Luthfi Yulidar

Anindya N.K.D

Discourse is more than just language use: it is language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social practices (Fairlough, 1992: 28).

The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use. That of language as an instrument of communication, whose expression is discourse (Benveniste in Mills, 1997: 4-5).

Approaches to Discourse Analysis

Sociology Sociolinguistics Philosophy Linguistics ArtificialIntelligence

• Conversational Analysis

• Ethnography• Interactional Sociolinguistics• Variation Theory

• Speech Act Theory• Pragmatics

• Structural- Functional

• Social Semiotic

• Birmingham School• SFL

• SFL• CDA

Eggins & Slade,1997

Approaches to Discourse Analysis

Sociology

• Conversational Analysis

Sociolinguistics

• Ethnography• Interactional Sociolinguistics• Variation Theory

Philosophy

• Speech Act Theory• Pragmatics

Linguistics

• Structural- Functional

• Birmingham School• SFL

ArtificialIntelligence

• Social Semiotic

• SFL• CDA

The action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts. 1.Locution2.Illocution3.Perlocution

Example:

(by a teacher to the class)“You can play outside for a half an hour”

Approaches to Discourse Analysis

Sociology

• Conversational Analysis

Sociolinguistics

• Ethnography• Interactional Sociolinguistics• Variation Theory

Linguistics

• Structural- Functional

• Birmingham School• SFL

ArtificialIntelligence

• Social Semiotic

• SFL• CDA

Philosophy

• Speech Act Theory• Pragmatics

Hymes (1974) has proposed a methodology used to discover communicative events. He classified the components is known as the speaking grid.

Sociology

• Conversational Analysis

Sociolinguistics

• Ethnography• Interactional Sociolinguistics• Variation Theory

Philosophy

• Speech Act Theory• Pragmatics

Approaches to Discourse Analysis

Linguistics

• Structural- Functional

• Birmingham School• SFL

ArtificialIntelligence

• Social Semiotic

• SFL• CDA

Speaker meaning

Cooperative principle

Cooperative principle is subdivided into a set of conversational maxims and sub-maxims.

1. The Maxim of Quantity

2. The Maxim of Quality3. The Maxim of

Relation: be relevant4. The Maxim of

Manner: be perspicuous

1. Non-natural meaning

2. Natural meaning

Example:

Carol : Are you coming to the party tonight?

Lara: I’ve got exam tomorrow.