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UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION AND MODERN LANGUAGES

MASTER IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Sociolinguistics

SCLE5233

Prepared For:

Dr. Hariharan a / l N.Krishnasamy Prepared By:

Moustafa Mohammad Shalabi

817137

Egyptian Arabic

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“Everyone knows that language is variable.” Sapir (1921: 147)

Introduction

The two articles that were chosen to response is one about “Dialectal Arabic” – “Standard

Arabic” and the second is about “a Comparison of Egyptian Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic

Sociolinguistic Variables through Formality Effects”

"The language is a morally human and non- voluptuous of delivery of thoughts and feelings and

wishes through a system of voluntary production of symbols". These symbols, in the first

occurrence, hear and is produced, including the so-called ‘organs of speech’ (Sapir 1921).

Social linguistics is a vivid revision of the properties of any and all features of civilization,

including traditional standards, expectations, and the approach language is used, and the

consequences of the use of language in the Community.

Ahlan Wa Sahlan! – Welcome

Egypt ِمصر Miṣr َمصر Maṣr, The country officially Arab Republic of Egypt pancontinental

extends across continents in north-east and south-west of the corner of Asia, to the formation of a

bridge from the Sinai Peninsula, near only eurafrasian nation more than the land of Egypt, from

“1,010,408” square kilometers (390,000 square miles) is located in the River Nile.

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Egypt is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea ,surrounded by

the Aqaba Gulf to the east , to the north-east Gaza Strip in the middle of the

South came Sudan and in the west Libya. With more than 100 million

people, Egypt is a very populated state located in the north of Africa .Egypt

is the core of the Arab world. It is rated as number three large countries in

the continent of Africa.

Approximately half of the Egyptian people stay in city areas, and the

biggest dense inhabited axes of Great Cairo, the second biggest city

Alexandria added to the main towns along the River Nile.

Egypt has deep historical roots since the tenth century BC, one of the first

States. Some of the earliest developments it is considered the birth place of

urbanization. Venerable Egypt practiced the early development in

agriculture, inscription, Sculpture organized beliefs, urbanization and the

fundamental government through olden times.

Ancient Egypt known as the monuments icon, including the great Sphinx

and Giza pyramids, as also Memphis ruins in Thebes, Karnak and the Valley

of the Kings. Still fascinating public attention and archaeologists researches

all over the world.

Egypt rich cultural heritage is an important part of its domestic

uniqueness, through ages suffered and absorbed many outer effects, as well

as the Persian, Greek, Romanian, Arabic, European and Ottoman.

EGYPT

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Egyptian Arabic language, identified as Spoken Egyptian

Arabic, Massry, Masri, Ordinary Egyptian language and Egyptian Informal

language, is a variability of Arabic which has its origins to the Semitic family

language.

Approximately “52,500,000” people speak this language in Maser. It is

too spoken as a second dialectal in different states in the Arab countries, for

example “Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan, Libya, Iraq, Yemen and United

Arab Emirates”. It is estimated totally more than 54 million.

Before the Arabic invasion to Egypt in the 1600 AD, Egypt people

speak Coptic. Coptic grammatically thoroughly parallel to old Egyptian,

written in the Hieroglyphic scripts that came after the Arab conquest, there

was an extended era when both Arabic and Coptic were used to talk through

the Egyptian state.

Egypt Verbal Arabic, as distinctive as Standard Arabic with the diversity

spoken by the Arab occupations, advanced in the earliest capital of the

Islamic state, nowadays part of capital Cairo. With augmented inspiration of

Islamic religion and country arabization, people of Egypt shifted to Arabic

gradually substituting Coptic.

But, there is no proof that the Copts do not continue to be spoken, even

in 17th-century. In spite of the Copts do not know, today the first language

speakers, and still feel the language that aid such as the language used inside

the Egyptian Church.

EGYPT

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Egypt Pronounced language is the dialectal of a broader way as an exchange of information

and de facto Etymological in Egypt, even though the certified language in Maser is ‘Modern

Standard Arabic’ (MSA). Egyptians apply their language in literature, containing dramas, poems

in addition to novels, popularly used in mass media for instance in “marketing, comedy, a lot of

newspapers, also to transcribe common songs. MSA is used in mostly in further printed

newspapers side by side with TV programs”.

MSA is used in all official circumstances and for all ceremonial dedications. Egyptian Arabic

speech generally easy to be understood, in Arab countries, as Egypt was the prevailing force in the

movie industry added the broad casting. Egypt is considered as the first Arab-speaking Egyptian

movie production and films and widespread in all parts of the Arab world. The Egyptian film

production has over “3,000” movies ever since “1924” has been named the "Hollywood on the

Nile". Therefore, the speeches in Arabic Egyptian regularly choice spoken language Arabic

language education students a foreign language.

Egyptian language seems to preserve a noteworthy Coptic substrate Lexis, phonology and

syntax. Coptic was the latest phase of the original Egyptian language is spoken, until the mid-17th-

century as it lastly completely replaced by Egyptian Arabic. Nearly the structures originally shares

Arab Egyptian ancient Egyptian language include some of the earlier and verbal pairing some

uncertain and glottalized consonants, in addition to a large number of bilateral triliteral verbal

correspondence.

Two syntax characteristics specific to Egyptian language transferred from Coptic are:

The delay of demonstratives "this" and "that" are sited after the noun.

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Illustrations: " this man " /ir-rˤaːɡil da/ الراجل ده(lit. "the man this"; in Literary Arabic / haːðaː r-

raɡul /) هذا الرجلand "this girl" / il-bitt di /البت دي (lit. " the girl this " ; in Literary Arabic / haːðihi

l-bint / )هذه البنت.

WH words كلمات االستفهام (i.e. "when", "why", "who" exist in their "logical" locations in a

sentence rather than being proposed, or relocated to the front of the sentence, as in Literary

Arabic or English).

Examples:

؟ إمتا مصر راح ) ) /rˤaːħ masˤrI ʔimta / ("When (/ʔimta/) did he go to Egypt / Cairo?"

(lit. "He went to Egypt/Cairo when?")

( rˤaːħ masˤrI leːh/ "Why (/leːh/) did he go to Egypt/Cairo? (lit. "He/ ( ؟ ليه مصر راح

went to Egypt/Cairo why?")

مصر؟ راح[ اللى] مين ) )/miːn rˤaːħ masˤr/ or /miːn illi rˤaːħ masˤr/ ("Who (/miːn/) went

to Egypt/Cairo? (literally - same order)

In Literary Arabic the same sentences in the beginning of the sentence) (with all the question words

(wh-words) would be:

/mataː ðahaba ʔilaː misˤr/ مصر؟ إلى ذهب متى

/lima ðahaba ʔilaː misˤr/ مصر؟ إلى ذهب ِلمَ

/man ðahaba ʔilaː misˤr/ مصر؟ إلى ذهب من

Since Coptic languages such as North Africa, the interdental space. consonants missing it can

affect the appearance of these incidents in typical Arabic /θ/ð) /ðˤ) counterparts in the dental /T)

/d) stressed dentists /dˤ).

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The fast grow of Egyptian Arabic usage clarifies the importance of this lexicon which lies in

the fact that it is the first resource of its kind bridging multiple variants of Arabic with English.

Furthermore, it is a wide coverage lexical resource containing over “73,000” Egyptian entries.

Tharwa is publicly available. The authors believe it will have a significant impact on both

Theoretical Linguistics as well as Computational Linguistics research. Egyptian Arabic in most

cases with Arab modern classics usually only in writing and in the religious and/or official event.

Nevertheless in Egyptian Arabic, there is an extensive variety of change. Still, inside Egyptian

Arabic, there is a comprehensive array of distinction.

Al-Said Badawi identified three levels are different from the language of the Egyptian-based

primarily on the number of non-Arab verbally in lexis products : المثقفين( ) عامية (`Āmmiyyat al-

Musaqqafīn) (Talk about intellectual slang or official Arabic), ( المتنورين عامية ) (`Āmmiyyat al-

Mutanawwirīn) (Tolerant or Literate Idiomatic), ( االميين عامية ) and(`Āmmiyyat al-

'Ummiyīn) (Uneducated Idiomatic).

Well-educated Conversational/Official Spoken Arabic is distinguishing of the cultured

modules and is the language of conversation of high-level topics, but however Egyptian Arabic;

it is featured by technical terms usage of imported words taken from foreign languages and MSA,

as well as closer attention to the pronunciation of certain letters (in particular qāf).

It is comparatively consistent and, seems to be closer to the typical, is agreed properly all

over the Arab world. On the contradictory end of the continuum, Illiterate Colloquial, communal

to countryside areas and to working-class districts in the cities, has an almost completely Arabic

terminology; loanwords are usually either very old borrowings (e.g. gambari

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shrimp," from Italian gambari, "shrimp" (pl.)) or to use some technological" [ɡæmˈbæɾi] , جمبرى

terms or words that find no or poor equals in Arabic as in: تلفزيون til (i)vizyōn/

til(i)fezyōn [tel(e)vezˈjoːn, tel(e)fezˈjoːn], television).

There are some contradiction between MSA and Egyptian Arabic will be discussed later on ,

but the varsity of usage in Egyptian Arabic through its long history of colonization, number of

immigrants and it is the route of world trade gives Egypt its distinctive features, this makes it

acquires a different unique style for instance the Educated Informal (`Āmmiyyat al-Mutanawwirīn)

;is the language of those who have had some education and are comparatively wealthy)أمية المتنورين(

the loanwords tend to denote to pop-cultural items, consumer products, and fashions. It is also

understood widely in the Arab world, as it is the lingua franca of Egyptian movie and TV.

Comparing MSA with other variabilities of Arabic language, Egyptian Arabic enjoys a formula

of the T-V distinction. For instance the singular form, انت inta للمذكر /inti للمؤنث is satisfactory in

many situations, nevertheless after speaking in clear societal seniors (e.g. persons older than

oneself, superiors at work(manager), definite administration administrators), the form حضرتك

ḥaḍritak/ḥaḍritik, significance "Your Grace" is favored (c.f. Spanish usted). The usage

of ḥaḍritak/ḥaḍritik is related to the classification of honorifics respect in daily Egyptian speech.

This shows the relation between the speaker and their occupation. Let’s have a look at the

following table:

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Samples honorifics in Egyptian language

Honorific IPA Derivation/meaning Usage and notes

1 Siyadtak [seˈjættæk,

seˈjædtæk]

Standard Arabic

siyādatuka,"Your

Lordship"

Social people is much higher than the

speakers, especially in the work. It also

applies to senior government officials, as

well as the President. An equal in practice

to " Your Excellency " or " Your Honor ".

2 sa`adtak [sæˈʕættæk,

sæˈʕædtæk]

Typical Arabic

sa`ādatuka, "Your

Happiness"

Representatives and other social position

much higher. The value of the state

environments "Your Excellency," or

"Your Honor” when addressing the judge.

3 ma`alīk [mæʕæˈliːk] Typical Arabic ma`ālīka,

"Your Highness"

Minister of the government. An equal in

practice to "Your Excellency" or "The

Right Honourable."

4 ḥagg/ḥagga [ˈħæɡ(ɡ)]/[ˈħæɡɡæ] Typical Arabic ḥāǧ Conventionally, each Muslim pilgrimage,

or Christians make the pilgrimage to

Jerusalem. In today's time uses the notion

of respect for older people.

5 Bāsha [ˈbæːʃæ] Ottoman Turkish pasha Familiar speech to men is equal to or less

than the social situation. The

corresponding of "Man" or "Dude" in the

English word 'non-official.

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This table illustrate the following aspects:

"سيادتك" .1 When personnel with a faraway advanced societal higher than the talker, mostly in

place of your job. Similarly functional to extraordinary administration administrators, as

well as the Commander. Equal in real-world relations to "Your Excellency" or "The Most

Honourable."

"سعادتك" .2 Government administrators and others with significantly high-class.

Corresponding in official circumstances "Your Excellency," or "Your Honor" when

speaking to the judge in the court.

Government ministers. Equal in everyday languages to "Your Excellency" or "The "معاليك " .3

Right Honourable."

حاجة"حاج / " .4 Usually, any Muslim when performing the Hajj, also the Christian who did

pilgrimage in Jerusalem. Now it is spoken generally as a form of admiration and respect

for all old people.

Casual speech to a male of equal or lesser societal rank. Approximately equal to " باشا " .5

"man" "رجل" or "dude" "مديني, المتأنق" in casual English speech.

We can notice some distinguishing lexis and utterances in Egyptian Arabic for instance:

[ezˈzæjjæk] ("How are you [m.]") للمذكر إزيك ,[ezˈzæjjek] ("How are you [f.]") إزيك

("How are you [pl.]") [ezzæjˈjoko],للمؤنث للجمعإزيكو ,[ˈʔeː ˈdæ] ده ايه ("What's all this?", "What's the

point", "What's this?" –a phrase denote frustration)

Ex.: ده؟ ايه, ليه كده عليا بتقوللهم هإنت [entæ betʔolˈlohom ʕæˈlæjjæ ˈkedæ ˈleː ˈʔeː dæ] ("Why are you

telling them such things about me, what's all this?"). خالص [xɑˈlɑːsˤ]: several meanings, though its

main meaning is "enough", often adverbial ,خالص [xɑˈlɑːsˤ]: several meanings, though its main

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meaning is "enough", often adverbial, "Stop it!" Ex.: خالص, زهقت [zeˈheʔte xɑˈlɑːsˤ] ("I'm annoyed,

stop it!  ") "It's over!", "finally, eventually"

Ex.: [ˈmɑmti kæːnet ʕajˈjæːnæ wˈmæːtet xɑˈlɑːsˤ]| خالص, ماتت و عيانه كانت مامتى ("My mother was

ill and died finally." [or "...and it's over now"])."Ok, then!" Ex.: [xɑˈlɑːsˤ ʔæˈʃuːfæk ̍ bokɾɑ] , خالص

بكرا أشوفك ("I'll see you tomorrow then"). [ˈxɑːlesˤ] خالص ("at all"). خالص نقولها حاجه ماعندناش

[mæʕændeˈnæːʃ ˈħæːɡæ nˈʔolhæ ˈxɑːlesˤ] ("We have nothing at all to say"). [keˈfæːjæ] كفاية ("It's

enough!" or "That's enough"). [ˈjæʕni] يعنى ("that's to say" or "meaning" or "y'know")

As answer to [entæ ˈʕæːmel ˈ(ʔ)eː] إيه؟ عامل إنتا ("How do you do [m.]?") (as an answer: [meʃ

ˈʔædde ˈkedæ] كده أد مش "I am so so" or [ˈnosˤse ˈnosˤ] نص نص "half half" = تمام مش [meʃ tæˈmæːm]

"not perfect"مش قوي). [jæʕni ˈʔeː] ايه؟ يعنى ("What does that mean?")

[ˈemtæ hɑtˈxɑllɑsˤ ˈjæʕni] يعنى؟ هتخلص إمتا ("When are you finishing exactly, then?) بقى [ˈbæʔæ]

(particle of enforcement → "just" in imperative clauses and "well,...then?" in questions)

[ˈhæːto ˈbæʔæ] بقى هاته ("Just give it to me!)" [ˈʕæmæl ˈ(ʔ)eː ˈbæʔæ] بقى؟ ايه عملأ or [ˈʕæmæl ˈ(ʔ)eː

ˈbæʔæ] ("Well, what did he do then?")

I moved through Egypt from south to north and from east to west I noticed that there are several

dialects Egyptian Arab usually divided into the language of the large collections.

Lower Egypt (Northern). Cairene Arabic (Cairo speech), the prestigious dialect spoken

in Cairo, is a Lower Egyptian dialect.

Upper Egypt (Southern, also called Sa`idi)صعيدي Common; Cairo to Sudan border. Enjoys

fairly little prestige, though it is extensively articulated.

Let us move closer to Egyptian Arabic structure and sound system, depending on Ethnologue,

talkers of Cairene(Cairo dialect) Arabic find it somehow difficult to understand speakers

of (Sa`idi) اللهجة الصعيدية upper Egypt, on the other hand speakers of(Sa`idi) apprehend talkers of

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Cairene Arabic. This type of non-reciprocal unambiguousness normally happens among (high

prestige) urban speakers and (low prestige) rural speakers.

One of Egyptian Spoken Arabic contradictions is it possesses more vowels than Modern

Standard Arabic. The following table demonstrate these vowels they are six long and four short

vowels, comparatively with three long and three short vowels in “MSA”. The table blew shows

the vowel phonemes and said almost as Egyptian Arab.

Front Back

Close i, i: u:

Close-mid e, e: o

Mid æ, æ:

Open ɑ, ɑ:

Talk about some other properties expanded Egyptian Arabic vowels:

“All long vowels become shortened in unstressed positions and before consonant

clusters”.

“Short /i/ and /u/ are often dropped when another vowel is added to a word,

e.g., kaatib, ‘having written’ (masculine) becomes katba, ‘having written’

(feminine)”.

“MSA diphthongs /ay/ and /aw/ have become long vowels in Egyptian Arabic”.

List of compatible almost as phonemes and spoke of Egyptian Arab similar to the MSA price, but

there are some differences. The following table shows the consistent almost as phonemes and

spoke of Egyptian Arab.

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Bilabial

Labio-

dental Alveolar

Palato-

alveolar Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plain Emphatic Plain Emphatic

Stops

voiceless (p) t tˤ xx k q ʔ

voiced (bˤ) d dˤ g

Fricatives

voiceless f s sˤ ʃ x ħ h

voiced (v) z zˤ (ʒ) ɣ ʕ

Affricates x x x

Nasals m (mˤ) n x x

Laterals l x

Tap or trill ɾ~r ɾˤ~rˤ x xx x

Approximants w j x

“(p), (v), (ʒ) occur mostly in loanwords”

“(bˤ), (mˤ) have marginal status”

“/tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, zˤ, rˤ, ɾˤ, ɾˤ/ are pharyngealized consonants that have no equivalents in English.

Not all speakers of Egyptian Arabic can pronounce these consonants”.

“/ʔ/ = sound between the vowels in uh-oh”.

“/ʃ/ = sh in sheep”

“/ʒ/ = s in vision”

“/q, χ, ʁ, ħ, ʕ/ have no equivalents in English”.

When we talk about the stress we will find that Egyptian Arabic has five syllable categories:

“CV, CV: , CVC, CV:C”, and

“CVCC (where C = consonant, V = short vowel, V: = long vowel”.

“CV:, CV:C”, and

“CVCC are long, or heavy, syllables. Going from right to left in a word, stress falls on

the first encountered”

“CV:, CV:C, or CVCC syllable”.

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When we talk about Grammar there are some differences between MSA and Egyptian Spoken

Arabic regarding Noun phrase, Verb phrase, Word order, Vocabulary and writing:

Unlike MSA, nouns in Egyptian Arabic are not inflected for case.

Nouns have both direct and indirect object clitics that follow direct object clitics and

precede the negative marker -s.

There is no dual number.

The plural is usually molded by adding a suffix to the end of a word. In some instances, the

plural is expressed by changing the vowel structure of a word. There are many patterns of

broken plurals that depend on the structure of the root.

Object pronouns are attached as clitics to the end of a nouns, verbs or prepositions,

e.g., béet ‘house’,béet-i ‘my house’.

, past, or future. Colloquial Egyptian Arabic has also developed a future tense marker ħa-,

e.g., hayiktib, ‘he will write‘.

The normal system of Egyptian language is Subject-Verb-Object. The

demonstratives this and that come after the nouns they modify. Wh- question words are not

moved to the front of the sentence as in MSA, e.g., ráh maṣr ʔ imta?راح مصر إمته Literally, ‘He

went when? ‘Like further varieties of Arabic, Egyptian language originates most of its lexis by

applying various vowel insertion patterns and templates to consonant roots.

Egyptian Arabs rarely written as Arab standard is usually written. But the Egyptian Arabic is the

use of the Arabic language in writing novels and plays and poems, as well as affected by moving

the texts, the texts of the spoken language, declarations, and in some newspapers. Mission

subsistence allowance in most print media and television. Usually written Egyptian Language

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There is an urgent need for an electronic dictionary application three-way, Tharwa, including

Dialectal Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic and English correspondents.

Already there is a clear gap in DA resources, especially those that bridge over variable and English.

Some calculation methods to dialectal processing, such as Abu Bakr and others. (2008) , Salloum

and Habash (2011), stared the gap by extending BAMA / SAMA (Buckwalter, 2004; .. Graf et al,

2009), to accept DA prefixes and suffixes.

Tharwa is primarily a lemma based resource, namely all the DA and MSA and ENG entries are

chosen conventionalized citation forms. It currently serves as a nucleus to be extended to other

Arabic variants. Let’s have a look at the Phonological Variation, Morphological Variation,

affixation, Case inflection, and Derivational differences, Lexical Variation, Identical, Semantic

Cognates and Homographs/Homophones:

As is the case for many languages and dialects and pronunciation of some phonemes of MSA

shifted in EGY. Some of the shifts are quite regular such as / q / ( of the letter ق ) becoming a

glottal stop /’/ except for few words borrowed from MSA or Classical Arabic, e.g., the word قلب

‘heart’ is pronounced /qalb/ in MSA but /’alb / in EGY.

Another example is the MSA / θ / phoneme (of the letter ث)which shifts in some words to /t/

and in others to /s/, e.g., ثالثة vlAvp ‘three’ is pronounced as MSA / θ ala: θ a/ or EGY/ tala:ta /, and

/ wealth, fortune’ is pronounced as MSA‘ ثروة θ arwa / and EGY /sarwa/. The differences in the

phonology affect how people write, especially given the absence of an orthographic standard for

EGY. Habash et al. (2012b).

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EGY morphology shows a significant difference from the MSA in each of the inflectional

derivational morphology. It is noted that the derivational differences are more suitable for the

development of vocabulary resources such Tharwa. (Habash 0.2010).

EGY has some unique prefixes, suffixes and clitic morphemes that are not shared by MSA,

e.g., the EGY future tense prefixes + هـ ha+ 1and ح Ha + are notably different from the MSA

future prefix + س sa + .

While MSA has a complex case system, EGY does not. Different inflected forms in MSA map to

the same form in EGY, e.g., MSA موظفون mwZfwn, ‘employees [nom.]’ and MSA موظفين

mwZfyn, ‘employees [acc. /gen.]’ map to EGY موظفين mwZfyn, ‘employees’.

MSA and EGY have comparability in word formation mechanisms, particularly because

derivational morphology depends on roots and patterns. However, EGY has some morphological

patterns which are not used in MSA such as, ياستخب Aisotaxab~aY ‘to hide’. In addition EGY

utilizes non-MSA morphological patterns to represent the passive voice or the unaccusative form

of some verbs such as (e.g. اتكتب Aitokatab ‘to be written’), (e.g. اتص ور AitoSaw ~ ar ‘to have his

picture taken’), and (e.g. ات اكل Ait∼Akil ‘to be eaten’).

The EGY lexicon comprises entries that differ as well as overlap with MSA:

EGY and MSA: words that are identical in all respects phonological, orthographic,

morphological, and semantic, e.g.نشيط na$iyT, ‘active’.

EGY and MSA that share the same meaning but with some regular phonological and/or

orthographic variation, e.g., EGY verb لعب liEib ‘to play’ corresponds to MSA verb لعب laEib.

EGY and MSA that have the same orthography and pronunciation but different

meanings, e.g. حاجه HAjap is ‘necessity’ in MSA, but could mean both ‘thing’ as well as

‘necessity’ in EGY.

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Words that belong uniquely to only one of the varieties EGY or MSA, e.g. مش mi$ ‘not’, بس

bas ‘only, enough’, and دغري dugoriy ‘straight-ahead’ are only used in EGY.

All the resources go through a process of standardization for the EGY entries to be rendered

CODA compliant.

A round of clean-up is performed on the entries correcting for spelling mistakes especially paying

particular attention for Hamza variants, and Alif-Maqsura ي Y versus Ya ي y cases. Providing the

full diacritization for each of the entries allows for variation in the POS tag associated with an

entry. The undiacritized forms pack several POS tags in addition to the semantic homonyms and

synonyms. For instance, the entry أمر>mr as rendered in the original BADAWI lexicon once

diacritized is split into three different entries: (a) adjective, >amar ‘more bitter’, (b) noun,>amor

‘order’, and (c) verb, >amar ‘to order’. As mentioned above, some of the resources provide POS

tag information.

CODA This the diacritized conventional orthography lemma form of the EGY entries (Habash

et al., 2012b).. The following statistics show the level of overlap between the EGY entry and their

MSA equivalent as defined before These statistics are calculated on the lemma entries only

amounting to entries.33.5% of the entries are Identical (meaning and diacritized form) to MSA

words, e.g.بخيل baxiyl ‘miserly, cheap’; 14.4% are semantic cognates, modulo some regular

homographic/homophonic variation with MSA, e.g.,

EGY اتكًسر Aitokas~ar and MSA تكًسر takas~ar ‘become 13.2% are homographs/homophones

but with additional senses not in MSA, e.g., EGY حاجه HAjap and MSA شيئ $ay’ ‘thing’; and,

38.9% are completely distinct EGY entries, e.g., EGY بس. bas and فقط faqaT ‘only’.

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This field lists alternative naturally occurring orthographic variants of the EGY CODA entries

as obtained from their original sources BADAWI, and ECAL. This field can have multiple variants

both diacritized and undiacritized, e.g., EGY entry كثير kiviyr ‘many, a lot’ (pronounced/kitiyr/)

has the variant كتير kitiyr.

We have two POS tag fields, one for EGY and one for MSA. The POS tags comprises 34 tags

including verb, noun, adjective, adverb, particle, demonstrative, proper noun, and vbn (deverbal

nouns).

Each entry is marked as being a lemma or surface inflected form. Every surface form entry in

Tharwa is linked to its lemma entry.

The semantic features number, gender and rationality. For more information, see (Habash,

2010; Alkuhlani and Habash, 2011).

This is the root consonant radicals of the word before any derivation or inflection takes place.

The root information is provided for both EGY and MSA entries, e.g. root: ktb ‘writing related’,

has 39 derived lemmas in Tharwa.

This is the templatic structure of the word. We provide both the morphological (ordeep)

patterns and morpho-phonological (or surface) patterns for words, for both EGY lexical entries as

well as the MSA equivalents, e.g. EGY: اكتتب Aikotatab ‘subscribe’.

This is the corresponding MSA word of the EGY entry. The MSA words are fully diacritized

and are in the same morphological form of the EGY entry, e.g., EGY ب منكت minokitib and MSA

.makotuwb ‘written’. ENG Equivalent This is the equivalent translation into English مكتوب

19

Conclusion

The current Egyptians Arabic. Talked by approximately most Egyptian vernacular often known

locally. Originally came from the Arabic language brought to Egypt in the seventh century by the

Islamic invasion, influenced by the original Coptic Turkish/Ottoman Turkish, Italian, French,

While it is primarily a spoken language and in written form in novels, plays and poems dialect

(literature), as well as in some newspapers advertising and some texts of popular songs. In most

printed media and the Arab language news TV uses.

Literary Arabic standard language based on the language of the Quran, a "traditional". The

Egyptian vernacular almost everywhere Arabic alphabet for local consumption not written,

although it is usually transcribed into Latin letters or in the international phonetic alphabet in

linguistics to teaching text and textbooks, English-speaking students designed. In addition, it is

written form when chatting on line or sending SMSs. Currently there is a demand for such new

modern advanced dictionaries.

20

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https://youtu.be/YAD139oTu10?t=66

https://youtu.be/lWtG-GQ-cfg