Name : Desy Rosnita Sari First presentation (March 28th 2014)

ID : P28017016

In the first article, Jacobs (1980) in “Looking back; making city planning work” provided a sort of

Jacobs’ reflection on his experiences as a planner during his duty as San Francisco’s planning director

(1967-1974). He pictures out the flavor of doing planning under governmental setting, where he won or

failed the battle. He reveals some strategies and tactics used by him and his agency in trying to influence

various policy decisions for San Francisco’s city planning. He both explicitly and implicitly informs that

planning can indeed work if skilled, dedicated and committed people are willing to devote sufficient

energy into the job. Base on his experience, he also points out that programs directly under planning

department that could be achieved through legislative action has higher possibility to be successful, and

he supports Planning Division office to be located in Planning commission with its semi-authority rather

than in the executive area. Jacobs sums-up his article by leaving five strengthen points to the young

planners in order to build up a good planner, which are; (1) It is important to have a qualified, trained,

dedicated planner in order to solve urban problems. (2) It should be Bottom-up planning with qualified

planner to get democratically determined people needs. (3) Planner limitation may substitute by consultant

in some substantive area, but still planners have to be able to relate subject question with partners. (4)

Planner must have strong argument upon their utopia prediction/vision relate to quality of urban

environment they involve in shaping it. (5) Best level plan is response purely to local needs and

circumstance, develop locally, and carried out with local resource.

In the second article, Forester (1989) in” Planning in the face of power” tries to reminded the

reader to acknowledge the vulnerability of democracy, which are power, professional responsibility,

political action, ideology, domination, inequality, resistance, illegitimate authority, and democratizing

practice that all come together bounded in urban development process. Forester comes with questions that

How planners can work to fulfill their legal mandate to foster a genuinely democratic planning process?

And what kind power can planner have in the way to improve urban living quality? Tried to answer the

questions, firstly Forester argues that to be effective, planners can overcome the traditional dichotomies

of being either professional or political by using information as an important source of planner’s power,

because inequality of power directly structured planning practice. He states that planners who are blind to

relations of power will inevitably fail in their practice. And secondly, he assess five perspectives of the

planner’s use of information. Those are of the technician, incremental pragmatist, liberal advocate,

structuralism, and progressive. Several types of misinformation such as inevitable or unnecessary and ad

hoc or systematic are presented as rationality bounding in planning process that practical responses by

planner with comprehensive, sincerity or trust, legitimate, and with adequate knowledge.

The third article, Khrumholz and Forester (1978) in “To be professionally effective, be politically

articulate”, actually is a review of Cleveland political experience in the practice of equity planning during

Khrumholz’s duty as Cleveland’s Planning Director (1969-1979). While in that time, equality and racial

justice issues emerged in the nation. Khrumholz and his fellows achieve progressively program and

policies that resulted; changes in Ohio’s property law, improvement in public-service delivery, protection

in transit services for the most transit-dependent, and rescue of city parklands and beach. And then a

question rise: How was this successes can be accomplished Khrumholz and his fellows? Through this

article, authors mentioned that in order to have an effective planning process, planners have to be

professional able, organizationally astute, and, most of all is politically articulate. And according to

authors, there are sic aspects planner should has for being politically articulate; (1) Anticipating problems

and organizing support, (2) Shaping the new agenda, (3) Building a reputation for practical equity-oriented

analysis. (4) Practical rhetoric and publicity, (5) Relation with the media, and (6) Strengthening planning

analyses by using outside expertise. Keywords: Politic in planning, Planning profession, Planning process, and Planners’ power.

Name : Desy Rosnita Sari Second presentation (May 16th 2014)

ID : P28017016

In the first article, Thomson (1965) in “Economic growth and development; processes, stages, and

determinants” tries to express steps of urban growth process, including success and failure story of growth

steps of American cities such as Boston, Pittsburg, and Detroit. Author informs about America tends to

be a country of very large cities which are growth and development might create urban problems, resulted

from interurban competition, which are size of distribution and spatial pattern of cities is a vital element

in urban economic. Author states, there are five stages a city might experience during her growth; export

specialization, export complex, economic maturation, regional metropolis, and technical-professional

virtuosity. Author indicates not every city with original growth will able to keep the speed of growth.

Sometime it requires structure and infrastructure upgrading in order to generate sufficient growth force

into the stage of large town and replaces import by own-use to reach general industry stage. Author

illustrates growth mechanism of cities as similar to ratchet which are five factors that interconnected one

to another exists to preserve the growth of the city; industrial diversification, electoral voter resource,

city’s low cost of service, mass potential costumer, and labors supplier. Author concludes the article by

reminding us to disadvantages if we put urban area into infinite growth. He argues that it is need to

consider an absolute size of urban area, used as a brake of growth, otherwise government will face the

increasing cost, decreasing quality of public service, and managerial inefficiency.

The second article “Development planning as the only game in town” written by collaboration

Peattie, Cornell, and Rein (1985). It describes about the development planning process in Boston during

late 1960’s until early 1980’s and explained why development planning becomes a primary concern in

American city government such as Boston by examined development projects process as well as the role

of planners in planning process. Authors argue that development planning is a planning for business

because the effort to produce city environment in which profit-making enterprise can successfully function,

and also to introduce this kinds of enterprise to be able to located in the community. In fact this idea found

uneasy to be implemented considering to its multi actor collaboration with diverse interest agenda.

Authors inform that to understand the logic of development planning process can be understood from

understanding the development package, which is typically concise of four components (land, political

support, public fund, and private investment). Planner acts to unify all components into physical outcome,

promote it to obtain public fund or private investor and drumming-up the idea to have political support.

Community participation will stand to keep the process in democracy stage and leaded planners into a

better design. Author also reminds us about critics, addressed to a certain development project, mostly its

purpose was not to improve the quality of project rather than based on political game that tends to confront

some decision. Here, planners need to anticipate issues or conflict rise-up during or after some particular

projects have done.

The third article “Converting the military industrial economy: the experience at six facilities”

written by collaboration Hill, Deitrick, and Markusen (1991). Article focus on enormous challenge of

converting military facilities in USA into civilian use and differentiating demand side from supply side

approaches in order to face cut-back budget in America military during 1990s-2000s that effected job

market relate military sector, military dedicated plant, defense manufactures, and direct or indirect impact

to public infrastructure that might affect national economy stability from recession. Authors inform, in

military industrial sectors, state stand as buyer and private sector as supplier, and examined six conversion

efforts implemented in 1980s with four alternative models of conversion that organized around a different

target and lead actors; converting the company, converting the economic development model, converting

the individual employee, and converting the facility. Authors found that none has been succeeded in the

narrow sense of preserving jobs but as a group, the cases demonstrate the ability and willingness of defense

workers to plan for civilian work. The conversion efforts share a common obstacles in aspect of

unsuitability of current business in the commercial markets competition. Keywords: Urban economic, Development planning, Conversion economic development, and Planning process.

Name : Desy Rosnita Sari Third presentation (will be presented on June 20th 2014)

ID : P28017016

In the first article, Arnstein (1969) in “A ladder of citizen participant” discuss about what is citizen

participation? What is its relationship to the social imperative of our time? The author then comes with

the answer that citizen participation is categorical term for citizen power. The retribution of power that

enable the have-not citizens who is presently excluded from political and economic processes to be

deliberately included in the future. Author explains a typology of eight level of citizen participation

arranged in ladder pattern which contains rungs of power; manipulation, therapy, informing, consultation,

placation, partnership, delegated power, and citizen control. Two first rungs describ as non-participation

level, the next three rungs is the progress to the level of tokenism, and the last three rungs on the top are

the level of citizen power where have-not citizens obtain the majority of decision-making seats. To

juxtapose the powerless citizen with the powerful group in the ladder seen as the limitation of the typology

by the author because in reality, each group encompass a host of divergent point of view, significance

cleavages, competing vested interests, and splintered subgroup. Author also reminds us that the typology

does not include an analysis of significant obstacle such as racism, paternalism, and resistance to power

retribution from power-holder’s side and inadequacies of the have-not community political socioeconomic

infrastructure and knowledge-based, plus difficulty of organizing a representative and accountable

people’s group in the face of futility, alienation and distrust.

In the second article, Goldsmith (1979) in “The ghetto as the resource of black America” tries to

provide a different perspective that more positive to our view of the ghetto. Rather than illustrating it as

chaotic poor community, crime-infested in environment, society hold almost no power over political

institution, and etc. Author argues that ghetto has considerable economic and political strength that can be

used to further African-American. There are three-set of alternative approach presenting by the author in

order to explore the potential of the ghetto as a resource of African-American development;

suburbanization and employment, ghetto capitalism, and internal colonialism.

In the third article, Weaver (1985) in “The first twenty years of HUD” tries to review the Housing

and Urban Department (HUD) performance after twenty years of President Johnson’s signing into law the

department of HUD (1965) that gave cabinet-level status to HUD and the author was pointed as secretary

of the new department (1966) with his top priority for HUD was to coordinate the existing constituent

units of Housing and Home Agency (HHF) while urban crisis seemed to be at its height that time. The

trace of HUD’s evolution are incudes policies, programs, and performance that discussed about what HUD

has learn, achievement and the deficiencies of HUD, several unsolved issue, and also prediction of future

HUD activities. According to the author, HUD had fail to improve urban development especially housing

sector. Author states, besides suffered from under funding during president Johnson time, because he

focused more to Vietnam war than domestic need, the ambitious new urban and housing program were

never give a chance for adjustment in large scale innovation. In short unclear goals of department has

permitted continual sudden shifts in priority and vacillation in program direction. Keywords: Participation, Citizen’s power, Ghetto development, and House and Urban Development (HUD).