GroupGroup ◦ A number of people assembled together or having A number of people assembled together or having

some unifying relationship (members of a church, some unifying relationship (members of a church, students in a class)students in a class)

TeamTeam ◦ A number of people associated together in specific work A number of people associated together in specific work

or activity.or activity.

BothBoth are geared toward achieving a goal are geared toward achieving a goal or taskor task. . ◦ They have defined goals, objectives, and on-going They have defined goals, objectives, and on-going

relationships and are focused on accomplishing a task.relationships and are focused on accomplishing a task.

A team consists of a small group of A team consists of a small group of people with related skills who:people with related skills who:◦ Need contributions from each team Need contributions from each team

member to succeedmember to succeed◦ Share a common purpose or set of goals Share a common purpose or set of goals

and approachesand approaches◦ Hold themselves accountable for Hold themselves accountable for

accomplishment of goalsaccomplishment of goals◦ Interdisciplinary teams are comprised of Interdisciplinary teams are comprised of

members with a members with a variety variety of clinical of clinical expertiseexpertise

Various abilities and personalities must be Various abilities and personalities must be blended.blended.

Destructive behaviors must be avoided.Destructive behaviors must be avoided. A mixture of clinical abilities is needed.A mixture of clinical abilities is needed. A variety of personalities is needed.A variety of personalities is needed.

A A committeecommittee is a group formed to assist is a group formed to assist an organization with communication and an organization with communication and decision making.decision making.

Types of committees include: Types of committees include: ◦ Ad hoc committeeAd hoc committee -temporary & formed for a -temporary & formed for a

specific purpose, time frame, or to accomplish a specific purpose, time frame, or to accomplish a certain short-term goal.certain short-term goal.

◦ Standing committeeStanding committee -an integral component to -an integral component to the organizational structure. the organizational structure.

◦ Advisory Committee-Advisory Committee- focus group that meets to focus group that meets to discuss concerns and reports back to an discuss concerns and reports back to an administrative body.administrative body.

Forming Forming ◦ ExpectationExpectation◦ InteractionInteraction

Storming Storming ◦ Conflict phase.Conflict phase.

Norming Norming ◦ Conflict conforms to Conflict conforms to

cohesivecohesive..

Performing Performing ◦ Everyone knows their role, what they are Everyone knows their role, what they are

supposed to do, obvious progress is made supposed to do, obvious progress is made toward the plan to achieve the overall group toward the plan to achieve the overall group goal-agreementgoal-agreement

Adjourning Adjourning ◦ Met stated and unstated objectives, with Met stated and unstated objectives, with

closure activities the primary focus.closure activities the primary focus.

Members can assume various roles.Members can assume various roles.

Individuals may assume multiple Individuals may assume multiple roles. roles. 

Roles may be supportive or divisive.Roles may be supportive or divisive.

Roles may be well-defined to Roles may be well-defined to undefined.undefined.

Roles may change with situationsRoles may change with situations..

Functional RolesFunctional Roles CreatorCreator

◦ Initiates first moveInitiates first move

CoordinatorCoordinator◦ Aware of project flow, keeps it moving in Aware of project flow, keeps it moving in

right direction.right direction.

MobilizerMobilizer◦ Keeps things energizedKeeps things energized

Questioner Questioner ◦ Asks Q’s that are on everyone’s minds.Asks Q’s that are on everyone’s minds.

AntagonistAntagonist◦ Looks at the situation in a manner that is Looks at the situation in a manner that is

opposite to everyone else.opposite to everyone else.

Recorder Recorder 

Dysfunctional RolesDysfunctional Roles◦ Criticizer Criticizer -- finds fault finds fault

◦ Passive ObserverPassive Observer - does not take - does not take part.part.

◦ DetailerDetailer - caught up with facts and - caught up with facts and has trouble seeing the big picturehas trouble seeing the big picture

◦ ControllerController - monopolizes discussion- monopolizes discussion

◦ Pleaser Pleaser -- wants to just please. wants to just please.

Great Team GuidelinesGreat Team Guidelines◦ Have a clearly stated purpose.Have a clearly stated purpose.◦ Assess the team composition.Assess the team composition.◦ Assess communication abilities and Assess communication abilities and

strategies.strategies.◦ Promote active participation.Promote active participation.◦ Establish clear path to proceed.Establish clear path to proceed.◦ Provide ongoing assessment and Provide ongoing assessment and

evaluation.evaluation.

Atmosphere that promotes team work Atmosphere that promotes team work Effective communication patternsEffective communication patterns Confronting issues directlyConfronting issues directly Listening activelyListening actively Providing staff inputProviding staff input Clarifying expectationsClarifying expectations Providing positive Providing positive feedbackfeedback

Valuing Everyone’s opinions Valuing Everyone’s opinions Accepting divergent opinions as a plusAccepting divergent opinions as a plus Developing effective forms of problem Developing effective forms of problem

solvingsolving Role modeling desired behaviorRole modeling desired behavior Clarifying focus/missionClarifying focus/mission Addressing interpersonal conflictsAddressing interpersonal conflicts Rewarding and Recognizing Rewarding and Recognizing

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Demonstrating trust, honesty, and Demonstrating trust, honesty, and

commitmentcommitment

AdvantagesAdvantages◦Easy/inexpensiveEasy/inexpensive◦Face to face communicationFace to face communication◦Cohesiveness and loyaltyCohesiveness and loyalty◦Larger resource baseLarger resource base◦Constructive problem solvingConstructive problem solving

DisadvantagesDisadvantages◦Opinions influenced by othersOpinions influenced by others◦Hierarchies evolveHierarchies evolve◦Foster dependencyFoster dependency◦Time consumingTime consuming◦Inequity of timeInequity of time◦Nonfunctional rolesNonfunctional roles◦ConflictConflict

BrainstormingBrainstorming StoryboardingStoryboarding

◦ List ideas without critique or discussionList ideas without critique or discussion◦ Large number of ideas createdLarge number of ideas created◦ Open non-critical discussionOpen non-critical discussion

GroupthinkGroupthink◦ Discourages Discourages

questioning and questioning and divergent thinkingdivergent thinking

ConsensusConsensus BuildingBuilding◦ All members can live All members can live

with and support with and support decision even if they decision even if they do not totally agreedo not totally agree

NominalNominal◦NonverbalNonverbal Write out ideas/responsesWrite out ideas/responses Presentation of ideasPresentation of ideas

AdvantagesAdvantages disadvantagesdisadvantages Flip board/chartFlip board/chart

Written and verbal Written and verbal communication skillscommunication skills

Sensitivity to different Sensitivity to different cultures and valuescultures and values

Awareness of others’ Awareness of others’ abilitiesabilities

Genuine interest in team Genuine interest in team membersmembers

Open and objective Open and objective communication stylecommunication style

Planning and coordination Planning and coordination skillsskills

FlexibilityFlexibility Involves othersInvolves others Acknowledges contributions and Acknowledges contributions and

accomplishments of team accomplishments of team membersmembers

Operates effectively as a team Operates effectively as a team leader and as a team memberleader and as a team member

Leadership style: avoid authoritarianism; Leadership style: avoid authoritarianism; encourage creativity and participation.encourage creativity and participation.

Provide appropriate resources.Provide appropriate resources. Get support from administration.Get support from administration. Highlight progress and positive effects of Highlight progress and positive effects of

project, so that team members feel sense of project, so that team members feel sense of accomplishment.accomplishment.

Involve administration and others early.Involve administration and others early.

AutocraticAutocratic◦ Leader makes decisions-when the Leader makes decisions-when the

task is relatively simple, most team task is relatively simple, most team members would agree with the members would agree with the decision, and a decision needs to be decision, and a decision needs to be made promptly!!made promptly!!

ConsultativeConsultative◦ Leader consults with team Leader consults with team

members, but ultimately makes members, but ultimately makes decisionsdecisions

JointJoint◦Leader and team make decisions Leader and team make decisions togethertogether

DelegativeDelegative◦Leader delegates decision making to Leader delegates decision making to team and team and team makes decisionsteam makes decisions

ConsensusConsensus◦All members must agree to final All members must agree to final decisiondecision

Team Team Building/Group Building/Group ProcessProcess ◦ Very important to Very important to

employersemployers◦ Employers are looking for Employers are looking for

employees to be ‘a part of employees to be ‘a part of the team’the team’

Tappen, R. (2001). Nursing Leadership and Tappen, R. (2001). Nursing Leadership and Management: Concepts and Practice (4th edition). Management: Concepts and Practice (4th edition). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.

Whitehead, D.., Weiss, S., Tappen, R. Essentials of Whitehead, D.., Weiss, S., Tappen, R. Essentials of Nursing Leadership and Management (4th) Edition, Nursing Leadership and Management (4th) Edition, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis CompanyPhiladelphia: F.A. Davis Company

Sullivan,E. & Decker, P., Effective Leadership and Sullivan,E. & Decker, P., Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing (7Management in Nursing (7thth edition). Upper Saddle edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall.River, New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall.