electricity cannot flow are called insulators.

2. Electrical resistances of insulators are infinitely very high.

3. They do not contain free electrons. 4. Generally non – metals are

insulators. E.g. wood, rubber, plastic

Conductors and insulators.

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Resistance Resistivity

1. The property of the conductor due to which it opposes a flow of current through it is called resistance.

2. The SI unit of resistance is Ohm ()

3. The resistance of a conductor depends on its length and area of cross section.

1. The resistivity of a conductor is the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross section.

2. The SI unit of resistivity is Ohm-metre (m)

3. The resistivity of a conductor does not depend on its length and area of cross section.

•Resistance and resistivity.

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High resistance Low resistance

1. A high resistance indicates a material that hardly allows the movement of electrons.

2. It is due to the less number of free flowing electrons in the outer most orbit of an element.

3. Substances with infinitely high electrical resistance are insulators.

4. High resistance provides low conductivity.

1. A low resistance indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electrons.

2. It is due to large number of electrons in the outer most orbit of an element.

3. Substances with low electrical resistances are good conductors.

4. Low resistance provides high conductivity.

High resistance and low resistance.

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State the laws:Ohm’s law: Ohm’s law states that the electric current flowing in a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its terminals, provided physical conditions of the conductor such as length, area of cross section, temperature and material remain constant. If I is the current and V is the potential difference across the ends of a conductor then

(Where ‘R’ is constant)

R is the resistance which is constant for given conductor. The SI unit of resistance is ohm ( )

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•Joule’s law: - Joule’s law can be stated as the quantity of heat generated (H) in a conductor of Resistance (R), when a current (I) flows through it for a time (t) is directly proportional to:•The square of the current. •The resistance of the conductor, and •The time for which the current flows. Using Ohm’s Law we can write

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Find the expression for the resistors connected in series •Resistors connected in series: - If the number of resistance are connected one after another in such a way that the same current flows through each resistance, then the arrangement is called resistance in series.

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LetR1, R2 and R3 are three resistances

connected in a series combination and let RS be their effective resistance in the circuit.

Let V1, V2 and V3 be the P.D. across

resistances R1, R2 and R3 respectively.

Let ‘V’ be the P.D. of the cell. Let ‘I’ be the current flow through each resistance.

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According to Ohm’s Law,

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Conclusion: 1. If the resistors are connected in series then.

2. In a circuit the current is the same in every part of the circuit.

3. The resistance of the combination of resistors is equal to the sum of the individual resistors.

4. The total voltage across the combination is equal to the sum of the voltage drop across the separate resistors.

5. The effective resistance in a series combination is greater than the individual resistances.

6. This combination is used to increase resistance in a circuit.

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Resistors connected in parallel: If the numbers of resistance are connected between two common points, such that the potential difference across each resistance is the same, then the arrangement is called resistance in parallel.

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Three resistances R1, R2 and R3 are

connected in parallel between the points A and B. Let Rp be the effective resistance in

the circuit.

A Cell E, Key K and the ammeters A are also connected with resistances.

Let the current passing through R1 be

I1, R2 be I2, and R3 be I3 and that of R be I.

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Conclusion: 1. If the resistors are connected in parallel then:

2. The sum of reciprocals of the individual resistance is equal to the reciprocal of equivalent resistance.

3. The current in various resistors are inversely proportional to the resistances (higher is the resistance lower is the current through it). However the total current is the sum of the currents flowing in the different branches.

4. The voltage (Potential difference) across each resistors is same.

5. The effective resistance of the parallel combination is less than the individual resistance in the combination.

6. This combination is used to decrease resistance in the circuit.

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Find the expression for resistivity of a material.

Resistance R of a conductor depends on the length ‘l’ and area of cross section ‘A’ of the conductor

Where: (rho) is called resistivity of the conductor it is also called as specific resistance. If we put l = 1m and A = 1 sq. m. then R =

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Conclusion

Thus, resistivity of a conductor is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross section. The SI unit of resistivity is ohm – metre

Resistivity is the characteristic property of material. It is different for different materials.

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P and Q are the two wires of same length and different cross sectional areas and made of same metal. Name the property which is same for both the wires and that which is different for both the wires. Ans. The property which is same for both the wires is resistivity. The property which is different for both the wires is resistance.

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Material Copper Aluminium Silver Nickel

Resistivity (Ωm)

1.62 x 10 – 8 2.63 x 10 – 8 1.60 x 10 – 8 6.48 x 10 – 8

•Resistivity of some material is given below. State which one will be the best conductor. From the above table we find that of all the metals, silver has the lowest resistivity (1.60 x 10 – 8 Ωm), which means that silver offers the least resistance to the flow of current through it. Thus, silver metal is the best conductor of electricity.

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If the resistance of wire A is four times the resistance of wire B, find the ratio of their cross sectional areas. Ans. Let resistance of wire A be R1 and that of wire B be R2 .

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Two dissimilar bulbs are connected in series, which bulb will be brighter? (Hint: consider the resistance of the bulb). Ans. When two bulbs are connected in series the first bulb will receive more current. As the bulb has its own resistance, less current will flow to the next bulb. Hence the first bulb will glow more.

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Electrical symbols used in electrical circuits