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Education 4 Principles of TeachingPRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING ANG LEARNING

Reporter: Maricel Buendia Ico CTP 1-APresented to: Prof. Lydia Chavez

refers to the fundamental truth or law that provides bases of ones actions.

It defines the conduct one has to adopt and display in performing the roles demanded by his/her chosen career.

It is a general belief that you have about the way you should behave, which influences your behavior.

Principles of Effective Teaching and Learning

T E A C H I N GTeaching happens everywhere. It happens when someone tries to assist others to learn an issue, an event, a skill, or a value. It takes place in all institution particularly in school, at home, in the church, and in the community, both in the formal and informal settings.

Is both an art and science. - it is an art when teachers create learning in a spontaneous manner by combining individual pieces of education and experience into a new whole that is specially made for the circumstances they see in their situation.- it is a science for its uses specific methods and skills that will help achieve the goals of teaching. -Moore, 2005-

Teaching StylesEvery teacher has a teaching style of his/her own. This is usually reflected in his/her actions, verbal interactions, questioning, and evaluating learning. Over the years, educators view teaching styles in different ways.

Penelope Peterson (1979) defines teaching style in terms of how teachers utilize space in the classroom, their choice of instructional activities and materials, and other methods of student groupings.

Allan Ornstein and Miller (1980) describe teaching as an expressive aspect of teaching such as warm, or businesslike.

Kellough (2003) teaching refers to the way teachers teach, which includes their distinctive mannerisms complemented by their choices of teaching behavior and strategies.

Judy W. Eby, Adrienne L. Herrell and Michael L. Jordan (2006) three descriptions of teaching styles have been identified in their study, namely authoritarian, permissive, and democratic.

1. Authoritarian Teachers. These teachers tend to plan furniture arrangements to maintain order in the classroom and to plan schedules that seldom vary. They believe that it is their responsibility to make all class rules and establish consequences for misbehaviors. It is the students role to obey the rules and to do all assigned works satisfactorily.

2. Permissive or Laissez-faire Teachers. These teachers employ a permissive style appear tentative and powerless. They make few rules and are inconsistent in establishing or delivering the consequences for misbehavior. They accept excuses and seem unable to assert authority over academic work or student misbehavior.

3. Democratic Teachers. To this group belong the teachers who are firm and reasonably consistent about their expectations for academic achievements and student behavior. Democratic teachers assert their power to make decisions but they are willing to listen to their students reactions, needs, and desires.

DIFFERENT TEACHING APPROACHESConcept Teaching. Arends (2004) posits that concept teaching models have been developed primarily to teach key concepts that serve as the foundation for the higher- level thinking. Key concepts like landforms, water forms, or environment can be taught effectively using concept teaching.

Constructivist Teaching. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, two European psychologists, expound that learners at any age are actually involved in the process of acquiring information and constructing their own knowledge.

Deductive teaching. Burden & Byrd (2003) It is an instructional approach that starts from a known principle and then moves into the unknown. It is a direct and straightforward; lends itself to direct instructional approach, and it is used effectively in promoting student learning.

Inductive teaching. Burden & Byrd (2003) It is an instructional approach that starts with the unknown principle and then attention moves to a known. It is intended to tap into the interest and thinking abilities of students.

Expository Teaching. Burden & Byrd (2003) When teachers want to communicate a large amount of information within a short period of time, they can employ expository teaching in the conduct of the class discussion. In this technique, an authority such as a teacher, textbook, film or a microcomputer presents information without overt interaction between the authority and the students.

Explicit Teaching. In explicit teaching, teachers teach the students skills to enable them to master a body of knowledge. It requires teachers to gain student attention, reinforce correct responses, provide a feedback to students on their progress, and increase the amount of time that students spend or actively engage in learning course content. (Rosenshine, 1987)

Reciprocal Teaching. This form of teaching is like an interactive dialogue between teacher and students. It helps students to become involved in the content they are discussing by helping them to read and better understand the following four steps: 1. summarizing; 2. questioning; 3. clarifying; 4. predicting. Thus, there is a shifting responsibility from a teacher to learners ( Good & Brophy, 2000).

Principles of Effective Teaching

Effective teaching involves :Effective teaching involves acquiring relevant knowledge about students and using that knowledge to inform our course design and classroom teaching. When we teach, we do not just teach the content, we teach students the content. A variety of student characteristics can affect learning.

Effective teaching involves aligning the three major components of instruction: learning objectives, assessments, and instructional activities.. Taking the time to do this upfront saves time in the end and leads to a better course.

Effective teaching involves articulating explicit expectations regarding learning objectives and policies. Being clear about our expectations and communicating them explicitly helps students learn more and perform better.

Effective teaching involves prioritizing the knowledge and skills we choose to focus on.. Coverage is the enemy: Dont try to do too much in a single course. Too many topics work against student learning, so it is necessary for us to make decisions sometimes difficult ones about what we will and will not include in a course. .

Effective teaching involves recognizing and overcoming our expert blind spots.- We are not our students! As experts, we tend to access and apply knowledge automatically and unconsciously and so we often skip or combine critical steps when we teach.

Effective teaching involves adopting appropriate teaching roles to support our learning goals.- Even though students are ultimately responsible for their own learning, the roles we assume as instructors are critical in guiding students thinking and behavior. .

Effective teaching involves progressively refining our courses based on reflection and feedback. Teaching requires adapting. We need to continually reflect on our teaching and be ready to make changes when appropriate

L E A R N I N GThe act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills.

Is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.

-Daniel T. Gilbert, Psychology 2nd Edition-

ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO LEARNINGAuthentic Learning. Educators encourage teachers to employ teaching strategies that will promote authentic learning. A requisite to authentic learning is the utilization of materials drawn from various fields of learning that will have applications in the students lives. Authentic learning takes place when students truly know the information and can perform tasks consistently based on that information. It assures that students understand the materials and they can use them in real world tasks (Tilestone, 2004)

Mastery Learning. Teachers using mastery learning allow students to progress at their own rate, particularly in a unit of study. They believe that students can learn if the task fits their aptitude and they are given sufficient time to master the new skill or concept. The theoretical model of mastery learning was inspired by John Carolls (1963)

Experiential Learning. This forms of learning is based on three assumptions (Johnson & Johnson, 1994): (1) that learners learn best when they are personally involved in the learning experience; (2) that knowledge has to be discovered by the learners themselves if it is to mean anything to them; and (3) that a commitment to learning is the highest when learners are free to set their own learning goals and actively pursue them within a given framework.

Observational Learning. This form of learning is also called social learning. According to Albert Bandura (1986), its main tenet is that one can learn a lot by watching others. He maintains that for observational learning to be effective, learners must attend to someones behavior, retain what they have observed, imitate or reproduce the behavior they saw, and experience reinforcement or satisfaction as a consequence.

Hands-on and Minds-on Learning. When the students are made to process information using hands-on and minds-on learning, they are learning by doing and are thinking about what they are learning and doing. Virtually, this approach to learning helps students construct and reconstruct their perceptions about an activity by engaging in questioning, thereby turning the learners mind on.

Meaningful Verbal Learning. This form of learning refers to the acquisition of ideas considering that at any point, a learner has an existing organization and clarity of knowledge in a particular subject mother field (Ausubel, 1963). This organization which Ausubel calls the cognitive structure determines the learners ability to deal with some new ideas and relationship.

Three Learning DomainsCognitive Domain. Its goals of learning center on the intellectual growth of the individual. They include the acquisition of basic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics, as well as higher-order goals, such as the ability to solve problems, identify relationships, examine cause and effect, and other abilities described as understanding.

Effective Domain. It considers a students concept, personal growth, and emotional development. It deals with students attitudes and values. Teachers who work in this area focus on helping students understand who they are, and diagnose and find solutions to personal and social problems.

Psychomotor Domain. Learning is concerned with the development of muscular skill and coordination. The primary focus is on the development of manipulative skills rather than on the growth of intellectual capability.

-Eggen and Kauchak, 2001-

The Three-Phase Learning CycleExploratory Hands-on Phase. In this phase the students can explore ideas and experience assimilation and disequilibrium that lead to their own questions and tentative answers.

Invention or Concept Development. Under the guidance of the teacher, the students invent concepts and principles that help them answer their questions and recognize their ideas.

Expansion or Concrete Application Phase. This is another hands-on phase in which students try out their new ideas by applying the situations that are relevant and meaningful to them. -Kellough and Kellough, 2003-

Classification of Learning StylesImaginative Learner. Perceives information concretely and processes it relatively. They learn well by listening and sharing with others, interpreting the ideas of others with their own experiences.

Analytic Learner. Perceives information abstractly and process it reflectively. They prefers sequential thinking, needs details, and values what experts have to offer.

Common Sense Learner. Perceives information abstractly and processes it actively. They are pragmatic and enjoys hands-on learning. They sometimes find school frustrating unless they can see an immediate use to what is being learned.

Dynamic Learner. Perceives information concretely and processes it actively. They also prefer hands-on learning and is excited by anything new. -Bernie McCarthy, 1999-

Principles of Learning

Students prior knowledge can help or hinder learning. Students come into our courses with knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes gained in other courses and through daily life. As students bring this knowledge to bear in our classrooms, it influences how they filter and interpret what they are learning.

How students organize knowledge influences how they learn and apply what they know. Students naturally make connections between pieces of knowledge. When those connections form knowledge structures that are accurately and meaningfully organized, students are better able to retrieve and apply their knowledge effectively and efficiently. In contrast, when knowledge is connected in inaccurate or random ways, students can fail to retrieve or apply it appropriately.

Students motivation determines, directs, and sustains what they do to learn. As students enter college and gain greater autonomy over what, when, and how they study and learn, motivation plays a critical role in guiding the direction, intensity, persistence, and quality of the learning behaviors in which they engage.

To develop mastery, students must acquire component skills, practice, integrating them, and know when to apply what they have learned.. Students must develop not only the component skills and knowledge necessary to perform complex tasks, they must also practice combining and integrating them to develop greater fluency and automaticity. Finally, students must learn when and how to apply the skills and knowledge they learn.

Goal-directed practice coupled with targeted feedback enhances the quality of students learning. Learning and performance are best fostered when students engage in practice that focuses on a specific goal or criterion, targets an appropriate level of challenge, and is of sufficient quantity and frequency to meet the performance criteria.

Students current level of development interacts with the social, emotional, and intellectual climate of the course to impact learning. Students are not only intellectual but also social and emotional beings, and they are still developing the full range of intellectual, social, and emotional skills. While we cannot control the developmental process, we can shape the intellectual, social, emotional, and physical aspects of classroom climate in developmentally appropriate ways.

To become self-directed learners, students must learn to monitor and adjust their approaches to learning. Learners may engage in a variety of metacognitive processes to monitor and control their learningassessing the task at hand, evaluating their own strengths and weaknesses, planning their approach, applying and monitoring various strategies, and reflecting on the degree to which their current approach is working.

TYPES OF PRINCIPLES of LEARNINGStarting PrinciplesGuiding PrinciplesEnding Principles

Starting PrinciplesThese involve the nature of the child, his psychological and physiological endowments which make education possible.

Our native equipments have been called by various names. The most common terms used are reflexes, instincts, capacities, impulses, temperaments, and the like.

These hereditary endowments are the preliminary concern in all educational Endeavour. In the language of A vent- the childs original nature is absolutely antecedent and initial to all educational activities and results.

It is therefore the function of education to make the best use of these hereditary tendencies to meet human needs, growth and development.

The primary concern of the teacher is not the subject but the child, not knowledge of specialty, but knowledge of the laws and principles of child growth and development.

The process of child growth and development, like all other natural processes, involve laws and principles.

Guiding PrinciplesThese refer to the procedure, methods of instruction, or agglomerations of techniques by which the pupil and the teacher may work toward the accomplishment of the goals or objectives of education.

The method of teaching involves the activities of the teacher and the pupils. It is the method of learning and not the method of teaching that constitutes the real problems of method.

The method is the means of stimulating, directing, guiding, and encouraging individual or class activities.

The method of teaching involves the application of many laws and principles.

They must show how subject matters are organized and taught, how teaching results are achieved and evaluated. Improved methods of teaching are dependent upon increased knowledge of principles to be applied.

Principles serve as guiding philosophy for the selection and operation of teaching and learning activities and techniques.

Ending PrinciplesThese refer to the educational aims, goals, objectives, outcomes, or results of the whole educational scheme to which teaching and learning are directed.

These educational aims or objectives may be used as definite, intelligible principles or guidance by those who seek to educate effectively.

By the aims of education we mean the ends toward which the educative process is moving. The primary requisite of effective learning is a goal or ending point.

In teaching and in learning one must know his goal or objective.

Goals and Objectives Teaching Strategies Methods

Teaching PRINCIPLES related to:

Principles of Teaching Related to Goals and Objectives:Begin with the end in mind.

Share lesson objective with students.

Lesson objective must be in the two or three domains-knowledge (cognitive) skill, (psychomotor) and values (affective).

Work on significant and relevant lesson objectives.

Lesson objective must be aligned with the aims of education as embodied in the Philippine constitution and other laws and on the vision-missing statements of the educational institution of which you are a part. For accountability of learning, lesson objectives must be SMART, (Specific. Measurable, attainable, result-oriented and relevant time-bound and terminal.

Aim at the development of critical thing and creative learning.

Principles of Teaching related to Teaching Strategies:Learning is an active process. Nobody can learn for us in the same way that nobody can eat for us, not live for us, or die for us.The more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better the learning. What is seen and heard is learned more than what is just seen or just heard.A non-threatening atmosphere enhances learning. A non-threatening and conducive classroom atmosphere is not only a function of the physical condition of the classroom but more function of the psychological climate that prevails in the classroom.Emotion has the power to increase retention and learning. Wolfe ( 2001) states that our own experience validates that we remember for a long time events that elicit emotion in us.Learning is meaningful when it is connected to students everyday life. Abstract concepts are made understandable when we give sufficient examples relating to the students experiences.Good teaching goes beyond recall of information. Good thinking concerns itself with higher-order-thinking skill to develop creative and critical thinking.Good teaching considers learners varied learning styles and learners multiple intelligences.

Principles of Method Based on the Newer Psychology of Learning. Method should utilize the present interest of pupils and stimulate the development of further interests.Method should encourage the pupil to establish worthwhile goals toward which to work.Method should provide opportunities for developing the latent creative abilities of pupils.Method should make provisions for individual differences in abilities, interests, and background of pupils.Method should utilize opportunities for learning through the use of concrete materials.Method should provide for the development of basic skills through use in meaningful situations.Method should provide experiences closely geared to the maturity level of the child. Method should reflect an understanding of the broadest concept of learning as the modification of behavior (thinking, feeling, and doing).

1. The Teacher:As a Manager. The teacher is responsible for the effective management of the various activities directly related to the teaching-learning process. The teachers provide direct instruction, keep pupils/students on task, ask a appropriate question and emphasizing comprehension monitoring and learning skills.

As a Motivator. The teacher should set the mood of learning by the way of stimulating the interest of the learners and gets there more involved in the class activities.

As a Leader. The teacher should act as a leader directing, supervising, regulating, controlling and supporting the class activities to realize optimum results. The skill in leadership of the teacher as an agent of change will enliven interest and energies of the learners so that the learning experiences will be meaningful.

As a Model. The teachers demonstrate the good traits of a person worthy of emulation as a model to his pupils/students. They should always maintain his/her dignity and self-respect when dealing with pupils/students.

Roles and Participants in Teaching-Learning

As a Surrogate-Parent. While in school, the teacher are the parents of the pupils/students. Parents feel secured when they know that the children are in good hands. A teacher who is acting a surrogate parents are like a father who looks ultimately for the welfare of his children.

As a Social-Catalyst. The teacher as an agent of change should make things easy for the process of change. A social-catalyst creates a group of inter-related and interdependent topics for the pupils/students in the classroom. She must always assist the learners in the process of good love-how to see, how to feel, how to think, and how to love.

As a facilitator/Instructor. The most important task of a teacher is to facilitate learning among his pupils/students. All other task a teacher does is parts of his sworn duties and responsibilities.

As a Guidance Counselor. Every teacher should act as a guidance teacher. While every school has a guidance counselor, that should help pupils/students acquire insights and understanding, abilities, attitudes, behavior and appreciation necessary to act intelligently and effectively in dealing with problems of every day life. The teacher contact with her pupils/students almost everyday during school days, and therefore she can integrate some guidance pointers to pupils/students.

The Learner. It is assumed that the learner is basically the most important variable in the school system. To make effective learning experience wholesome, the learner must clearly perceive and understand the goal. Effective instructions readily occurs when communication exist between the teacher and the pupils/students on the goal and objective of instruction, especially when concepts and ideas are directly relevant to his needs and problems. The teacher should also understand the culture that shapes and influences the learner.

The Instructional Methods. In order to insure that delivery of knowledge and information to intended recipients who are the pupils/students, it is important to know teaching methodology. Methodology refers to the orderly, logical and systematic procedure in doing something more specifically on the science and art of teaching. The teacher should have a definite and comprehensive plan characterized by a series of related and progressive acts she should perform to accomplish the specific aims of the lesson for the day. Methods can be considered effective when it makes use of the principle of learning, considered individual differences and stimulates thinking.

The Curriculum. It has been defined as the aggregate course of study, the courses offered, all planned experiences provided by the school to assist the pupils/students in attaining selected and desired learning outcomes to the best of their abilities. It is also consist of all those experiences, curricular and co-curricular activities, inside and outside of the classroom, which are under the jurisdiction of the school and are planned and directed for the purpose of promoting the growth and development of the learners.

The Classroom. The classroom is a place where formal learning occurs. This could be a standard classroom according to prescribed specification designed for educational purpose where the teacher and the pupils/students are interacting. The important requisite is that, it is a place that offers a wholesome venue for the learning activities which can be realized only in an atmosphere conducive to both teaching and learning process.

6. The School AdministrationThe ultimate function of school administration is to provide optimum educational opportunities for wholesome experiences for all children in school. There are certain administrative skills a school administration should possess. These are:

Technical Skills. This is the knowledge of and proficiency in activities involving instructional methods, procedures and processes. It involves working with tools and specific teaching strategies and techniques to achieve the educational objectives.

Human Skills. This is the ability of the school administrator to work with people, it is cooperative effort. It is the creation of work environment in which people feel secure and free to express their ideas and opinions.

Conceptual Skills. This is the ability to see the over-all picture to identify the important elements in a situation, and to understand the relationship among the various elements in the school system.

REFERENCES:Principles of teaching 1: A Modular approachBy: Lydia N. agno, Ed. D.

Principles and Methods of Effective TeachingBy: Gaudencio V. Aquino

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maricel b. ico ctp 1-aProf. Lydia de chavez