1) Maqsood

2) Ahsan Ilyas

3) Hashir4) Ammar

5) Ahsan

6) Naeem

Table Of Contents:-

1) Intro2) Reporting and Reported speech3) Change for making indirect4) Change in Pronoun5) Change in Tenses6) Change in Adverbs7) Change in Modals8) Change in Sentences9) Change in Assertive Sentences10) Change in Exclamatory Sentences11) Change in Interrogatives Sentences12) Change in Imperative Sentences

There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.Direct speechIndirect speech

Direct speech:- John said, “I will give you a pen”.

Indirect Speech: -John said that he would give me a pen.

He said, ”He likes apples.”

Reporting Speech

Reported Speech

Omission Of Commas

Use Of ‘that’

Change Of Pronoun

Change Of Tense

Change Of Adverb

First Person IWe

Change with Subject

Second Person You Change with Object

Third Person

HeSheItThey

No Change

He said to me, ” I like coffee.”

He said to me, “ You look happy.”

If we have present or future tense in reporting speech, there will be no change in tense of reported speech

If we have past tense in reporting speech, we will change tense of reported speech

1st f.o.verb 2nd f.o.verb

Had + 3rd f.o.verb

Is , am , are Was , Were

Had been

Has , Have

2nd f.o.verb

Was , Were

Had

ThisThereHereTodayNowAgoTomorrowYesterday

Tonight

ThatThoseThere

That dayThenBeforeThe following / Next dayThe previous day / The day beforeThat night

Change of Adverb

MayCanWillShallMust

MightCouldWouldShouldHad to

Present modals are changed to past modals

These modals do not ChangeWouldCouldMightShouldOught to

Change in Modals

No Change

There are four type of sentences:-

1) Assertive Sentences

2) Exclamatory Sentences

3) Interrogative Sentences

4) Imperative Sentences

In assertive sentences do all changes as it is , just we use ‘told’ at the place of ‘said to’.

Said to Told

He said to me,” America will leave Afghanistan in 2015.”

He told me that America would leave Afghanistan in 2015.

Example:-

In exclamatory sentences do all changes as it is , just we use for

Happiness

Sad

Surprise

Exclaimed with happiness

Exclaimed with sorrow

Exclaimed with wonder /

surprise

He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize”

He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.

Example:-

For changing interrogative (question) sentence into indirect speech we have to observe the nature of question and then change it into indirect speech according to it rules for indirect speech. A question can be of two types. One type which can be answered in only YES or NO and other type which needs a little bit explanation for its answer and cannot be answered in only YES or NO.And use ‘ if ‘ or ‘whether’ at the place of inverted Commas.

Example:-

She said, “Will he participate in the quiz competition?”

She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition.

To change Imperative sentences into indirect speech, the word “ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or “suggested” is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.

Example:-He said to me, “please help me”

He requested me to help him.

End!