Developing a Pedagogy of Technology in Physical Education

Living Beyond the material world:

Isn’t it time to develop a pedagogy of technology for physical education?

Dr Ashley Casey

“”“the possibilities are

endless; what is needed is imagination

Fernández-Balboa, 2003

In considering the journey toward technological integration in Physical Education are we missing a vital step?

A B

Are we assuming that change is a

A B

Are we assuming that change is a journey from A to B?

A B

Are we forgetting that change is a often a journey from A to B?

A B

Are we trying to start

A B

straight at

A B

and forgetting where we are now?

A B

at the imagining?

“”

“If I don’t practice for a day, I know

it. If I don’t practice for two days, the critics know it. And if I

don’t practice for three days, the public knows it.

Louis Armstrong

“”“I'm not out there sweating for three

hours every day just to find out what it feels like to sweat.

Michael Jordan

“”“The fight is won or lost far away from

witnesses - behind the lines, in the gym, and out there on the road, long

before I dance under those lights.

Mohammad Ali

Basketball

“

”

10,000 hours. That is the difference between success and non-success, genius and mediocrity

Gladwell 2008

So why when we get one of these ...

Do we expect to take it straight into our

classrooms?

How many hours have we practice with it?

Are we putting the horse before the cart?

Are we putting the horse before the cart?

Are we doing things in the wrong order?

Shouldn’t we decide what to do here?

before buying this...?

or at least bringing it in here?

In other words...

...are we putting the technology before the

pedagogy?

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Pedagogy

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Pedagogy

Technology

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Pedagogy

Technology

Pedagogy of technology

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Pedagogy

Technology


“Material World”

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Pedagogy

What is pedagogy?

What is pedagogy?

hard “g”

What is pedagogy?

soft “g”

“”“pedagogy is under-defined, often

referring to no more than a teaching style, a matter of

personality and temperament, the mechanics of securing classroom control to encourage learning,

Lusted, 1986

“”“Yet pedagogy means different things in different langauages

Tinning 2011

“”“the roots of the term come from the ancient greek work Pedagogue

Tinning 2011

“”“a man having the oversight of a child or a youth, an attendant who led the boy from home to school, a man whose occupation is the

instruction of children and youths

Oxford English Dictionary, 1989

Yet the Greeks don’t use the term in this way

In the Czech Republic pedagogy is a negative term

connected with the communist notion of the ideal state.

“”“In Sweden it is a discipline that extends to the consideration of the development of health and bodily fitness, social and moral welfare, ethics and aesthetics...

Tinning 2011

With these mixed meanings it is important to understand

how I am interpreting the term pedagogy.

It appears that the word only really entered the

mainstream vocabulary of education in the last decade

“”“pedagogy [was originally] equated with teaching and instruction and

didactics

Tinning, 2011

“”“[more recently] another term often used in conjunction with

pedagogy is curriculum

Tinning, 2011

“”“Pedagogy as the science of teaching

Tinning 2011

These ideas move beyond

“”“The irreducible three way relationship linking teacher, students and a piece of knowledge to be taught and learned

Amade-Escot 2006

Drawing on the European word ‘didactique’

“”“The notion of pedagogy that we

are working with here can be defined by its three key elements

of learning, teaching and curriculum

Kirk, Macdonald and O’Sullivan 2006

Teaching

Curriculum

Learning

Pedagogy

It becomes the place where teaching, learning and curriculum meet.

“”“Pedagogy is the most profound relationship that an adult can have with a child

Van Manen 1980

It is where we decide what we want to achieve here

By thinking about what ‘she’ needs

within a wider curriculum context

before we buy this

or at least use it here

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Pedagogy

Technology

“”“ Technology in education is

commonly defined as a technical device or tool used to

enhance instruction.

Okojle, Ollnzock and Okejle-Boulder, 2006

Technology

Technology

Hardware

Technology

Hardware

Software

Technology

Hardware

Software

Fixed

Technology

Portable

Hardware

Software

Fixed

Technology

Portable

Social Media

Hardware

Software

Fixed

Technology

Portable

Social Media

Internet

Hardware

Software

Fixed

Technology

???

???

???

???

???

???

“”“It is difficult to imagine schools without technology

Baert, 2012

“”“We are currently preparing students for jobs that don’t yet exist, using technologies that

haven’t yet been invented in order to solve problems that we haven’t

identified as problems yet

Richard Riley

yet

“”“the fact that the massive

investment in technology has had such limited impact on enhancing

student learning is worrying

Tearle and Golder, 2008

But who ‘lives’ in our schools?

Digital Natives

Palfrey and Gasser 2008

“”“Born digital...they all have access to networked digital technologies. And they all have the skills to use

those technologies.


Digital Settlers


“”“although not native to the digital

environment...often quite sophisticated in their use of these technologies but they also rely on

traditional analog interactions


Digital Immigrants


“”“learnt how to email and use social networks late in life


These are the people contesting the

technological environment

yet

“”“ Fullan (2013) argues that the digital lives of children are haphazard and occur either outside of the classroom (in the free spaces

around school) or more significantly beyond the school gates but not in lessons.

Casey, 2014

But why?

“”“With the integration of

technology into the daily lives of students, there is a concern of

how well teachers are prepared to teach with technology

Hasselbring et al, 2000

for many of the adults in schools and

universities

“”“technology is still an

imposed and novel ‘outsider’ in the pedagogy of schools

Watson, 2001

“”“While technologies have been

found useful within education, studies indicate that teachers do

not feel prepared to use technology in their instruction

McGovern, 2003

It seems essential that

“”“ [teachers] grasp this technological reality and use it both in and

beyond the classroom.

McNeill andFry, 2012

What is said about Technology in PE?

“”“Although discipline-specific technology has been developed,

generally, technology inclusion has not become commonplace in

physical education

Gibbone, Rukavina and Silverman, 2010

“”

“in the UK, the Government’s inspectorate, the Office for

Standards in Education (OFSTED), recently concluded that few schools routinely use Information Communication

Technology (ICT) in PE

OfSTED, 2012

“”“Furthermore, they suggested that

of those schools who do use ICT less than 1 in 10 use it

purposefully to engender student interest or to support learning.

OfSTED, 2012

“”“... best ICT practice in physical

education [was found to be] the use of interactive

whiteboards, still images, digital cameras and video analysis.

OfSTED, 2012

“”“The majority of tools currently used are those

related to traditional computer technologies

Baert, 2012

“”“the commonest use of ICT

was to monitor, assess, record and report on

pupils.

Casey and Jones, 2011

“”“OfSTED reported that less

than 10% of the lessons observed used ICT to stimulate learning and engagement, and

that few schools routinely used ICT in physical education.

OfSTED, 2009

“”“the most widely used piece of ICT equipment

was a compact disc player

Thomas and Stratton, 2006

“”“computer technologies, pedometers and heart rate monitors were tools most

often integrated

Baert, 2012

“”“The disparity between innovation and the current use of technology

in physical education is stark.

Casey and Jones, 2011

“”“technology [is] in danger of

becoming a box ticking exercise in which teachers argue that they

“do that” rather than it being an aid to learning.

Hastie, Casey and Tarter, 2010

“”“it is deeply worrying that the

massive investment in technology has had such limited

impact on enhancing student learning

Tearle and Golder, 2008

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Pedagogy

Technology


“”“The speed at which such tools are

introduced into society makes one wonder about how technology is integrated within education in a

way that it preserves the quality of effective instruction

Baert, 2012

“”“ Successive Governments have recognised the importance of ITC

in schools [yet] these technologies are only entering

schools very slowly.

Akkoyunlu, 2002

This is despite the fact that

“”“ICT is often perceived as a

catalyst for change, change in teaching style, change in learning approaches, and change in access to information.

Watson, 2001

Yet

“”“ Using technology to enhance the

educational process involves more than just learning how to use specific pieces of hardware and software. It requires an understanding of pedagogical principles that are specific to the use of technology in an instructional settings

Diaz and Bontembal, 2000

“”“in order to use educational technologies effectively, teachers should be trained in the use of

technologies and their integration into the teaching/learning process.

Akkoyunlu, 2002

“”“lack of training, personal comfort levels, availability of

equipment and time

Martin, 2003

“”“educators either teach themselves how to use technology or learn it

from others

Baert, 2012

The key is not to isolate technology from the

pedagogical processes that it is intended to support

“”“ Technology integration is complex and is made up of

processes of interconnected activities.

Okojle et al, 2006

“”“ educational technology

might include media, models, projected and non-projected

visual, as well as audio, video and digital media.

Lever-Duffy, McDonald and Mizell, 2005

“”“ teachers should connect instructional

technology with the learning objectives, methods of instruction, learning style and pace of learning,

assessment and evaluation strategies, including follow-up procedures.

Okojle et al, 2006

“”“ [teachers] did not resist

technology per se but agreed that they could not fully integrate it into their own practices because of the

organisational, administrative, pedagogical, or personal constraints

Leh, 2005

“”“ Infusing technology into a curriculum is less likely to make an impact on students’ learning if technology is not considered as a component of instruction.

Okojle et al, 2006

“”“ The teacher should be able

to assess the appropriateness of any technology used for

teaching and learning in relation to specific instruction.

Okojle et al, 2006

“”

“ When you go to the hardware store to buy a drill, you don’t

actually want a drill, you want a hole, they don’t sell holes at the hardware store, but they do sell drills, which are the technology

used to make holes…

Fletcher, 2006

“”

“…We must not lose sight that technology for the

most part is a tool and it should be used in

applications which address educational concerns.

Fletcher, 2006

“”“ Technology in education is not a mere object to be introduced into teaching and learning activities at

will without considering basic principles of learning and sound

teaching methodology.

Okojle, Ollnzock and Okejle-Boulder, 2006

What pedagogical principles guide the use of technology

for teaching and learning within the curriculum?

Pedagogy

we know how to teach people to film

each other...

...but have we worked out how to teach them about what to film, what to look for, how to give feedback that helps them and the

person/people they filmed to learn and develop?

In his work…

Bozkurt suggested that there were four

fundamental dimensions of technological

integration

Technical Knowledge

Technical Knowledge

Awareness of Opportunities

Technical Knowledge


Knowing the Limitations

Technical Knowledge



Pedagogy of Technology

Technical Knowledge

“”“ Teachers need to understand

the technical details of the technology and know how to

use it effectively.

Bozkurt, 2011

“”“In addition, teachers need to

know how to solve lower level technical problems that can occur in relation to that

technology.

Bozkurt, 2011

“”“A teacher also needs to have

a basic understanding of the language and terms (even in a foreign language) used in the

application.

Bozkurt, 2011

Technical Knowledge


“”“ One of the basic reasons for using technology is to eliminate

the hard-to-overcome procedures with the help of

technological facilities.

Bozkurt, 2011

In the past feedback was instantaneous. The teacher

watched the performance and gave verbal or even written

feedback

The only record of this was the student’s memory

Yet with apps like “Coaches Eye” or “Ubersense” this

feedback is both instantaneous and ‘saveable’ so students can revisit it as many times as they want

Technical Knowledge

Awareness of


“”“ It is as important to be aware of the limitations of

technology as is knowing the opportunities it presents

Bozkurt, 2011

Using video analysis technology is limited by the number of computers or tablets you have. Any ratio less than one per student means that

either someone is doing nothing or they are doing something else.

That is not to suggest that you shouldn’t use video

analysis...

just that you do need to know how to compensate

for these limitation

Technical Knowledge

Awareness of



“”“ This is necessary for the

appropriate use of technology for particular

student groups.

Bozkurt, 2011

Like pedagogy itself it is not a ‘one size fits all’

“”“ For example, a teacher

can assess his or her students’ performance

using electronic portfolios

Bozkurt, 2011

“”“ However, to achieve this, the teacher needs to know how to use the technology to support

rather than replace the teaching.

Bozkurt, 2011

“”“In addition, the teacher should be

able to determine which technology is appropriate to use by considering the level of the

student group he or she is teaching

Bozkurt, 2011

Technical Knowledge




If we return to our hardware example...

Where we wanted a hole but had to buy a drill...

The teacher should find out what they want to

achieve...

and then find the appropriate technology

...so we put the pedagogy before the

technology

Rather than buying a Birmingham Screwdriver


Industrial slang for a hammer. A multipurpose tool for fixing problems


“whack it with that Birmingham driver and see it it works”

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Pedagogy

Technology


“Material World”

“”“[we need to consider that] at

even broader societal levels, technological literacy has become

a somewhat unquestioned component of long-term personal

and professional success

Cleary, Pierce,and Trauth, 2006

“”“ 2014, it is estimated that 90% of

all people in the United States will be online with dramatically faster,

high-speed networks

Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes, 2009

“”“ Ninety percent of school-age

youth use the Internet, with adolescents ages 12 to 17

representing the largest and fastest-growing group of users

Greenhow,et al, 2009

“”“ Recent national surveys (in the USA) report that the majority of

teenagers go online daily or several times a day, mostly from home

Greenhow,et al, 2009

However, let’s look at this from a different

perspective

2014, it is estimated that 10% of all people in the United States will not be online

2014, it is estimated that 10% of all people in the United States will not be online

If the USA has a population of 316 million that means that

31.6 Million are not online

Ten percent of school-age youth can’t use the Internet

A minority of teenagers rarely go online and never from home

The digital divide

“”

“We must look at the stark reality that there is a continuing

achievement gap between the rich and the poor, and between whites

and minority students, ... and it will only get bigger if we do not close the digital divide as well.

Richard Riley

“”“inequalities across schools can

involve differences in physical access to ICTs, such as computers

and the internet.

Wood and Howley, 2012

“”“...and teachers simply having the confidence that activities designed

around the World Wide Web would not be foiled by an

unreliable internet connection.

Wood and Howley, 2012

This is another debate but...

When considering ICT use in Physical education it is vital

that we not only consider the dimensions of technological

integration

Technical Knowledge




i.e. we identify the hole here

and then use the correct tools

we also need to consider

we also need to consider

How all children access this technology

thanks for listening

I can be found on twitter@DrAshCasey

I write a weekly blog atwww.peprn.com

http://www.peprn.com

I publish a weekly podcast at

peprn.podomatic.com

http://peprn.podomatic.com

Where I talk about physical education

research

Image ReferencesSlide 1 - apple wireless keyboard and magic mouse by duckycards on iStock Slide 12 -[Portrait of Louis Armstrong, Carnegie Hall, New York, N.Y., ca. Apr. 1947] (LOC) on Flickr Slide 13 - Michael Jordan from Nike Slide 14 - zoom_Greenlight_MuhammadAli_1 Slide 15 - trumpet by rachelb56 on flickr Slide 16 - basketball by Curtis M. Kularski on flickr Slide 17 - boxing glove by kaybee07 on flickr Slide 18 - time by songallery on Flickr Slide 19 - iStockphoto editorial Slide 20 - iStockphoto Slide 59 - Happy Birthday by Maria Pavlova on iStockphoto.jpg Slide 60 - Flickr Slide 94 - old fashioned basketball court by ryanmcginnisphoto on flickr.jpg Slide 186 - Little boy & family with digital tablet from iStock