Prof Mark Reed Birmingham City University

Research Manager, IUCN UK Peatland Programme

Does the range of policy and funding mechanisms currently in place result in effective delivery of a

balance of ecosystem services?

An Talamh Briste “The Broken Ground” (2006) By Anne Campbell Oil on canvas of a summer moorland walk with observations in pencil

Introduction

Introduction !  Working with Defra, DAs and their agencies to

develop Peatland Code !  Exploring integration of private/public PES in

RDPs !  Goal: effective delivery of upland ecosystem

services

Short answer ! Broadly, yes

" Need to continue on trajectory to design policy mechanisms that support a wider range of services

" WTO regulations prevent appropriate payment rates and limit engagement with higher-level scheme options

" Key question: continuing & improving funding

Why?

Policy options !  (Nationalisation of land) !  Information provision and capacity building !  Regulation !  Financial mechanisms !  Creation of new markets !  COMBINATION

Legisla(ve*targets**

Funding*

Peatland*carbon*markets*

Re8we:ng/conserva(on*

Climate*regula(on*

Co8benefits*

Voluntary*C*market*

Compliance*C*market*

Regional*Carbon*Market*

Government*Private*CAP*Rural*

Development*eg*Agri8environment*

Changes*to*EUETS*&*JI*

Peatland*CRUs*

Value*of*carbon*outweighs*accredita(on*

&*other*costs*

Accred8ita(on*

Peatland*VCUs*

UK*Peatland*Code*

GHG*Accoun(ng*Guidelines*integra(on*

Higher'uptake'if'carbon'accoun2ng'becomes'mandatory'across'all'sectors'

Peatland*projects*used*in*corporate*C*accoun(ng*

UK*climate*targets*

Targets*under**Habitats*&*Birds*Direc(ves*

Underpinned'by'robust'scien2fic'evidence'and'monitoring,'overseen'by'a'science'panel'

REDD*&*Art*3.4*

Corporate*Social*Responsibility*

GHG*change*from*peats*damaged/restored*since*1990*in*GHG*inventory*

UK*opt*into*WDR*Art*3.4*Kyoto*

Kyoto*targets*

Net*GHG*emission*reduc(ons*

Direction of travel !  Shrinking and greening CAP !  Public and private Payments for Ecosystem

Services !  Management of functional units e.g. catchment,

habitat, landscape !  Increasingly spatially targeted !  Increasing stakeholder participation !  Increasing recognition of cultural services

Direction of travel

Direction of travel

“A ‘place-based’ approach to PES delivers more than one ecosystem service across more than one ecosystem, potentially including terrestrial, freshwater and/or marine, in a single area, in which several human uses, traditions, cultures and social norms, and tenure, institutional and governance arrangements typically co-exist.”

“ ”

Why place-based PES?

!  Deliver ecosystem services at relevant scales

!  Co-ordination to avoid trade-offs: "  ES operate at multiple, linked spatial/temporal scales "  Payments for one service may compromise others

!  Multi-level governance with stakeholders

Why place-based PES? !  Combine private and public PES:

"  Transaction costs of running multiple separate schemes in parallel

"  Target buyers interested in particular locations "  Resilience to changes in demand for particular

services or habitats

Barriers to place-based PES

Private PES schemes limited to

small number of habitats/services in

the UK

Limited scientific certainty &

verification metrics High perceived risks

among sellers

Diverse payment sources at varying

levels Complex property

rights Barriers to

collaboration across property boundaries

Where will this lead?

relu Rural Economy and

Land Use Programme

•  Extensifica(on*of*land*use*&*management*in*uplands*

•  Intensifica(on**(in'reality,'probably'a'patchwork'of'both)'

RELU*scenarios*

BESS scenarios !  Agricultural intensification !  Managed ecosystems

(extensification) !  Business as usual !  Abandonment

The new business as usual

Managed ecosystems via public/private PES is the new norm and has the potential to deliver an effective balance of ecosystem services

Conclusions

How can we build on this? !  Continue to develop collaborative options in

RDPs operating at functional scales !  Understand (social) barriers to collaboration at

these scales & build social capital !  Integrate private/public PES & target public

funds to most expensive sites (per tonne C) !  Overcome barriers to demand/investment !  Overcome barriers to supply !  Understand PES scheme effects on sheep/game

How can we build on this? !  Integrate private PES schemes to shift focus

from habitat to landscape !  Link with other policy areas e.g. e Zero Carbon

Homes Bill !  Improve accuracy and cost-effectiveness of

metrics including integration of metrics for biodiversity and water quality with carbon

!  Social justice concerns: PES for commoners?

Conclusions

Contact Mark Reed Mark.Reed@bcu.ac.uk 07538082343 www.profmarkreed.com Twitter: @profmarkreed