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WELCOME
DIAMONDBACK MOTH: ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT; PROBLEMS, PROGRESS,
PROSPECTS
PREPARED BY:RAKESH KR. MEENA15MSENT014
SEMINAR - II
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CONTENTS
1
ECOLOGY OF DBM 2
M MANAGEMENT OF DBM3
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION6
M4 INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
IRM – PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 5
INTRODUCTION
ECOLOGY
FEEDING STIMULANTS –sinigrin and glucobrassicin
0VIPOSITION STIMULANTS Sinigrin, sinalbin and
glucocheirolin
DBM-HOST PLANT INTERACTIONS
(Talekar and Shelton, 1993)
TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS
HERBIVORE INDUCED SEMIOCHEMICALS –
Isothiocyanates, nitriles, dimethyl trisulfide, terpenes, methyl salicylate,
limonene
(Talekar and Shelton, 1993)
NATURAL ENEMY COMPLEX
Diadegma semiclausum Oomyzus sokolowskii
Diadegma insulare Trichogramma chilonis Diadromus collaris
Cotesia plutellae
PARASITOIDS
PREDATORS
Coranus sp. Chrysoperla carnea
Componatus sericus
Coleomegilla sp.,
Pheidole sp. Tapinoma melanocephalum
Cattle egret
Yellow wag tail
• High temperature, relative humidity, and heavy rain are important factors affecting the DBM population (Talekar and Lee, 1985)
• Maximum humidity and rainfall adversely affected the population of P. xylostella , unfavorable for the immature stages (Ahmad et al ., 2010)
• The increased temperatures can lead to the production of more generations per season (Talekar and Shelton ,1993)
• Although egg production and larval survival of P. xylostella are inhibited by temperature above 30°C (Yamada and Kawasaki, 1983).
ABIOTIC FACTORS
MIGRATION
Wind borne
1000km/day
>3000Km
(Mackenzie, 1958)
MANAGEMENT
Leaf defoliation from young diamondbackmoth larva Leaf mines caused by
the first instar larva.
Leaf defoliation from second instar
Complete defoliation
CULTURAL CONTROL
CHEMICAL CONTROL
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
CULTURAL CONTROL
INTERCROPPING
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
CROP ROTATION
SEX PHEROMONES
TRAP CROPPING
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE
(Kimberly et al., 1989)
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
Sprinkler irrigation applied for five minutes at dusk on alternate days over the first three to four weeks of starting of dry period in cabbage field have shown significant reduction in the diamondback moth infestation
(Talekar et al., 1988)
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Sl No.
Species Stage References
I. PARASITOIDS1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Trichogrammatidae )
Trichogramma armigera Nagaraj
Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraj
Cotesia vestalis (=plutellae ) Haliday(Braconidae)
Diadegma collaris Graven horst (Ichneumonidae)
Diadegma semiclausum Horstmann
Oomyzus sokolowskii Kundj (Eulophidae)
Brachymeria exacarinata Gahan (Chalcididae)
Egg
Egg
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Larval-Pupal
Larval-pupal
Pupa
Anuradha (1997)
Manjunath (1972)
Singh and Jalali (1993)
Nagarakatti and Jayanth (1982)Chauhan et al. (1997) and Devi and Raj (1995)Chandramohan (1994)
Nagarakatti and Jayanth (1982)
Cherian and Basheer (1938)
Table 1: Natural enemies of P. xylostella in India
II. PREDATORS
1
2
Chrysoperla cornea Stephens (Chrysopidae )
Coranus sp. (Reduvidae : Hemiptera)
Egg & larva
Larva
Anuradha (1997)
Anuradha (1997)
ANTS
1
2
3
Tapinoma melanocephalum (Formicidae ) Componatus sericus
Pheidole sp.
Larva
Larva
Larva
Jayarathnam (1977)Jayarathnam (1977)Jayarathnam (1977)
BIRDS
1
2
Yellow wag tail (Motacilla flava)
Cattle egret (Bulbueus ibis)
Larva
Larva
Jayarathnam (1977)Jayarathnam (1977)
Contd…
III PATHOGENS
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)) Granulosis virus (GV) Paecilomyces farinosus (Fungus)
Beauveria bassiana (Fungus) Zoophthora radicans (Fungus)
Larva
Larva
Larva
Larva
Larva
Larva
Narayan et al. (1970)
Anuradha (1997)
Rabindra et al. (1996)
Anuradha (1997) and Gopalakrishna (1998)
Voon et al. (1999)
Gopalakrishna (1998)
Contd…
Table 2 : In vitro evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against third instar larvae of P. xylostella
(Sajjan, 2006)
BOTANICALS AND ITK
TREATMENTSPercent egg hatch inhibition (TΧC)
Mean5% 7.5%
A. calamus 11.74(20.03)
15.52(23.19)
13.63(21.61)
A. squamosa 21.54(27.63)
31.54(34.15)
26.54(30.89)
A. indica 42.44(40.64)
60.02(50.76)
51.23(45.70)
C. inerme 10.76(19.14)
14.53(22.40)
12.65(20.77)
L. esculentum 1.04(3.40)
2.38(7.24)
1.71(5.32)
M. azedarach 18.60(25.54)
24.29(29.52)
21.45(27.53)
Table 3 : Ovicidal action of aqueous plant extracts on egg hatch inhibition of Plutella xylostella
(Reena, 2000)
O. sanctum 15.71(23.34)
18.60(25.54)
17.16(24.44)
R. communis 7.81(16.22)
12.34(20.56)
10.08(18.39)
V. rosea 11.82(20.10)
20.82(27.14)
16.32(23.62)
V. negundo 24.27(29.50)
26.47(30.95)
25.37(30.23)
Mean 16.58(22.55)
22.65(27.14)
19.62(24.85)
Source S.Em± CD (0.05)
Treatment (T) 0.78 2.24
Concentration (C) 0.35 1.00
TΧC 1.11 3.16
(Reena, 2000)
Table 4 : In vitro evaluation of plant products and panchagavya against third instar larvae of P. xylostella.
(Sajjan, 2006)
(Sajjan, 2006)
CHEMICAL CONTROL
Chemical Subgroup Insecticides Main Group
Organophosphates Profenophos, Malathion 1
Pyrethroids Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate 3
Avermectins Abamectin 6
Diamides Flubendiamide, Rynaxypyr 28
Thiourea Diafenthiuron 12
Nereistoxinanalogues
Cartap 4
Spinosyns Spinosad 5
Table 5 : Registered and Commonly Used Insecticides against DBM
(http://www.irac-online.org)
TREATMENTS CONC(%)Egg mortality
US LS Total
Profenofos 50EC 0.1 45.84 23.42 69.26Fenvalerate 10EC+Honge oil 0.01+0.2 29.21 33.12 62.33Fenvalerate 10EC+Honge oil 0.01+0.2 34.64 23.12 57.85
Lufenuron 5EC 0.005 29.06 17.53 49.59Thiodicarb 75WP O.15 19.21 11.60 31.81
Methomyl 40SP 0.08 18.98 10.49 29.47Polytrin C-44 0.09 15.73 8.36 24.09Carbosulfan 25EC 0.05 14.81 7.91 2.72
Fipronil 5EC 0.005 12.07 5.53 17.60Honge oil 0.2 9.12 8.06 17.18
Table 6: OVICIDAL ACTION OF INSECTICIDES
Methomyl 12.5 L 0.025 10.63 6.31 16.94
Fenvalerate 20EC 0.01 9.41 5.71 15.12
Cypermethrin 10EC 0.005 8.84 4.42 13.76
Sesamum oil 0.2 5.33 4.17 9.50
Methofenozide 22.9 F 0.023 3.37 2.16 5.53
Mean 17.74 11.47 29.32
(Vastad et al., 2004)
TREATMENTS CONC (%) Mortality
24 hr 48hr 72hr
Chlorfenapyr 10SC 0.03 78.60c (62.48)
92.90abc
(74.58)96.40ab
(79.10)
Emamectin benzoate 5SG 0.125 78.60c (62.48)
96.40ab (79.10)
100.00a (90.05)
Flubendiamide 480 SC 0.96 85.70b (67.82)
96.40ab (79.10)
100.00a (90.05)
Indoxacarb 15.8 EC 0.0145 25.00e (30.02)
89.30bcd (70.94)
92.90abc
(74.58)
Lambada cyhalothrin 5 EC 0.0025 3.60g (10.94)
67.90f (55.52)
85.70c (67.82)
Rynaxypyr 18.5 SC 0.0037 40.00d (39.25)
78.60e (89.30)
85.70c (67.82)
Novaluron 10 EC 0.01 40.00d (39.25)
89.30bcd (70.94)
92.90abc
(74.58)
Table 7: Efficacy of novel insecticides against DBM larvae
Profenophos 50 EC 0.1 25.00e (30.02)
82.10de (65.00)
85.70c (67.82)
Spinosad 45 SC 0.009 89.30a (70.94)
100.00a (90.05)
100.00a (90.05)
Thiodicarb 75 WP 03.075 25.00e (30.02)
82.10de (65.00)
85.70c (67.82)
Delfin WG 200mg/50ml 14.30f (22.23)
85.70cde (67.82)
89.30bc (70.94)
Quinalphos 25 EC(Standard check)
0.05 14.30f (22.23)
35.70g (36.71)
57.10d (49.11)
S.Em.± 0.29 0.71 0.76CD at 5% 0.84 2.06 2.23
CV 3.59 4.85 4.89
(Ratnasri, 2012)
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
INSECTICIDE CLASS
COUNTRY MECHANISM
Organophosphates Australia, China, Costa Rica, India, Pakistan, Philippines, South Africa, South Korea
MFO, GST, esterase
Carbamates China, India, South Africa, Taiwan, South Korea _
Pyrethroids Australia, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, United states
MFO, GST, esterase, kdr
Indoxacarb Australia, Brazil, United states, Malaysia,Pakistan
MFO, GST, esterase
Avermectins Brazil, China, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan MFO/esterase
Cyclodiene organochlorines
India
Phenyl pyrazols China, Malaysia, India, Taiwan
Spinosyns Malaysia, United states, Pakistan, Taiwan MFO or esterase
Table 8 :REPORTS OF DIAMOND BACKMOTH FIELD RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES COUNTRY MECHANISMNeriestoxin analogs
China, India, Taiwan, Nicaragua
Neonicotinoids Malaysia
Bt(kurstaki, Cry1A)
Central America, China, India, Malaysia, United States, Taiwan, Thailand
No binding to gut membrane
Bt(aizawai, Cry1C)
Malaysia, United States, Taiwan, Thailand
Chlorfenapyr China, Taiwan
Benzoylureas Brazil, China, Japan, Malaysia, Nicaragua
MFO/esterase
Diacylhydrazines China
Anthranilic diamides
China
( Michael et al., 2013)
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
IRM
IRM
A
D
B
C
EIPM
RESISTANCE MONITRING
ROTATION OF INSECICIDES
SYNERGISTSBt-BRASSICAE
(Cao et al., 2002)
Table 9: Evaluation of Broccoli plants with pyramided cry1Ac and cry1C Bt genes against DBM
SYNERGISTS
Treatments Conc (%) Mortality %
24 hr 48 hr 72 hr
Fenvalerate 20 EC + Sesamum oil 0.01 + 0.2 18.52c 55.56ab 77.78a
Fenvalerate 20 EC+ honge oil 0.01 + 0.4 71.12a 78.51a 79.63a
Fenvalerate 20 EC 0.01 3.72d 33.33bcde 33.33def
Cypermethrin 10 EC + sesamum oil 0.005 + 0.2 22.22c 555.56ab 66.67abc
Cypermethrin 10 EC + honge oil 0.005 + 0.4 73.72a 75.22a 79.63a
Cypermethrin 10 EC 0.005 0.03e 11.12fgh 14.81fgh
Table 10: Synergism of Synthetic Pyrethroids by vegetable oils
Treatments Conc (%) Mortality %
24 hr 48 hr 72 hr
Detamethrin 2.8 EC + Sesamum oil
0.0014 + 0.2 22.23c 40.74bc 40.74be
Detamethrin 2.8 EC + Honge oil 0.0014 + 0.4 51.85ab 77.78a 81.84a
Detamethrin 2.8 EC 0.0014 3.72d 11.11fgh 14.81fgh
Contd…
(Vastrad, 2000)
IPM
Trap cropping
Inter cropping
Botanicals
Natural enemies
Crop rotation
Selective insecticides
Table 11: Details of IPM modules evaluated for the management of P. xyllostella
(Shaila, 2007)
Module Details
Module I (RecommendedPackage of Practices)
Mustard trap crop + 100% RDF, super imposed with sprays of NSKE (5%) at 15 and 25 DAT, malathion(1 ml/l), at 35, 45, 55 and 65 DAT.
Module II (IIHR module ) Mustard trap crop + 100% RDF super imposed with sprays of Btk @ 1 g/l from 15 DAT (5-6 sprays at 10 days interval).
Module III (Adoptive Module)
Mustard trap crop + neem cake 250 kg/ha + 50% RDF super imposed with sprays of Btk (1 g/l) @ 15 and 45 DAT, spinosad (1.2 ml/l) at 25 and 55 DAT, Emamectin benzoate (0.3 g/l) at 35 & 65 DAT.
Module IV (Biointensivemodule)
Mustard trap crop + neem cake 250 kg/ha + 50% N and 100% P and K super imposed with sprays of NSKE (5%) at 15 and 45 DAT, T. bactrae (50,000/ha) at 21 DAT, Btk (1.5 ml/l) at 25 & 55 DAT, novaluron (1 ml/l) at 35 and 65 DAT.
Table 12: Effect of IPM modules on P. xylostella population in cabbage
(Shaila, 2007)
ModulesNo. of larvae/plant
15 DAT 30 DAT 45 DAT 60 DAT 75 DAT Mean
M1 – RPP Module 10.37c
(3.30)7.51d
(2.83)5.73d
(2.49)4.85d
(2.31)3.17d
(1.91)6.33d
(2.57)
M2 – IIHR Module 10.19c
(3.27)2.84b
(1.83)0.88b
(1.17)0.44b
(0.97)0.27b
(0.88)2.92b
(1.87)
M3 – Adoptive Module
5.88a
(2.50)1.37a
(1.37)0.21a
(0.84)0.13a
(0.79)0.01a
(0.71)1.52a
(1.42)
M4 - Bio intensive Module
7.12b
(2.76)4.82c
(2.30)3.17c
(1.91)1.55c
(1.42)0.79c
(1.12)3.49c
(2.00)
SUMMARY
PROSPECTS
GENETICALLY MODIFIED DBM
PREDATORY FAUNA
Mating Disruption
Bt-BRASSICAE
• Diamondback moth, P. xylostella is one of the most destructive pests of cruciferous vegetables in the world and has been reported from at than 128 countries.
• High temperature, relative humidity, heavy rain are the important abiotic factors and an a wide range of natural enemies including parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens are the important biotic factors affecting the diamondback moth population.
• DBM have developed resistance to organophosphates, Organoclorines, Carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, newer insecticides and also to the microbial products including Bacillus thuringiensis .
• IRM strategy for DBM back moth mainly consist of resistance monitoring, rotation of insecicides, Use of synergists and trangenic plants and IPM
• IPM considered to be the most important tool of IRM .
SUMMARY
C0NCLUSION
Thank you
