ITE 229OPERATING SYSTEMS

“DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS”

Group Leader: Ale May VillegasGroup Members: Mei-reen Joy Dalhag Veronica Gajo Carren Azur Rodelia Dimatera

Operating systems categorized as Operating systems categorized as Disk Operating SystemDisk Operating System

Disk operating system (DOS)Disk operating system (DOS)

is a shorthand term for several closely is a shorthand term for several closely related operating systems that dominated related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions Windows 95, 98, and Windows versions Windows 95, 98, and Me.Me.

Disk Operating systems:Disk Operating systems:

86-DOS86-DOS

86-DOS86-DOS was an operating system was an operating system developed and marketed by developed and marketed by Seattle Computer ProductsSeattle Computer Products for its for its Intel 8086Intel 8086-based computer kit. -based computer kit. Initially known as Initially known as QDOSQDOS ( (Quick and DirtyQuick and Dirty Operating Operating SystemSystem) the name was changed to ) the name was changed to 86-DOS once SCP started licensing 86-DOS once SCP started licensing the operating system.the operating system.

86-DOS had a command structure 86-DOS had a command structure and and application programming interfaceapplication programming interface that imitated that of that imitated that of Digital ResearchDigital Research's 's CP/MCP/M operating system, which operating system, which made it easy to made it easy to portport programs from programs from the latter. The system was purchased the latter. The system was purchased by by MicrosoftMicrosoft and developed further and developed further as as PC-DOSPC-DOS and and MS-DOSMS-DOS..

A simulated screenshot of 86-DOS running Seattle A simulated screenshot of 86-DOS running Seattle Computer Product's assembler and HEX2BIN conversion Computer Product's assembler and HEX2BIN conversion

tool, as supplied with 86-DOS in 1981.tool, as supplied with 86-DOS in 1981.

PC-DOSPC-DOS

IBM IBM PC DOSPC DOS is a is a DOSDOS operating system for the operating system for the IBM Personal ComputerIBM Personal Computer, sold throughout the 1980s , sold throughout the 1980s and 2000s.and 2000s.

The original 1981 arrangement between The original 1981 arrangement between IBMIBM and and MicrosoftMicrosoft was that Microsoft would provide the base was that Microsoft would provide the base product and that both firms would work on product and that both firms would work on developing different parts of it into a more powerful developing different parts of it into a more powerful and robust system, and then share the resultant and robust system, and then share the resultant code. PC DOS and code. PC DOS and MS-DOSMS-DOS were to be marketed were to be marketed separately: IBM selling to itself for the IBM PC, and separately: IBM selling to itself for the IBM PC, and Microsoft selling to the open market. However, at no Microsoft selling to the open market. However, at no time did IBM acquire the ownership of the time did IBM acquire the ownership of the source codesource code of the of the operating systemoperating system for its own for its own PCsPCs..

Naming and VersionsNaming and Versions

IBM Personal Computer IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System Disk Operation System 1.0 (short-name:1.0 (short-name:PC PC DOSDOS 1.0) 1.0)

IBM Personal Computer IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System Disk Operation System 2.0 (short-name2.0 (short-name:PC :PC DOS 2.0)DOS 2.0)

IBM Personal Computer IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System Disk Operation System 3.0 (short-name3.0 (short-name:PC :PC DOS 3.0DOS 3.0) )

IBM DOSIBM DOS 4.0 (IBM 4.0 (IBM changed product changed product name) name)

IBM DOS 5.0 IBM DOS 5.0 IBM IBM PC DOSPC DOS 6.1 (IBM 6.1 (IBM

changed product changed product name again. "PC DOS" name again. "PC DOS" is not short-name.) is not short-name.)

IBM PC DOS 6.3 IBM PC DOS 6.3 IBM PC DOS 7 IBM PC DOS 7 IBM PC DOS 2000 IBM PC DOS 2000

(IBM's last version(IBM's last version) )

A typical command line in A typical command line in PC-DOSPC-DOS..Originally uploaded as "PC DOS Command Window.gif" on 21 May 2006Originally uploaded as "PC DOS Command Window.gif" on 21 May 2006

MS-DOSMS-DOS

MS-DOSMS-DOS (short for (short for MMicroicrossoft oft DDisk isk OOperating perating SSystem) is an ystem) is an operating systemoperating system commercialized by commercialized by MicrosoftMicrosoft. It was the most commonly used member . It was the most commonly used member of the of the DOSDOS family of operating systems and was the family of operating systems and was the main operating system for personal computers main operating system for personal computers during the 1980s. It was based on the during the 1980s. It was based on the Intel 8086Intel 8086 family of microprocessors, particularly the family of microprocessors, particularly the IBM PCIBM PC and and compatiblescompatibles. It was gradually replaced on . It was gradually replaced on consumer desktop computers by operating systems consumer desktop computers by operating systems offering a offering a graphical user interfacegraphical user interface (GUI), in (GUI), in particular by various generations of the particular by various generations of the Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows operating system and operating system and LinuxLinux. MS-. MS-DOS was known before as DOS was known before as QDOSQDOS ( (QQuick and uick and DDirty irty OOperating perating SSystem) and ystem) and 86-DOS86-DOS..

MS-DOS was a renamed form of MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS86-DOS (informally known as the (informally known as the Quick-and-DirtyQuick-and-Dirty Operating System or Q-DOS)Operating System or Q-DOS)[2][2] owned by owned by Seattle Computer ProductsSeattle Computer Products, written by , written by Tim PatersonTim Paterson..[2][2] Microsoft needed an Microsoft needed an operating system for the then-new operating system for the then-new Intel 8086Intel 8086 but it had none available, so it licensed 86-but it had none available, so it licensed 86-DOS and released a version of it as MS-DOS DOS and released a version of it as MS-DOS 1.0. Development started on 1981, and MS-1.0. Development started on 1981, and MS-DOS 1.0 was released with the IBM PC on DOS 1.0 was released with the IBM PC on 1982. Tim Paterson is considered the original 1982. Tim Paterson is considered the original author of DOS and he is called "The Father of author of DOS and he is called "The Father of DOS".DOS".

An example of MS-DOS's command-line interface, this one An example of MS-DOS's command-line interface, this one showing that the current directory is the root of drive C.showing that the current directory is the root of drive C.

DR-DOSDR-DOS

is a is a DOSDOS-type -type operating systemoperating system for for IBM PCIBM PC--compatiblecompatible personal computerspersonal computers, originally , originally developed by developed by Gary KildallGary Kildall's 's Digital ResearchDigital Research and derived from and derived from CP/MCP/M-86.-86.

DR-DOS 3.41-DR-DOS 3.41- The first version was The first version was released in May, 1988. Version released in May, 1988. Version numbers were chosen to reflect numbers were chosen to reflect features relative to MS-DOS; the first features relative to MS-DOS; the first version promoted to the public was version promoted to the public was DR-DOS 3.41, which offered features DR-DOS 3.41, which offered features comparable to the successful MS-comparable to the successful MS-DOS 3.3 and its derivatives.DOS 3.3 and its derivatives.

DR-DOS version 5.0DR-DOS version 5.0-was released in -was released in May 1990. (Version 4 was skipped to May 1990. (Version 4 was skipped to avoid being associated with the avoid being associated with the relatively unpopular MS-DOS 4.0.) relatively unpopular MS-DOS 4.0.) This introduced This introduced ViewMAXViewMAX, a , a GEMGEM based based GUIGUI file management shell, file management shell, and bundled disk-caching software, and bundled disk-caching software, and also offers vastly improved and also offers vastly improved memory management.memory management.

(Enhanced) DR-DOS(Enhanced) DR-DOS

FreeDOSFreeDOS

FreeDOSFreeDOS (formerly (formerly Free-DOSFree-DOS and and PD-DOSPD-DOS) is ) is an an operating systemoperating system for for IBM PC compatibleIBM PC compatible computers. FreeDOS is made up of many computers. FreeDOS is made up of many different, separate programs that act as different, separate programs that act as "packages" to the overall FreeDOS Project. As a "packages" to the overall FreeDOS Project. As a member of the member of the DOSDOS family, it provides mainly family, it provides mainly disk access through its disk access through its kernelkernel, and partial , and partial memory managementmemory management, but no default , but no default GUIGUI (although (although OpenGEMOpenGEM is listed on the official is listed on the official FreeDOS website). FreeDOS is currently at version FreeDOS website). FreeDOS is currently at version 1.0, released on 1.0, released on September 3September 3, , 20062006..

The FreeDOS project began The FreeDOS project began June 26June 26, , 19941994, when Microsoft announced it , when Microsoft announced it would no longer sell nor support would no longer sell nor support MS-DOSMS-DOS

FreeDOS is also used by several FreeDOS is also used by several companies:companies:

DELLDELL HPHP ASUSASUS GRC’S Spinrite 6GRC’S Spinrite 6

ProDOSProDOS

was the name of two similar was the name of two similar operating systemsoperating systems for the for the Apple II seriesApple II series of of personal computerspersonal computers. The original . The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8ProDOS 8 in version in version 1.2, was the last official operating system 1.2, was the last official operating system usable by all Apple II series computers, usable by all Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993. and was distributed from 1983 to 1993. The other, The other, ProDOS 16ProDOS 16, took advantage , took advantage of the extra capabilities of the of the extra capabilities of the 16-bit16-bit Apple IIgsApple IIgs, but was short-lived and , but was short-lived and replaced by replaced by GS/OSGS/OS within a year. within a year.

ProDOS was marketed by Apple as ProDOS was marketed by Apple as meaning meaning Professional Disk Professional Disk Operating SystemOperating System, and became , and became the most popular the most popular operating systemoperating system for the for the Apple IIApple II series of series of computerscomputers 10 months after its release in January 10 months after its release in January 1983.1983.

PTS-DOSPTS-DOS

is a is a disk operating systemdisk operating system, a , a DOSDOS clone, clone, developed in developed in RussiaRussia by by PhysTechSoftPhysTechSoft..

PhysTechSoft was formed in 1991 in PhysTechSoft was formed in 1991 in MoscowMoscow, , RussiaRussia by graduates and members of by graduates and members of MIPTMIPT, , informally known as PhysTech. In the end of informally known as PhysTech. In the end of 1993, PhysTechSoft released first 1993, PhysTechSoft released first commercially available PTS-DOS as PTS-commercially available PTS-DOS as PTS-DOS v6.4DOS v6.4[1][1] (version numbering obviously (version numbering obviously seems to follow seems to follow versions of MS-DOSversions of MS-DOS, as , as Microsoft released MS-DOS 6.2 in November Microsoft released MS-DOS 6.2 in November 1993).1993).

Versions:Versions:

PTS-DOS v6.51CDPTS-DOS v6.51CD

PTS-DOS v6.6 PTS-DOS v6.6

PTS-DOS v6.65 PTS-DOS v6.65

PTS-DOS 2000 PTS-DOS 2000

Paragon DOS Pro Paragon DOS Pro 2000 2000

PTS-DOS 32 also PTS-DOS 32 also known as PTS-DOS known as PTS-DOS v7.v7.

PTS-DOS is certified by PTS-DOS is certified by Russian Ministry of DefenceRussian Ministry of Defence

Hardware requirementsHardware requirements

Intel 80286Intel 80286 CPU or better CPU or better 512kb RAM or more 512kb RAM or more

RDOS

RDOS, or the Real-time Disk Operating System, was a real-time operating system released in 1972 for the popular Data General Nova and Data General Eclipse minicomputers. RDOS was also capable of multitasking. RDOS could run up to 32 "tasks" (similar to threads on modern computer CPUs) simultaneously within a 64K memory space. Later versions of RDOS were compatible with Data General's 16-bit Eclipse minicomputer line.

Other operating systems called RDOS

RDOS by Leif Ekblad which is a open source DOS designed for i386 embedded platforms.

Turbo DOS The TurboDOS operating system is a product of Software 2000,

Inc., and is trademarked and copyrighted by them. At MuSYS Corp., we have used TurboDOS in conjunction with various slave processor boards to construct a wide variety of S-100 based computer systems, ranging from two to over sixty users. TurboDOS is designed for multiprocessor networks of Z-80 based computers, although single user versions are available. Extensive use is made of the Z-80 instruction set to achieve a highly table oriented and reentrant architecture, which is very adaptable to the user's environment. In addition to MuSYS, many companies are selling TurboDOS for specific hardware configurations on an OEM basis. This is one of the primary distinctions with other multiprocessor operating systems, which are supported by only a single vendor.

Multi-tasking user interfaces and environments for DOS. a.) DESQview+ QEMM 386 multi-tasking user interface for DOS and b.) DESQView/X (X-windowing GUI for DOS)

DESQview

DESQview was a text mode multitasking program developed by Quarterdeck Office Systems which enjoyed modest popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Running on top of DOS, it allowed users to run multiple DOS programs concurrently in multiple windows.

X Window System The X Window System (commonly X or X11) is a computer

software system and network protocol that provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for networked computers. It implements the X display protocol and provides windowing on raster graphics (bitmap) computer displays and manages keyboard and pointing device control functions. In its standard distribution, it is a complete, albeit simple, display and human interface solution, but also delivers a standard toolkit and protocol stack for building graphical user interfaces on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to many other contemporary general purpose operating systems. Most modern GUIs developed for Linux and other UNIX-like systems, such as GNOME, KDE, and Xfce, use the X Window System as a foundation.

Network operating system

A network operating system (NOS) is software that controls a network and its message (e.g. packet) traffic and queues, controls access by multiple users to network resources such as files, and provides for certain administrative functions, including security.

The upper 5 layers of the OSI Reference Model provide the foundation upon which many network operating systems are based.[citation needed]

Cambridge Ring

The Cambridge Ring was an experimental local area network architecture developed at the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory in the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s. It used a ring topology with a theoretical limit of 255 nodes (though such a large number would have badly affected performance), around which cycled a fixed number of packets. Free packets would be "loaded" with data by a machine wishing to send, marked as received by the destination machine, and "unloaded" on return to the sender; thus in principle there could be as many simultaneous senders as packets. The network ran over twin twisted-pair cabling (plus a fibre-optic section).

In 2002 the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory launched a graduate society called the Cambridge Computer Lab Ring named after the Cambridge Ring.

CSIRONET by CSIRO

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Computing Services (CSIRONET) was established in January 1963 and located at Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory.

Evolution of CSIRONET

The CSIRO computing network, CSIRONET has evolved from a few interactive terminals in Canberra to over 250 interactive terminals and about 50 PDP-11 nodal computers scattered throughout Australia. This evolution has occurred within the framework of certain management policies and design principles rather than to an overall detailed plan. The flexibility of this approach has permitted the expansion of the network far beyond that initially envisaged, the provision of facilities not originally contemplated and the utilization of new equipment and communications facilities as they have become

Convergent Technologies Operating System

The Convergent Technologies Operating System, also known variously as CTOS, BTOS and STARSYS, was a modular, message-passing, multi-process based operating system.

CTOS had many innovative features for its time. The file system was hierarchical and allowed very long file

names. Security was also hierarchical. If one knew the password, for example, for a volume, one could access any file or directory on that volume (hard disk.) Each volume and directory were referenced with delimiters to identify them, and could be followed with a file name, depending on the operation, i.e. [VolumeName]<DirectoryName>FileName.

The word processor was one of the first screen-oriented editors with many high-powered features, such as multiple views of the same file, cut/copy/paste, unlimited undo/redo, no typing lost after a crash, user-selectable fonts, and much more.

Most of the system programs were written in PL/M, an ALGOL-like language from Intel which compiled directly to object code without a runtime library.

The system API was presented to both high-level languages and assembly language. The assembler was very advanced, with a Lisp (programming language)-like pattern-matching macro facility unmatched by almost any other assembler before or since.

There was an always-resident debugger. The system shell was extensible — it was possible to define new

commands. To get the parameters, the system would display the form which was to be filled by the user.

A game included with the OS proved to be very popular, programmed using the font generator to do simple graphics: "Rats Of The Maze".

Progress Software Corporation made a commercial database application for CTOS that was in 4GL. The US Coast Guard used these databases for logistics administration for their vessels.

There was a transparent peer-to-peer network running over serial RS-422 cables, and later over twisted pair with RS-422 adapters. Each workgroup, called a "cluster," was connected via a daisy-chain topology to a server, called a "master." The workstations, normally diskless, were from the master, and could optionally be locally booted from attached hard drives.

It was possible to custom-link the operating system to add or delete features.

Convergent Technologies' first product was the IWS (Integrated Workstation) based on the Intel 8086 processor, which had CTOS as its operating system. This was a modular operating system with built in . CTOS supports multiple processes or threads, and message-based inter-process communication.

Companies which licensed CTOS included Burroughs (BTOS) and Bull (STARSYS). The single largest customer was Unisys, with whom Convergent Technologies merged to become one company in 1988. At its peak, CTOS had over 800,000 users worldwide.

CTOS ran on Intel X86 computers, and could run concurrently with Windows NT.

CTOS is no longer marketed to new customers; former major customers included police forces, banks, airlines, the U.S. Postal Service, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the U.S. Army and the United States Coast Guard. The Coast Guard used the operating system from approximately 1986 until 2000.

Data ONTAP by NetApp

Nework Appliance storage solutions use the NetApp Data ONTAP 7G, a highly optimised, scalable, and flexible operating system designed to accomodate heterogeneous environments. Data ONTAP 7G delivers flexible management and high availability ensuring business continuance, data permanence, and reduced storage management complexity.

Data ONTAP 7G also simplifies day-to-day management, optimises storage utilisation and introduces new virtualized volume structures called flexible volumes (FlexVol) and space-efficient, near instantaneous writable copies of these volumes (FlexClone).

SAN-OSSAN-OS

Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software and Cisco MDS Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software and Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software are the same operating system 9000 NX-OS Software are the same operating system and have been since the Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS and have been since the Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software was announced in January 2008.Software was announced in January 2008.

Starting from Release 4.1, Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Starting from Release 4.1, Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software will be rebranded as Cisco MDS 9000 NX-Software will be rebranded as Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software. Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software is OS Software. Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software is based on Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software and is based on Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software and is built from same source code tree, and rebranding built from same source code tree, and rebranding establishes a single data center OS.establishes a single data center OS.

The effects of this change are mainly The effects of this change are mainly symbolic:symbolic:

• • Storage partner release processes remain the same.Storage partner release processes remain the same. • • Release naming conventions remain the same Release naming conventions remain the same

except that "NX-OS" will replace "SAN-OS."except that "NX-OS" will replace "SAN-OS." • • Storage services interface (SSI) images remain the Storage services interface (SSI) images remain the

same.same. • • Compatibility with previous Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-Compatibility with previous Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-

OS Software releases will continue.OS Software releases will continue. • • Previous versions of Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Previous versions of Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS

Software are not renamed.Software are not renamed.

EOS (operating system)EOS (operating system)

EOSEOS was the name of an was the name of an operating systemoperating system developed developed by by ETA SystemsETA Systems (a spin-off division of (a spin-off division of Control Data CorporationControl Data Corporation) for use in their ) for use in their ETA10ETA10 line line of of supercomputerssupercomputers in the 1980s. in the 1980s.

EOS was preceded by and was binary executable EOS was preceded by and was binary executable compatible with the CDC operating system for compatible with the CDC operating system for Cyber 205Cyber 205. Like VSOS, EOS had demand paged . Like VSOS, EOS had demand paged virtual memoryvirtual memory (the VS part) with 2 pages sizes for (the VS part) with 2 pages sizes for improved virtual memory performance with the improved virtual memory performance with the ETA's faster hardware pipelines. ETA's faster hardware pipelines.

Fabric OSFabric OS

In In storage area networkingstorage area networking, , Fabric OSFabric OS is a is a firmwarefirmware for for BrocadeBrocade's 's FibreFibre Channel switches Channel switches and and directorsdirectors..

First generationFirst generation

The first generation of Fabric OS was The first generation of Fabric OS was developed on top of a developed on top of a VxWorksVxWorks kernelkernel and and was mainly used in the Brocade Silkworm was mainly used in the Brocade Silkworm 2000 and first 3000 series on 2000 and first 3000 series on Intel i960Intel i960. Even . Even today, many production environments are still today, many production environments are still running the older generation Silkworm running the older generation Silkworm models.models.

Second generationSecond generation

The second generation of Fabric OS was developed The second generation of Fabric OS was developed on a on a PowerPCPowerPC platform, and uses platform, and uses MontaVistaMontaVista LinuxLinux, , a Linux derivative with a Linux derivative with real-timereal-time performance performance enhancements. With the advent of MontaVista, enhancements. With the advent of MontaVista, switches and directors have the ability of hot switches and directors have the ability of hot firmwarefirmware activation (without downtime for activation (without downtime for FibreFibre Channel fabric Channel fabric), and many useful diagnostic ), and many useful diagnostic commands.commands.

According to GPL and LGPL terms, Brocade According to GPL and LGPL terms, Brocade provides access to sourcesprovides access to sources of distributed free of distributed free software, on which Fabric OS firmware is based.software, on which Fabric OS firmware is based.

Additional licensed productsAdditional licensed products

Additional products for Fabric OS are offered by Additional products for Fabric OS are offered by Brocade for one-time fee. They are licensed for use in Brocade for one-time fee. They are licensed for use in a single specific switch (license key is coupled with a single specific switch (license key is coupled with device's serial number). Those include:device's serial number). Those include:

Integrated Routing Integrated Routing Secure Fabric OS (SFOS) Secure Fabric OS (SFOS) BrocadeBrocade Advanced Advanced ZoningZoning (Free with rel 6.1.x) (Free with rel 6.1.x) ISLISL trunkingtrunking Advanced Performance Monitoring (APM) Advanced Performance Monitoring (APM) Fabric Watch Fabric Watch

VersionsVersions

Fabric OS 6.x Fabric OS 6.x 6.1: M-EOS compatibility enhacements 6.1: M-EOS compatibility enhacements 6.0: LDAP support 6.0: LDAP support

Fabric OS 5.x Fabric OS 5.x 5.3: switch to Linux 2.6 kernel 5.3: switch to Linux 2.6 kernel 5.1: Access Gateway mode 5.1: Access Gateway mode

Fabric OS 4.x Fabric OS 4.x 4.1: SSH support, Multiple user access 4.1: SSH support, Multiple user access

Fabric OS 3.x Fabric OS 3.x Fabric OS 2.x Fabric OS 2.x

JUNOSJUNOS

Juniper JUNOSJuniper JUNOS is the software or the is the software or the network operating systemnetwork operating system used in the used in the Juniper NetworksJuniper Networks routersrouters [1][1] . It is Juniper's . It is Juniper's single network operating system spanning single network operating system spanning routingrouting, , switchingswitching and and securitysecurity platforms on platforms on its router products. The corporate strategy of its router products. The corporate strategy of Juniper is to offer a single Juniper is to offer a single Operating SystemOperating System across its routing and switching equipments. across its routing and switching equipments.

VersioningVersioning

JUNOS provides a single code base across JUNOS provides a single code base across most of Juniper's platforms. Juniper updates most of Juniper's platforms. Juniper updates JUNOS every 90 days since 1998 JUNOS every 90 days since 1998 [4][4] [5][5] [6][6] The current version available is 9.3 .The current version available is 9.3 .

FeaturesFeatures

RoutingRouting - Juniper Networks IP routing expertise - Juniper Networks IP routing expertise delivers a full complement of delivers a full complement of routing protocolsrouting protocols. .

Modularity — JUNOS software has a modular Modularity — JUNOS software has a modular software design. software design.

Security Security Policy and control Policy and control Standards-based : adherence to industry standards for Standards-based : adherence to industry standards for

routing, MPLS, and availability mechanisms such as routing, MPLS, and availability mechanisms such as Protocol Graceful Restart translates to improved Protocol Graceful Restart translates to improved stability and reduced operational complexity. stability and reduced operational complexity.

ArchitectureArchitecture

JUNOS operating system is primarily based on JUNOS operating system is primarily based on FreeBSDFreeBSD [7][7], the advantage of which is the Unix-like , the advantage of which is the Unix-like environment: customers can access a Unix shell and environment: customers can access a Unix shell and execute normal Unix commands. JUNOS is platform execute normal Unix commands. JUNOS is platform independent within Juniper hardware systems independent within Juniper hardware systems [8][8]. . After Juniper acquired NetScreen, it also integrated After Juniper acquired NetScreen, it also integrated NetScreenOS security functions into its own JUNOS NetScreenOS security functions into its own JUNOS network operating system so that now Juniper offers network operating system so that now Juniper offers routing and security functions in a single device routing and security functions in a single device [9][9]..

JUNOS Command Line Interface JUNOS Command Line Interface (CLI)(CLI)

JUNOS CLI is a simple to use, text-based command interface. JUNOS CLI is a simple to use, text-based command interface. The commands on CLI for configuring, troubleshooting and The commands on CLI for configuring, troubleshooting and monitoring the software that runs on Juniper network monitoring the software that runs on Juniper network equipment gear. It supports two types of command modes.equipment gear. It supports two types of command modes.

Operational Mode Operational Mode Configuration Mode Configuration Mode The The Operational ModeOperational Mode is basically for controlling the CLI is basically for controlling the CLI

environment, and Monitor and troubleshoot network environment, and Monitor and troubleshoot network connectivity, and Initiating the Configuration Mode. The connectivity, and Initiating the Configuration Mode. The Configuration modeConfiguration mode for configuring the software by creating a for configuring the software by creating a hierarchy of configuration statements.hierarchy of configuration statements.

JUNOS PSDPJUNOS PSDP

With JUNOS Partner Solution Development Platform With JUNOS Partner Solution Development Platform (PSDP) program, Juniper Networks opened its (PSDP) program, Juniper Networks opened its operating systemoperating system, to select partners who want to , to select partners who want to develop third-party applications for their routers develop third-party applications for their routers [10][10] [11][11] [12][12][13][13] .It provides a powerful set of tools and .It provides a powerful set of tools and resources, including a software development kit resources, including a software development kit (SDK) with intelligent and secure interfaces to (SDK) with intelligent and secure interfaces to JUNOS JUNOS routingrouting and services functions.It enables and services functions.It enables customers and partners to develop and deploy customers and partners to develop and deploy applications on JUNOS software.applications on JUNOS software.

Juniper JUNOS vs Cisco IOSJuniper JUNOS vs Cisco IOS

The biggest competitor of JUNOS is The biggest competitor of JUNOS is Cisco Cisco SystemsSystems's 's IOSIOS [14][14]. JUNOS has a modular . JUNOS has a modular operating systemoperating system. . The JUNOS The JUNOS kernelkernel is based on the open source is based on the open source FreeBSDFreeBSD operating system, and processes that run as operating system, and processes that run as modules on top of the kernel are segregated in modules on top of the kernel are segregated in exclusive, protected, memory space. Users thus can exclusive, protected, memory space. Users thus can add features and functions to the version of JUNOS add features and functions to the version of JUNOS running on their systems without disabling or running on their systems without disabling or rebooting the entire operating system. rebooting the entire operating system. CiscoCisco's 's IOSIOS is is a monolithic operating system, which means it runs a monolithic operating system, which means it runs as a single operation and all processes share the same as a single operation and all processes share the same memory space. Because of this, bugs in one operation memory space. Because of this, bugs in one operation may have an impact on or corrupt other processes. may have an impact on or corrupt other processes.

Netware (Networking OS by Novell)Netware (Networking OS by Novell)

NetWareNetWare is a is a network operating systemnetwork operating system developed by developed by Novell, Inc.Novell, Inc. It initially used It initially used cooperative multitaskingcooperative multitasking to run various services on a to run various services on a PCPC, and the network , and the network protocols were based on the archetypal protocols were based on the archetypal XeroxXerox Network ServicesNetwork Services stackstack..

NetWare has been superseded by NetWare has been superseded by Open Enterprise ServerOpen Enterprise Server (OES). The latest version of (OES). The latest version of NetWare is v6.5 Support Pack 8, which is identical to NetWare is v6.5 Support Pack 8, which is identical to OES 2 SP1, NetWare Kernel.OES 2 SP1, NetWare Kernel.

NetWare 286 2.xNetWare 286 2.x NetWare version 2 was notoriously difficult to configure, since NetWare version 2 was notoriously difficult to configure, since

the operating system was provided as a set of compiled the operating system was provided as a set of compiled object modulesobject modules that required configuration and that required configuration and linkinglinking. . Compounding this inconvenience was that the process was Compounding this inconvenience was that the process was designed to run from multiple designed to run from multiple diskettesdiskettes, which was slow and , which was slow and unreliable. Any change to the operating system required a re-unreliable. Any change to the operating system required a re-linking of the linking of the kernelkernel and a reboot of the system, requiring at and a reboot of the system, requiring at least 20 diskette swaps. An additional complication in early least 20 diskette swaps. An additional complication in early versions was that the installation contained a proprietary low-versions was that the installation contained a proprietary low-level format program for level format program for MFMMFM hard drives, which was run hard drives, which was run automatically before the software could be loaded, called automatically before the software could be loaded, called COMPSURF.COMPSURF.

NetWare 3.xNetWare 3.x

Starting with NetWare 3.x, support for 32-bit Starting with NetWare 3.x, support for 32-bit protected modeprotected mode was added, eliminating the 16 was added, eliminating the 16 mb memory limit of NetWare 286. This mb memory limit of NetWare 286. This allowed larger hard drives to be supported, allowed larger hard drives to be supported, since NetWare 3.x cached (copied) the entire since NetWare 3.x cached (copied) the entire file allocation tablefile allocation table (FAT) and (DET) into (FAT) and (DET) into memory for improved performance.memory for improved performance.

NetWare 4.xNetWare 4.x

Version 4 in 1993 also introduced NetWare Version 4 in 1993 also introduced NetWare Directory Services, later re-branded as Directory Services, later re-branded as Novell Directory ServicesNovell Directory Services (NDS), based on (NDS), based on X.500X.500, which replaced the Bindery with a , which replaced the Bindery with a global global directory servicedirectory service, in which the , in which the infrastructure was described and managed in a infrastructure was described and managed in a single place. Additionally, NDS provided an single place. Additionally, NDS provided an extensible extensible schemaschema, allowing the introduction , allowing the introduction of new object types. of new object types.

NOSNOS (developed by (developed by CDCCDC for use in for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers)their Cyber line of supercomputers)

A A network operating system (NOS)network operating system (NOS) is is softwaresoftware that controls a that controls a networknetwork and its and its messagemessage (e.g. (e.g. packetpacket) ) traffictraffic and and queuesqueues, , controls access by multiple users to network controls access by multiple users to network resources such as files, and provides for resources such as files, and provides for certain administrative functions, including certain administrative functions, including securitysecurity..

Control Data CorporationControl Data Corporation Control Data Corporation (CDC)Control Data Corporation (CDC), was one of the , was one of the

pioneering pioneering supercomputersupercomputer firms. For most of the firms. For most of the 1960s, it built the fastest computers in the world by 1960s, it built the fastest computers in the world by far, only losing that crown in the 1970s to what was far, only losing that crown in the 1970s to what was effectively a spinoff, after effectively a spinoff, after Seymour CraySeymour Cray left the left the company to found Cray Research, Inc. (CRI). CDC company to found Cray Research, Inc. (CRI). CDC was one of the eight major was one of the eight major computercomputer companies companies through most of the 1960s; the others were through most of the 1960s; the others were IBMIBM, , Burroughs CorporationBurroughs Corporation, , NCRNCR, , General ElectricGeneral Electric, , HoneywellHoneywell, , RCARCA, and , and UNIVACUNIVAC. CDC was well . CDC was well known and highly regarded throughout the industry at known and highly regarded throughout the industry at one time, but today is largely forgotten .one time, but today is largely forgotten .

Novell Open Enterprise Server

Novell Open Enterprise Server (OES) is the successor product to Novell, Inc.'s NetWare operating system, and is a NOS, or network operating system. Originally released in March 2005, the current release is OES 2.

OliOS

The Sun team dicusses the elements of Olios, as a toolkit for evaluating Web technology stacks.

Olios consists of two complete implementations of a social-event calendar web application (Ruby on Rails and PHP), and a sophisticated opensource workload generator, Faban2, that can scale to thousands of simulated users and supports fine-grained timevarying workloads.

Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system, primarily used for research. It was developed as the research successor to Unix by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs between the mid-1980s and 2002. Plan 9 is most notable for representing all system interfaces, including those required for networking and the user-interface, through the filesystem rather than specialized interfaces.

Plan 9 aims to provide users with a workstation-independent working environment through the use of the 9P protocols. Plan 9 continues to be used and developed in some circles as a research operating system and by hobbyists.

The name "Plan 9 from Bell Labs" is a reference to the 1959 cult science fiction B-movie Plan 9 from Outer Space.

Inferno (operating system)

Inferno is an operating system for creating and supporting distributed services. It was based on the experience of Plan 9 from Bell Labs, and the further research of Bell Labs into operating systems, languages, on-the-fly compilers, graphics, security, networking and portability.

Inferno applications are portable across a broad mix of hardware, networks, and environments. It defines a virtual machine (Dis) that can be implemented on any real machine, provides a type-safe language (Limbo) that is compiled to portable byte code, and, more significantly, it includes a virtual operating system that supplies the same interfaces whether Inferno runs natively on hardware or is hosted as an application on other systems.

PLAN B OPERATING SYSTEM

Plan B is an operating system designed to work in distributed environments where the set of available resources is different at different points in time. Its 4th edition is implemented as a set of user programs to run on top of Plan 9 from Bell Labs.

The design owes much to Plan 9 and to Off++.

Turbo DOS (Software 2000, Inc)

The TurboDOS operating system is a product of Software 2000, Inc., and is trademarked and copyrighted by them. At MuSYS Corp., we have used TurboDOS in conjunction with various slave processor boards to construct a wide variety of S-100 based computer systems, ranging from two to over sixty users.

TurboDOS is designed for multiprocessor networks of Z-80 based computers, although single user versions are available. Extensive use is made of the Z-80 instruction set to achieve a highly table oriented and reentrant architecture, which is very adaptable to the user's environment.

In addition to MuSYS, many companies are selling TurboDOS for specific hardware configurations on an OEM basis. This is one of the primary distinctions with other multiprocessor operating systems, which are supported by only a single vendor.

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