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© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
1
Operating System (O.S.)
Mr.Anjan Mahanta
LCCT, International Studies Program
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
2
What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of
the hardware among the various application programs for
the various users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video
games, business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Abstract View of System Components
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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What is a computer system?
• A computer system consists of hardware and software that are combined to provide a tool to solve specific problems.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Hardware Resources
• Processor (CPU):
– The brain of the computer. Executes instructions.
• Memory:
– Stores program and data.
• A typical memory hierarchy:
– Registers, Cache, Main Memory(RAM), Magnetic disk, Magnetic Tape.
• Input / Output (I/O) controllers:
– Transfers data to and from I/O devices.
• Disk device: – Long term storage for data.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Software Classification
• System Programs: Provides a general
environment in which programmers can
create specific applications.
– Operating System, Application Software’s
(compilers, editors, command interpreter, etc.)
• Application Programs: Intended to solve a
specific problem.
– Word processing, spread sheets, database systems.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Computer System
Application programs
System Programs
Hardware
Banking System
Airline reservation
Web browser
Compilers
Editors Command interpreter
Operating system
Machine language
Micro architecture
Physical devices
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Kernel • Kernel is the central component of operating
systems (OS)
• Its responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication
between hardware and software components).
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Computer-System Architecture
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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MS-DOS Execution
At System Start-up Running a Program
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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General Structure of Client-Server
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Hardware and Software Differences
• There are two parts to a computer system
– the hardware and
– the software
• Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Examples monitor, keyboard and mouse.
• Software represents the programs which contain a set of instructions written to perform a certain task on the computer.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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DOS
• Microsoft DOS was introduced in 1981
• DOS stands for Disk Operating System
• DOS controls the computer’s hardware and provides an environment for programs to run
• This system program must always be present when working with your computer
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Why we need DOS?
• Because
1. DOS controls the flow of information between you and the computer (translator).
2. DOS allows you to retrieve information
stored on your computer. 3. DOS gives you access to all its function (i.e.
saving, copying, and printing files).
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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What’s in DOS?
• The MS-DOS software consists of three files
– MS-DOS.SYS
– IO.SYS
– COMMAND.COM
• These are the system files necessary to boot the computer system
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Commands
• Internal Commands
–The internal commands are stored in COMMAND.COM
–Examples: DIR, DEL, TIME
• External Commands –The external commands are stored
in MS-DOS.SYS
–Examples: FORMAT, DISKCOPY
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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BIOS
• IO.SYS is the Basic Input Output Services (BIOS) is a permanent program stored in the memory.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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MS-DOS Commands
1. DATE
Purpose: To view the current system date and change it, if required
Syntax: DATE
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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MS-DOS Commands
2. TIME
Purpose: To view the current system time and change it, if required
Syntax: TIME
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MS-DOS Commands
3. VER
Purpose: To display the MS-DOS version number
Syntax: VER
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MS-DOS Commands
4. CLS
Purpose: To clear the screen
Syntax: CLS
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Files and Directories • Files on a disk can be stored in a folder or
directories
• Each file and folder are assigned a name
• DOS provides a hierarchical structure of
directories and subdirectories
• The topmost directory is called as “root directory”
• The root directory is denoted by a backslash (\)
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Hierarchical Directory Structure
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© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Directory Commands
5. DIR
Purpose: Displays a list of a directory’s files and subdirectories
Syntax: DIR [drive:][path][filename][/p][/w]
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Examples • Example 1
C> DIR
To display a directory listing for drive C
• Example 2
C> DIR D:
To display a directory listing for drive D • Example 3 C> DIR hello.doc
To display the document whose file name is hello.doc
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Examples • Example 4 C> DIR /p To display a directory listing one screen or one page
at a time • Example 5 C> DIR /w To display a directory listing in wide or window
format • Example 6 C> DIR word\hello.doc To display the document whose folder name is word
and the file name is hello.doc
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Exercise 1. What command is used to display the date?
2. What command is used to clear the screen?
3. What command is used to display the current directory?
4. What command is used to view a file whose name is student.doc?
5. What command is used to view a file which is in subdirectory LCCT and the file name is student.doc?
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Explain • DIR /w
• DIR A:LCCT \ Student \ LVT.DOC
• DIR C:QBASIC.PPT
• DIR D:LCCT \ INTER \ COM \ LVTII.DOC
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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MD / MKDIR
• Purpose: To create a directory
• Syntax: MD[drive:][path]
• Example 1
• MD LCCT
• This command will create a folder called LCCT
• Example 2
• MD\LCCT\INTER
• This command will create a folder inside the LCCT folder
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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RMDIR / RD
• Purpose: Deletes a directory.
• ** Before you can delete a directory, you must delete its files and subdirectories.
• Syntax: RD [drive:]path
• Example:
RD \lcct\inter RD lcct
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Directories (or Folders)
• Single-Level Directory System – All files reside on root directory
Root Directory
Owners
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Directories (or Folders)
• Two-Level Directory System
Root Directory
A C B User Directory
Files
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Create the following Directories
LCCT
INTER
LVT I LVT II LVT III
COM
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Create the following Directories
Language
Foreign
English Chinese Korean
Basic High Low
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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DEL
• Purpose: Deletes specified files
• Syntax: del [drive:][path]filename
• Example: DEL hello.doc DEL D: hello.doc
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Delete Command - DEL
• Delete a single file
• Example
DEL student.doc
It will delete the file student
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Delete Command - DEL
• Delete a group of file
• Example
DEL *.doc
It will delete all the files with the extension .doc
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Delete Command - DEL
• Delete all files in a directory
• Example
DEL *.*
It will delete all the files in the current directory
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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FORMAT Command
• Format a Floppy disk
FORMAT A:
It will format the floppy disk in drive A
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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DISKCOPY
• To copy all the files from one floppy disk to another.
DISKCOPY A: A:
• When asked to put in the source disk, put in the diskette that has the information you want to copy into drive A and press enter.
• Wait a few seconds. When asked to insert a target disk, take out the diskette from drive A and insert the blank floppy disk and press enter.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Copy File
• To copy a file from hard drive to floppy
disk
copy <insert filename here> a:
• Example
Copy student.doc g:\
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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COPY
• The COPY command lets you copy files from one directory to another.
• copy student.doc D:\lcct
File name Folder name
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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COPY
• To copy group of files
• copy *.doc D:\lcct
All files with .doc extension
Folder name
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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COPY
• To copy all the files
• copy *. * D:\lcct
All files Folder name
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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CD / CHDIR
• Purpose: Displays the name of the current directory or changes the current directory.
• Syntax: CD [drive:][path]
CD .. Goes to the top directory
CD\ is used to go to the root directory
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Change Directory CD
• CD command is used to change the directory
from the current directory to another directory
• CD lcct
– It will change to the directory name lcct
• CD..
– It will move back to the directory.
• CD\
– It will move back to the root directory
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Lab Exercise D:
LCCT
LVT IEP
Score.ppt
Test.xls
Student.doc
Teacher.doc
Student.doc
Hello.doc
Grade.xls
Os.ppt
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Lab Exercise
1. Delete the file Teacher.doc
2. Delete all the .doc files from the IEP
folder
3. Delete all the files in the LVT folder
4. Delete all the files in the IEP folder
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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MOVE
• Allows you to move files or directories from
one folder to another, or from one drive to another.
• Syntax
MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]filename1[,...] destination
• Example
move c:\windows\temp\*.* c:\temp
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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IPConfig
• Ipconfig to display the network settings currently assigned and given by a network.
• Syntax
ipconfig
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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ECHO
• Echo is used to repeat the text typed in
back to the screen
• Syntax
ECHO [message]
• Example
ECHO “Hello”
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Defragmentation
• Defragmentation is a process that
reduces the amount of fragmentation in file systems
• Syntax
Defrag drive:
• Example
Defrag D:
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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DOS Command Report
• Make a report on DOS Commands
• About 25 Commands
– Command Name
– Command Description
– Syntax
– Example
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Windows Operating System
Windows XP
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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What is Windows?
• Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems produced by Microsoft.
• Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985
• The most recent client version of Windows is Windows Vista
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Creating a Shortcut
1) Click on the desktop with the right button of the mouse. 2) Select the option Shortcut on the New menu. A dialog box will appear so that we can indicate the program
for which we want the shortcut created. 3) Click on Browse button, to find the program. 4) Select the desired unit and look for the file or folder you want. 5) After selecting the file or folder click on Ok. 6) Click Next. 7) Type a name for the Shortcut. 8) Click Finish.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Changing the Date & Time
1 Double-click on the clock (on the right of the task bar). 2 Select the month, thus displaying the list of the months. 3 Select the year by placing the mouse on the year box and
scrolling accordingly. 4 With the left mouse button click on the day you want. 5 Place the mouse on the hour digits and change them
accordingly. 6 Do the same with the minutes and the seconds 7 Click OK
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Adding or Removing a Task Bar
1 Place the mouse on the Windows task bar, but not on the buttons.
2 Click on the task bar with the right mouse button. 3 Select the option Tool bar. A list of tool bars will appear. 4 Select the tool bar called Desktop. 5 Next to the task bar the new task bar will appear. 6 With this bar we can access the same things we access from the
desktop. 7 We have added a task bar. 8 To remove a task bar the process is similar.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Creating and Deleting a Folder
1 Click on the Start button. 2 Display the All programs menu and click on Accessories. 3 Select Windows Explorer. 4 Place the pointer on My documents. 5 Select New from the menu File. 7 Select Folder. 8 Once the folder option has been selected you will see that on
the right window a new folder will appear that has the name New Folder and that it is selected. Rename it My folder.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Copying and Moving Folders
1 Click on Start. 2 Display the All programs menu and select the Accessories option. 3 Select the Windows Explorer. 4 Double-click on the folder My documents. 5 Select the folder My Music from the window to the right. 6 Click on the copy button or Edit --> Copy to Folder... 7 A new window will be displayed 8 Select unit C and click on New Folder. 9 Name it Temporary 10 Then double-click on it to select it. 11 Click OK
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Organizing Folders
1 Click on Start. 2 Display the All programs menu and select Accesories 3 Select the Windows Explorer 4 Select the folder My documents. 5 Open the menu View and select Arrange Icons By. 6 Select the option organize by Size.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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System Tools
• Scandisk
• This tool is used to search errors in the system´s units and to repair those errors.
• When the computer is turned off in an abrupt manner it is possible that some files may be damage.
• To open Scandisk click on the icon My Computer on the desktop
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Scandisk
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Scandisk
• Here you need to choose one of two options available: – Automatically fix file system errors
– Search for and attempt recovery of bad sectors.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Disk defragmenter
• This tool is in charge of reorganizing the information that is stored in the disk
• It can also fix errors on the units
• Windows incorporates this tool because the disk becomes slow as we save new data and delete old data
• The free spaces that are generated when information from the disk is deleted influence the size that files and programs use
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Disk defragmenter
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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System Information
• This tool is in charge of showing information
regarding the system, such as
– the installed applications,
– the drivers,
– the processor
• To use this application from the Start menu, click All Programs, Accessories, System tools
and then choose System Information.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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System Information
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Restore System
• This tool is in charge of restoring the Windows
registry
• The system itself makes a copy of the registry every once in a while
• So with this tool we can restore some of these
copies or we can generate a new copy of the current
registry when we are going to make important changes to the configuration of the system
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Restore System • To run this application select, from the Start menu, All programs,
Accesories and System Tools and then choose System Restore.
• This window gives you the possibility to either Restore my computer to an earlier time or Create a restore point.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Restore System
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Scheduled Tasks
• The Scheduled Tasks is used to schedule any
program to run at specific times. • For example, schedule the use of the Disk Cleanup for
once a week • To use this tool follow these steps: • Click on Start. • Display the menu All programs.
• Select the menu Accessories.
• Open the menu System Tools. • Lastly select the option Scheduled Tasks.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Adding or removing programs • Windows has the Adding or removing programs tool,
because a program cannot be uninstalled by simply deleting the files manually
• Click on the Start button and choose Control Panel • Click on Add or Remove Programs option
• Click on Add New Programs.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Configuring the Mouse
• Select the Control Panel from the Start menu.
• Double-click on the mouse icon and the Mouse properties window will open
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Configuring the Screen
• Click with the right mouse button somewhere that has no icons on the desktop and select the option Properties
• The Display properties window will appear where we can change the configuration parameters
• The background or wallpaper
• Click on the tab labeled Desktop and choose a new
background or wallpaper from the list – Centered: the image will appear in the center of the screen with its
real size.
– Tile: the image will appear with as many images as necessary to
fill the screen.
– Stretch: the image will appear once taking up the entire screen.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Configuring the Screen
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The screensaver • Sometimes the computer remains inactive a few minutes.
It is recommended to have a screensaver to avoid
having a still image on the screen too long because this can damage the monitor.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Searching
• Click Start
• Select on the menu Search.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Searching
• The general search page will be displayed as shown below.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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The Recycle Bin • The Recycle Bin is nothing more than a space on the
hard disk reserved to store information that is deleted so
that in the event of deleting a file or folder by mistake it is possible to retrieve it.
• To open the Recycle Bin place the cursor on Desktop
and double-click on the Recycle Bin icon.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Restoring Files or Folders
• Restoring files or folders to their original location.
• To restore all of the elements from the Recycle Bin click
on the green arrow on the left side that says Restore all items.
• If we only want to restore some of the elements: – Select the elements to be restored by clicking on them.
© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
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Deleting Files or Folders from the Recycle Bin
• Select the Elements to be deleted.. • Click on this will delete the selected
elements.
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Emptying the Recycle Bin
• Simply right click on the Recycle Bin icon
and a menu with the option Empty the Recycle Bin.
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Installing a Printer • Open the Start menu
• Select the option Printers and Faxes.
• If you do not have the option Printers and faxes on your
Start menu, you can also reach it through the Control Panel, option Printers and other hardware.
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A screen like this one will appear
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• Now, click on the icon Add a printer to launch
the assistant that will help you install a printer.
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The Print Manager
• To manage the print manager you need to open the appropriate window in the following manner:
• Go to Printers and faxes from the Start menu. • Click on the printer that you would like to manage.
• On the left hand panel select See what is printing
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Sharing a Printer
• To do this click on Printer and select Properties.
• After selecting Sharing tab we will see two options; as
shown in this example, you can launch the Network Setup
Wizard, or you can share the printer without launching the assistant taking into account the risks that this entails.
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Formatting a disk
• This is a useful tool if you want to delete all the content
of a disk and at the same time make sure it does not
have a virus.
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Freeing disk space
• This tool is very usefull since it
allows us to empty the disk of
information that we do not use,
– like temporary files, Internet files, even files in the Recycle Bin
• Select All programs, next select
Accessories and then System tools. Finally, select Disk
cleanup
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Character map • The character map is useful to insert symbols that we
do not have on the keyboard
• Click Start and select All Programs, then select
Accesories and then System tools; finally select Character Map
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Project Report
• Apple Mac OS
• LINUX
• IPhone
• Windows Mobile • Blackberry