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ECOLOGY
By:
MARIA KRISIA FAE DELOS REYES DE ASIS, BSN-RN
ECOLOGY
- Derived from the Greek word oikos meaning “house” or “place to live” introduced by Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
- Science of interrelations between living organisms and their environment
ECOLOGY
- “environmental biology”
- Study of the relation of organisms or groups of organisms to their PHYSICAL and BIOLOGIGAL environment
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT- includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere
ECOLOGY
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT- Organisms of the same kind and other plants and animals
IDENTIFY:
A group of any one kind of organism?
Answer:
POPULATION
IDENTIFY:
Includes all of the populations occupying a given area?
Answer:
COMMUNITY
IDENTIFY:
Includes all of the earth’s living organisms interacting together with the physical environment as a whole?
Answer:
ECOSPHERE / BIOSPHERE
IDENTIFY:
It is the capacity to do work or bring about change?
Answer:
ENERGY
IDENTIFY:
A community consisting of plants, animals, and microorganisms that interact with one another and with their environment?
Answer:
ECOSYSTEM
COMPONENTS
+ BIOTIC or LIVING COMPONENTS:
> Producers – can make their own food
> Consumers – eat other organisms for food
> Decomposers – obtain nourishment from dead matter
+ ABIOTIC or NON-LIVING COMPONENTS – provide nutrients for the ecosystem to function
COMPONENTS
Also remember:> Ecosystems are systems in which there is a regulated transfer of ENERGY and a controlled cycling of nutrients.
HEAT
ECOSYSTEMSUN
PRODUCERS
ABIOTIC NUTRIENTS
CONSUMERS
DECOMPOSERS
ENERGY &NUTRIENTS
HEAT
HEAT
HEAT
PRIMARY CONSUMERS-Herbivores-Feed directly on green plants
TYPES OF CONSUMERS
SECONDARY CONSUMERS-Carnivores-Feed on the herbivores
+ detritus= waste material of an ecosystem
TROPHIC LEVELS= from Greek word trophos meaning “feeder”+ Autotroph – “self-feeder”+ Heterotroph – “other-feeder”
o Herbivores – consumers of green plants
o Carnivores – consumers of herbivores
o Omnivores – consumers of both plants and animals
TROPHIC LEVELS
o FIRST TROPHIC LEVEL – green plants
o SECOND TROPHIC LEVEL – herbivores, omnivores
o THIRD TROPHIC LEVEL – carnivores, onmivores
o FOURTH TROPHIC LEVEL – secondary carnivores
FOOD CHAIN
A series of organisms made up of the different trophic levels that creates a continuous transfer of energy
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
A set of interconnected food chains by which energy and materials circulate within an ecosystem
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
+ DOMINANCE- results when one or several species control the environmental conditions that influence associated species
+ DIVERSITY- Involves the number of species in a community and how these numbers are apportioned
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
+ STRATIFICATION-“layering” than occurs in a community- Ex. Grassland: ground layer and herbaceous layer- Ex. Forest: ground, herbaceous, low shrub, low tree and high shrub, lower canopy, and upper canopy
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
+ HABITAT- the place where particular plants or animals live
+ NICHE- the functional role of a species in a community
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
+ BIRTH RATE- the number of young produced per unit of population per unit of time
+ DEATH RATE- the number of deaths per unit of time
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
+ GROWTH RATE- Influenced by births and deaths
o When births exceeds deaths= POPULATION INCREASES= (+) POPULATION GROWTH RATE
o When deaths exceeds births= POPULATION DECREASES= (-) POPULATION GROWTH RATE
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
o When births equals deaths= POPULATION REMAINS THE SAME= ZERO POPULATION GROWTH RATE
+ EXPONENTIAL GROWTH- Occurs when a small population is introduced into a favorable environment with abundant resources (OPPORTUNISTIC SPECIES)
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
= various population interactions that tie the community together= have major influence in population growth= SYMBIOSIS
1. COMPETITION- When a shared resource is in short supply, organisms compete, and those that are more successful survive
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
2. PREDATION- the consumption of one living organism, plant or animal, by another
3. PARASITISM- two organisms live together, one drawing its nourishment at the expense of the other
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS4. COEVOLUTION- the joint evolution of two unrelated species that have a close ecological relationship- the evolution of one species depends in part on the evolution of the other
- a.k.a. Adaptation or Mimicry
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
5. MUTUALISM- Coexistence that results in mutual benefits to the interdependent organisms
6. COMMENSALISM- an association between two different kinds of nonparasitic animals that is harmless to both and in which one of the organism benefits
PLEASE PREPARE FOR A SHORT QUIZ …
GOOD LUCK!
question:
Capacity to do work?
Answer:
question:
What is the Greek word meaning “house” or “place to live”?
Answer:
question:
What are the two components of the ecosystem? Enumerate.
Answer:
question:
What are consumers of both plants and animals?
Answer:
question:
What are the 6 types of community interactions?
Answer:
question:
What is the functional role of a species in a community?
Answer:
question:
A series of organisms made up of the different trophic levels that creates a continuous transfer of energy?
Answer:
question:
Give an example of a food chain with four trophic levels. (5pts.)
