DRUG

PRESENTATION BYDR.S.KAMALAKAR

FIELDS OF AYURVEDIC RESAEARCH

These are the major different areas to be evaluated scientifically. They are

• LITERARY• FUNDAMENTAL• DRUG• PHARMACEUTICAL• CLINICAL

DRUG RESEARCH• Studies in taxonomy, pharmacognosy, cultivation, farming,

agronomy, phytochemistry, and pharmacology in the case of herbs

• In the case of drugs of mineral origin geological studies constitutes the drug research. In all the cases toxicological studies, studies on adulterants and substitutes comes under drug research

• Here in drug research it is useful to study the corelation between the pharmaco dynamic properties (rasa, guna, verya, vipaka and prabhava) with the phytochemical nature of the drug

PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH

• It involves studies on • raw material , their collection and storage ,• primary processing, methods of extraction and formulation ,

preservation , packaging and storage of finished products and innovations and interventions in improving the acceptability and appearance of pharmaceutical products

IS IT NECESSARY TO DO DRUG RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA?

LET’S DISCUSS

• It is true that science always draws resourses from the past , but it moves forward with added strength to meet the future.

• In the case of Ayurveda , we have sufficient material of the past ready to hand, to begin with.

• Hence, traditionally established facts are challenged and scrutinized here in the light of new knowledge i.e. revalidation and re-establishment of current wisdom

• The revalidation is a natural process of scientific activity as our seers have always held that only those who examine the data become experts in science and this is essential for keeping the science in tune with the times

CONTENTS1. IMPORTANCE OF DRAVYA(DRUG) IN AYURVEDA

2. DRUG SOURCES

3. DRUG IDENTIFICATION AND ADVANTAGES

4. METHODS OF DRUG IDENTIFICATION ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA A)PHYSICALL EXAMINATION B)CHEMICALL EXAMINATION

5. TYPES OF DRUG THERAPHY (EXAMPLES)

6. STAGES AND METHODS OF DRUG RESEARCH

7. PROTOCOL OF DRUG RESEARCH

IMPORTANCE OF DRAVYA(DRUG) IN AYURVEDA

• Ayurveda describes Drug has basic requirement for health along with the treatment of disease

• It is one of the pillar to maintain the health• Hetu• Linga• AUSHADA{DRUG}

• Ayurvedic drugs are describe on 2 basic principles

1.Panchabhautika siddantha

2.Loka purusha saamya siddantha

• CIKITSA PADA

• Bhisak, • DRAVYA{DRUG}, • Upasthata, • Rogi

• The drug should be suitable for preparing many recipes, posesses many good qualities, endowed with virtues, and suitable used in different condition of doshas in different diseases in different persons

DRUG SOURCES

PLANT

OUDBIDHA

ANIMAL

JANGAMA MINERAL

PARTHIVA

VANASPATI

VAANASPATI

VIRUDHA

OUSHADHI

JARAYUJA

ANDAJA

UDBHIJA

SWEDAJA DATHUADATHU

DRUG IDENTIFICATION

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

To evaluate ayurvedic methods for drug

identification

TOOLS OF DRUG IDENTIFICATIONDrug identification is done

with the help of

5 panchendriya

5 karmendriya

Mana

Atma

AIMS & OBJECTS-

To identify the drug ‘X’

Hypothesis –Drug ‘X’to be identified is other

than ‘X’

MATERIALS & METHODS-

Drug identification & Its practical assessment carried out by basic

examination

Physical

Chemical

OBSERVATIONSObservations – data collected should be

present in tabular form

Result – If required drug sample

department & result drawn

DISCUSSION-According to

observations & results the obtained hypothesis is either accepted (or) rejected (or) modified

CONCLUSION-According to discussion

the appropriate conclusion is drawn

BIBLIOGRAPHY-

Reference should be quoted from Primary &

Secondary sources

STATISTICAL TEST-The statistical test of various pharmacological action of drugs of same species should be done

STAMOS BCD

• Drug identification is a search for protein (or) to fingerprint a domain of protein with which pharmaceutical drug specifically interacts,therefore this process provides critical information of specific drug.

• Drug identification process is rate limiting step in drug development & drug discovery.

USE • It is useful for drug discovery & chemical genetic research• It is also used for developing combination therapies • Recycling (or) finding new therapies of existing drug• It is used for determining the chemical composition of

drugs

ADVANTAGES

• Used for native & non-derivative drugs• Used for accurate drug for formulation• We can identify organisms of drugs • We can identify its chemical composition• We can used for detection of drug interaction• This is very useful in drug discovery & chemical genetics

research• Also by “chromatography technique & spectrometry techniques”

used.

 

METHODS O

F DRUG

I

DENTIFICATIO

N

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION• it is done according to• Botanical name-part used,wet (or) dry etc…• Nomenclature- Local,English (or) Sanskrit• Geographical sites & collection method• Seasonal collection schedule• Morphological examination 

1. Tvak-Colour,surface

2. Patra-Colour,texture

3. Moola-Colour,shape,specific identification{black dots- Ativisha}

4. Pushpa-Colour ,shape

5. Phala-Ripe(or)unripe,seed arrangement

6. Beeja-Shape,colour,identification,character{dots}

7. Gandha-Odour

8. Sparsha-Texture

9. Rasa-Taste

CLINICAL EXAMINATION• Drug as a single formulation is to be explained for its

pharmacological action in the body• THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CLINICAL EXAMINATION:

1. Type of administration-Anupana

2. Indication-Drug used in particular disease{Brahmi-Brain Tonic}

3. In whom-Though toxic drug purified but then also it cautiously used in pregnant,lactating women,children

4. Action type-

Samshodhan-Madanaphala in Vamana

Samshamana-Guduchi in Jwara

Srotas-Pushkaramoola in Respiratory system disorders

5. Pharmacology-action of drug on various diseases in different doses (or) Routes (or) Forms

6. Veerya,Vipaka,Prabhava

TYPES OF DRUG THERAPHY• Single drug-on single disease - Nimba – Kushta

• Single drug in many disease - Guduchi-Prameha,Pandu,

• Formulated drug – on single disease - Sitopaladi Choorna in kasa

• Preventive theraphy - Rasayana old age

• Prophylatic theraphy - Vishishta vyadhi rasayana

• Sympamatic treatment - Chandanaadi taila in jwara

DRUG RESEARCH

STAGES OF

DRUG RESEARCH

METHODS OF DRUG RESEARCH

STAGES

1.LITERARY STUDYFolk lore

Tribal practice

Scriptures & book

3.TESTING OF DRUGPhysical testing

Chemical testing

Phytochemistry

Active principles

Contents,extracts,essential oils etc

Microscopic study

Study of action toxicity

2.TRADITIONALCollection of specimen

Field research & survey

Identification & classification of drugs

Plant habits & Epidimiological study

Standardization of drugs

LTT

METHODSEFFICACY

STUDY

TESTING OF DRUG

TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY

IN PROCESS DRUG STANDARDIZATIO

NRAW MATERIAL

STUDY

FIELDWORKLITERARY

FINISHED PRODUCTS

LFT TERIF

•LITERARY-

•It includes the collection of information from different sources like scriptres

folk lore etc,…

•FIELDWORK-

• It includes the collection, identification of drug via survey of specific region, taxonomy, agronomy & drug authentication also it helps in conservation of natural resources

•TESTING OF DRUG-•Testing for their dosage form,

its formulation & efficacy should be carried out for quality control

•TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY-

•Toxic drugs which are mentioned in Ayurvedic literatures should be studied for their effects in the body before & after purification.

EFFICACY STUDY-The well designed clinical trails are carried out to test the efficacy of proclaimed drugs for a particular disease

RAW MATERIAL STUDY-The drug should be easily available should have multiple formulations with optimal qualities.

IN PROCESS DRUG STANDARDIZATION-Different manufacturing techniques utilised to increase the potency of drug & reduce the unwanted effects.

FINISHED PRODUCTS-The finished should have following qualitiesDrug should be potentImmediately effectiveShould have optimal activity of disease supervisionFavourable pharmo kinetic propertiesMaximum half- life, Cost effective

PROTOCOL OF DRUG RESEARCH

THE FOLLOWING STORY MAY SERVE AS PROBABLE BASIS FOR RESEARCH PROTOCOL TO

BE APPLIED FOR HERBAL/AYURVEDIC DRUGS

THE STORY OF GUGGULU

• The story of Guggulu illustrates how Ayurvedic principles if correctly interpreted and applied can yield useful drugs

• Dr.G.V.Satyavathi, former director of ICMR along with her guide Dr.C.Dwarakanath, found a strong analogy between the ancient concepts of Medhoroga and the modern views Atherosclerosis

• Inspired by a sloka from the Susrutha Samhita , which described the effects of Guggulu in medoroga , they screened it for its ability to reduce cholestrol and scored a success

• The devolopment of the drug Guggulu as an allopathic medicine took almost two decades. It is available as GUGGULIP manufactured by cipla company

• What is striking is that the drug was prepared in the same way as described in ayurveda using modern equipment

• In ayurvedic practice , the drug has to be purified by tying the resin obtained from commiphora mukul in a muslin cloth and then immersing in plain or medicated boiling water

• The soluble portion sweeps out and the extract is obtained after evaporation

• Ayurveda’s insistence on boiling the gum guggulu to isolate the active portion is validated by modern techinique of extraction

• Two fractions can be seperated from guggulu after boiling ,one that is insoluble and toxic and the other that is soluble and active

• Thus Ayurveda adopted time tested safety devices and practices to screen ineffective or toxic remedies

• This is one of the reasons why many senior scientists have advocated undertaking of direct clinical studies without preliminary screening for animal or human toxicity

• However , what we should not forget is that is only true , when

rules of Ayurveda are followed , not only with respect to choice of drug but also for preparation of the drug, its combination with other drugs , associated dietry restrictions etc..

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. DRUG IDENTIFICATION…..STAMOS BCD(9)

2. DRUG RESEARCHA. STAGES….LTT(3)B. METHODS….LFT TERIF(8)

REFERENCES

• 1.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND MEDICAL STATISTICS…..DR.AJIT AND DR PRAMOD

• 2.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR AYURVEDIC SCHOLARS…DR.S.SURESH BABU

THANK U DOCTORS