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Unit 4: Depression Era Politics
Russia, Germany & the United States
Analyzing Key Concepts: Communism
• Communism: the political system in which all property and wealth is owned in a classless society by ALL the members of that society
Concept Map: Communism
Communism
ON THE BACK OF YOUR CONCEPT MAP ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN PENCIL: In your opinion, is communism an effective way to govern?
Why does it matter?
• Turn & Talk (1 minute)
PROFILE: Tsar Nicolas II (Russia) • Born 1868• Became Tsar 1896• Married Alexandra of Hesse
(England) • Absolute Rule• Rejected ideas of reform• Interested in far East• Not effective• Family man• Abdicated in 1917• Killed 1918 (Lenin)
Russia, 1905-1941
• EQ 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?
• EQ 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?
• EQ 3: How did Stalin gain and hold on to power?
• EQ 4: What was the impact of Stalin’s economic policies?
EQ 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?
• FP 1: How well did the Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
• FP 2: How did the Tsar survive the 1905 revolution?
• FP 3: How far was the Tsar weakened by the First World War?
• FP 4: Why was the revolution of March 1917 successful?
FP 1: How well did the Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
• Russia was a vast empire, not a single country
• 20+ nationalities • Only 40% spoke Russian • Some groups hated the Tsar for racial
prejudice and attacks sponsored by the government
FP 1: How well did the Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
• Tsar Empire – Aristocracy:
• 1.5 percent of the population, but owned 25% of the land • elegant lifestyles, multiple homes (cities and towns) • Greatest fear – peasants would rise up and take their lands
– Middle Class:• The Capitalists; landowners, bankers, traders, businessmen, EDUCATED • Location – Towns
– Working Class: • Lived & worked in filth, overcrowding, poor food, disease & alcoholism • Location – cities
– Peasants: loyal to Tsar • 80% of population• Lived & worked in poor conditions, famine, starvation, LE = 40, no education• Location - Countryside
FP 1: How well did the Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
• Short Response – in notebook with box – Page 100 -101– Box 2: Look at Sources 3 and 5. Were workers in
the town any better off than their cousins in the countryside? EXPALIN YOUR ANSWER!
• Class discussion!
FP 1: How well did the Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
• Tsar Government– Absolute rule; believed God had placed him there– Supported by Russian Church– Gave no rights to the people, even though most
great powers have given their people some say in how they were run
• Control – Resistance was limited – Police State: land captains and local governors
FP 1: How well did the Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
• Answer the question in your notebook, and place a box around it.
• Class discussion!
FP 2: How did the Tsar survive the 1905 revolution?
• The 1905 Revolution pg. 104 -105• We read the following pages as a class, and
completed the FOCUS TASK (pg. 105) for this section of the text.
• This should be placed within your regular notes when returned
FP 3: How far was the Tsar weakened by the First World War?
• Country: – At first it brought the country together; starts to crumble
• The Army: – Blamed the Tsar for defeats & working conditions – Joined the revolution (Bolshevik Party)
• Peasants & Workers:– Widows and orphans needed state aid (not always given)– Not paid for work, food & fuel shortages
• Middle Class:– Rallied behind the troops (Red Cross)– Wanted a more representative government – not given
• Aristocracy: – Asked Tsar to step down; mainly due to peasant revolts
FP 4: Why was the revolution of March 1917 successful?
• Most of the Tsar’s army joined the revolution• Duma was ready to set up the Provisional
Government when the Tsar stepped down
EQ 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?
• FP 1: How effectively did the Provisional Government rule Russia in 1917?
• FP 2: Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power in November 1917?
• FP 3: How successful was the New Economic Policy?
PROFILE: Vladimir Lenin (Russia)
• Born 1870 • Brother hanged for plotting against
the Tsar• Thrown out of college for political
beliefs – eventually graduated • Revolutionary news writer (The
Spark)• Deported to Siberia • Forced to flee Russia, but returns to
lead the Bolsheviks to power in 1917
FP 1: How effectively did the Provisional Government rule Russia in 1917?
• Goal – set up free elections
• Many did not believe that they had enough power to set up & enforce elections
• Also it would take too long – wanted a quick fix
FP 2: Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power in November 1917?
• Lenin & Trotsky told people what they wanted to hear – QUICK CHANGE!
• Slogans: “Peace, Land and Bread” ; it’s what the people wanted most!
• 800,000 members in the right positions (military & industry centers)
FP 2: Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power in November 1917?
• Russia under Lenin– 1: Peace w/ Germany– 2: Peasants given Tsar &
Churches’ land – 3: Factories given to
workers – 4: Bolsheviks dealt w/
opponents ruthlessly– 5: Promised free elections
FP 2: Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power in November 1917?
• Russia under Lenin– 5: Promised free elections• Held free elections, but
Bolsheviks did not gain majority within the Assembly (Source 1 – pg. 117).• Lenin sent Red Guards to
close it down. • Russia democratic
experiment lasted less then 24 hours
Evidence Based ResponseOn the provided notecard, respond to the following question. You must site the evidence you use to support your response using pages 111-113 in your GCSE textbook.Q: How effective was the Provisional Government?A:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________...• Be sure your notecard has your name and period.• This is an individual assignment and is due
tomorrow, 1/14/16
FP 3: How successful was the New Economic Policy?
• War Communism (Old EP)-– All large factories taken by G.– All production & trade controlled by G.– Strikers could be shot – Peasants gave all surplus of food to G. to be rationed – Free enterprise made illegal
• Resulted in…– Famine, cannibalism, uprisings
FP 3: How successful was the New Economic Policy?
• New Economic Policy (1921) – brought capitalism to some sectors of Russia (Source 21 pg. 124) – Peasants were allowed to sell their surplus grain – Private ownership of small factories – Private trading of small goods– Heavy industries still in the hands of the government
• Resulted in…– 1925 it was working – every sector was producing
more! Why?
Lenin Dies
• Suffered several strokes in 1922 & 1923• Left paralyzed • Eventually died in January 1924• Helped to draw up the constitution that
would turn Russia into Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
PROFILE: Leon Trotsky (Russia)
• Born 1879• Brilliant• Deported to Siberia for political
beliefs • Met Lenin in London 1902 • Eventually supported the
Bolsheviks• Lead the Bolsheviks to victory in
the Civil War 1918
PROFILE: Joseph Stalin (Russia) • Born 1879• Father left when he was young • Stalin – “Man of steel” • Exiled to Siberia by Tsarist secret
police • Stole from banks to fund party• Hardworking• Held grudges = enemies suffer• Made name for himself when he
successfully defended Stalningrad during Civil War
Group Assignment• EQ 3 & EQ 4 (Slides 26 - • Students will get into
groups of 2 or 3.• You will be assigned an FP
within EQ 3 or EQ 4.• Assignment:– Create a PPT slide (1-2)
with your FP at the top. – Answer your question
completely!– Remember to include at
least one picture
EQ 3: How did Stalin gain and hold on to power? Student Group Project!
• FP 1: Why did Stalin, and not Trotsky, emerge as Lenin’s successor? (pg. 126 – 127)
• FP 2: Why did Stalin launch the Purges? (pg. 134) What, How & Why
• FP 3: What methods did Stalin use to control the Soviet Union? (pg.135-136) P,S,E
• FP 4: How complete was Stalin’s control over the Soviet Union by 1941? (p 126-136) P,S,E – Why or Why Not
FP 1: Why did Stalin, and not Trotsky, emerge as Lenin’s successor?
• The public saw Lenin as being closer to Stalin than Trotsky.– Why?• Stalin made every effort to associate himself with
Lenin before his death.• Used his (boring) positions in the Communist Party to
place his supporters into important post – opponents posted elsewhere • Ruthless against rivals • A man’s man – people could relate!
FP 2: Why did Stalin launch the Purges?
FP 3: What methods did Stalin use to control the Soviet Union?
FP 4: How complete was Stalin’s control over the Soviet Union by 1941?
EQ 4: What was the impact of Stalin’s economic policies? Student Group Project
• FP 1: Why did Stalin introduce the Five-Year Plans? (pgs. 128-130) What & Why
• FP 2: Why did Stalin introduce collectivization? (pgs. 132 -133) What & Why
• FP 3: How successful were Stalin’s economic changes? (pgs. 128-133) Yes/No - Explain
• FP 4: How were the Soviet people affected by these changes? (pgs. 131 – 133)
FP 1: Why did Stalin introduce the Five-Year Plans?
• Goal: MONDERIZATION – Wanted to be the leading producer of heavy industries (coal, iron, electricity and oil)– Five-Year Plan 1: • Focused on major industries and increasing production• New steel mills – dams – hydroelectric power – cities
– Five-Year Plan 2: • Mining for lead, tin, zinc – transportation –
communications – Moscow underground railway – Five – Year Plan 3: • Focused on consumer goods – did not happen because???
FP 2: Why did Stalin introduce collectivization?
• What is collectivization?– Small plots of farm land put together to create
one large farm– Peasants were able to keep small plots for
personal use– Animals and tools were pooled – Government supplied tractors– 90% of everything produced was to be given to
the government
FP 2: Why did Stalin introduce collectivization?
• Why?
FP 3: How successful were Stalin’s economic changes?
• Focus Task (pg. 133)• Draw up a chart like the one in your book.• Fill it out as fully as you can with details from
pages 128-133• Use the chart to write a short response
comparing the success of the two policies.
FP 4: How were the Soviet people affected by these changes?
Germany, 1918 - 1945
• EQ 1: Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?
• EQ 2: Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?
• EQ 3: How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 1933-1945?
• EQ 4: What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?
PROFILE: Adolf Hitler – Early Years• Early Years:
– Born 1889, Austria; moved to Germany at age 3– 4th of 6 children - Hated father; loved mother– Enjoyed the orderliness of German Nationalism – 16 – wanted to be a painter, but not successful
(hobo in Vienna)– Began to hate foreigners and Jews – Joined German Army – 1914 (messenger-
Somme)– Did not accept the TofV & Weimar democracy…– After war became an intelligence officer – Wanted the “glorious days” to return– Joined German Workers Party in 1919, designed
banner and people loved him – Arrested for treason; wrote Mein Kampf – “My
Struggle”
PROFILE: Adolf Hitler – Early Years• Rise to Power:
– Great Depression – here he comes! – Ran for president of Germany and came in 2nd both times; given office of
Chancellor (2nd in command) – Used position to become dictator like – stopped basic rights & detention w/o
trial – Slowly took over the rest of the Government – July 1933 Nazi Party was the only legal party in Germany – Punished all who rose up against him – Social Reforms
• anti-smoking & anti-slaughter of animals (but not drinking!) • Racial hygiene: banned marriages between Jews and Germans• “non-Aryans” denied citizenship • Approved euthanasia program for all disabled adults and children
EQ 1: Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?
• FP 1: How did Germany emerge from defeat at the end of the First World War?
• FP 2: What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the Republic?
• FP 3: To what extent did the Republic recover after 1923?
• FP 4: What were the achievements of the Weimar period?
FP 1: How did Germany emerge from defeat in the First World War?
• Focus Task (pg. 139)– Part 1: Make a list of the challenges facing Ebert
when he took over Germany in 1918. Organize them into… Political, Social and Economic Challenges.
– Part 2: Select three challenges that you believe are the most serious. Then write a short response for each explaining why you believe they are the most serious.
FP 1: How did Germany emerge from defeat in the First World War?
• Answer: Signing the T of V, and creating The Weimar Republic
• Weimar Republic– Allies method of creating a more democratic
Germany (Source 3 pg. 139) – Kaiser refused to sign, Ebert took over
– German people now had freedom of speech, worship and better working conditions
– Success depending on buy-in from the people!
FP 2: What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the Republic?
• Germany lost:– 10% of it’s land & 12.5% of population– ALL overseas colonies– 16% of coal and 48% of iron production– Army = 100,000; No Air force; Navy = reduced – Accept blame
• Impact:– Supporters of the Weimar G. felt betrayed – Why? – Many Germans felt Ebert and the WR were to blame– Used as rallying point for Ebert’s opponents
FP 3: To what extent did the Republic recover after 1923?
• Never achieved the buy-in from the people = rebellions
• 1921 - Germany paid first installment of war reparations
• 1922 - they could not pay• 1923 - France came in and took raw materials and
goods • Government ordered workers to strike – why?• Hyperinflation occurred – printed money to pay
debts, which increased prices and wages… money became worthless
FP 4: What were the achievements of the Weimar period?
• Achievements:– Economy
• Negotiated to spread debt over longer period of time• 1928 achieved same levels of production as before the war
– Culture• Writers, poets, artists, architecture, cinema all flourished• Censorship was removed… people were criticizing leaders
– Politics • Became more stable• “German people are becoming reconciled to the way things are.” (Source 22
– 146)– Foreign Policy
• Acceptance to the League of Nations • Negotiated to “lighten” debt to other countries
EQ 2: Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?
• FP 1: What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920’s?
• FP 2: Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930?
• FP 3: Why was Hitler able to become Chancellor by 1933?
• FP 4: How did Hitler consolidate his power in 1933- 1934?
FP 1: What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920’s?
FP 2: Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930?
FP 3: Why was Hitler able to become Chancellor by 1933?
FP 4: How did Hitler consolidate his power in 1933- 1934?
EQ 3: How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 1933-1945?
• FP 1: How much opposition was there to the Nazi Regime?
• FP 2: How effectively did the Nazis deal with their political opponents?
• FP 3: How did the Nazis use culture and the mass media to control the people?
• FP 4: Why did the Nazis persecute many groups in German society?
• FP 5: Was Nazi Germany a totalitarian state?
FP 1: How much opposition was there to the Nazi Regime?
FP 2: How effectively did the Nazis deal with their political opponents?
FP 3: How did the Nazis use culture and the mass media to control the people?
FP 4: Why did the Nazis persecute many groups in German society?
FP 5: Was Nazi Germany a totalitarian state?
EQ 4: What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?
• FP 1: How did young people react to the Nazi regime?
• FP 2: How successful were Nazi policies towards women and the family?
• FP 3: Did most people in Germany benefit from Nazi rule?
• FP 4: How did the coming of war change life in Nazi Germany?
FP 1: How did young people react to the Nazi regime?
FP 2: How successful were Nazi policies towards women and the family?
FP 3: Did most people in Germany benefit from Nazi rule?
FP 4: How did the coming of war change life in Nazi Germany?
United States, 1919 - 1941 : SKIP THIS YEAR
• EQ 1: How far did the US economy boom in the 1920’s?
• EQ 2: How far did US society changes in the 1920’s?
• EQ 3: What were the causes and consequences of the Wall Street Crash?
• EQ 4: How successful was the New Deal?
EQ 1: How far did the US economy boom in the 1920’s?
• FP 1: On what factors was the economic boom based?
• FP 2: Why did some industries prosper while others did not?
• FP 3: Why did agriculture not share in the prosperity?
• FP 4: Did all Americans benefit from the boom?
PROFILE: Eleanor Roosevelt (USA) • Born 1884 – wealthy family• Married FDR 1905• Involved in:– League of Women Voters– Women’s Trade Union and City Club (New
York) – Women’s NYS Democratic Party
• Work focused on: – Bringing all NY Democrats together – Public housing – Conditions for women workers– Birth control information
EQ 2: How far did US society changes in the 1920’s?
• FP 1: What were the “Roaring Twenties”?
• FP 2: How widespread was intolerance in US society?
• FP 3: Why was Prohibition introduced, and then later repealed?
• FP 4: How far did the roles of women change during the 1920’s?
PROFILE: The Ku Klux Klan• Born 1882 – wealthy family• Successful lawyer • 1910 – entered politics• 1921 – paralyzed by polio • 1933 – became president during
USA economic crisis • Optimist; believed in “American
Dream” • New Deal – State building• Elected president 4 times• Entered WWII on side of Allies • Died 1945
PROFILE: Franklin D Roosevelt (USA)
• Born 1882 – wealthy family• Successful lawyer • 1910 – entered politics• 1921 – paralyzed by polio • 1933 – became president during
USA economic crisis • Optimist; believed in “American
Dream” • New Deal – State building• Elected president 4 times• Entered WWII on side of Allies • Died 1945
EQ 3: What were the causes and consequences of the Wall Street Crash?
• FP 1: How far was speculation responsible for the Wall Street Crash?
• FP 2: What impact did the Crash have on the economy?
• FP 3: What were the social consequences of the Crash?
• FP 4: Why did Roosevelt win the election of 1932?
EQ 4: How successful was the New Deal?
• FP 1: What was the New Deal as introduced in 1933?
• FP 2: Why did the New Deal encounter opposition?
• FP 3: Why did unemployment persist despite the New Deal?
• FP 4: Did the fact that the New Deal did not solve unemployment mean that it was a failure?
