Upload
hans-van-der-kwast
View
10.136
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
DEM analysis and catchment delineationDr. Hans van der Kwast
OpenCourseWareocw.unesco-ihe.org
Learning objectives
After this lecture you are able to:• define DEM, DTM, DSM• describe different methods of DEM acquisition• give examples how DEMs can be used• describe what data can be derived from DEMs• explain the GIS procedure for delineating streams and catchments
2
Digital Elevation Models
• Digital Terrain Model (DTM):a quantitative model of a part of the Earth’s surface in digital form (Burrough & McDonnel, 1998)
• Digital Surface Model (DSM):DTM + all natural or human-made features
3
DEM acquisition
• Ground surveying• DGPS measurements• Stereo photogrammetry• Digitizing contour lines• LIDAR• Radar interferometry
4
INS
laser- scanner
Use of DEMs
Determining the catchment areaDelineate drainage networksSlopeAspect• Identify geological structures
5
Viewshed analysisOrthorectification3D simulationsChange analysis• Creating contour maps
Use of DEMs: Example French Alpes
6
Use of DEMs: Example French Alpes
7
Use of DEMs: Raster map
8
Use of DEMs: Hillshade
9
Use of DEMs: DEM
10
Use of DEMs: DEM + hillshade
11
Use of DEMs: Contour lines
12
Use of DEMs: 2.5D
13
Use of DEMs: DEM + orthophoto
14
Use of DEMs: Slope
15
Use of DEMs: Aspect
16
Use of DEMs: Plan and profile convexity
• http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/resources/soil_classification_genesis/soil_formation/hill_shapes.swf
17
Use of DEMs: Topographic Wetness Index
18
Catchments (terminology)
UK USCatchment or Watersheddrainage basinWatershed Drainage divide
Drainage basin:An extent or an area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody , such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean
19
Catchments
20
Stream and catchment delineation
21
Download DEM tiles
Mosaic DEM tiles Reproject DEM Subset DEM
Interpolate voids
Fill sinks / remove spikes
Burn-in the stream
network
Calculate the flow direction
map
Derive streams Define outflow point
Derive catchment
Convert dataset to
model format
Download DEM tiles
• Open access data:• SRTM 1 Arc-Second Global (~30 m)• SRTM Void Filled
−~30 m for USA−~90 m global
• ASTER Global DEM (GDEM) (~30 m)
• Resolution ≠ accuracy!• Download at http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
22
Mosaic DEM tiles
23
Reproject DEM
• Global datasets are usually in EPSG:4326(Geographic Coordinate System, Lat/Lon)
• For correct calculation of DEM derivatives, the DEM should be reprojected to a Coordinate Reference System
24
Calculation of slope
25
Moving Window or Kernel (3 x 3)
x
slope = arctan(Δz/ Δx)z
In a grid slope is calculated as a focal operation. The steepest slope in the window is assigned to the cell
Subset DEM
• DEM too large: calculation times for the following steps can become too large or computer runs out of memory
• DEM too small: catchment boundaries are cut off
26
Interpolate voids
• Voids are pixels with NODATA in your DEM as a result of the acquisition procedure
• Voids can be interpolated using the values of surrounding cells
27Source: Markus Neteler
Fill sinks
• DEM creation results in artificial pits in the landscape
• A pit is a set of one or more cells which has no downstream cells around it
• Pits are removed using the fill sinks function in GIS software
• If landscape contains real sinks (e.g. lakes), these need to be added after pit removal
28
Source: GITTA (2006)
Water trapped in a pit
Fill sinks
• Pits can be removed by:• Cutting through• Filling up
29
Source: GITTA (2006)
Burn-in the stream network
• When a river network layer exists it can be used to force the flow direction algorithm to follow the river network
30
Source: Brad Hudgens (1999)
Burn-in streams: method 1
1. Create a standardized DEM with standardized values in the range [0,1]
2. For the cells in the river network subtract the value 1, this will shift those cells to the range [-1,0]
• This procedure will maintain the lowest neighbour relation between cells except for those cells where one neighbour is in the river network and the other one is not.
31
Burn-in streams: method 2
32
Source: ILWIS
Calculate flow direction
• D8 algorithm: uses 8 discrete directions to calculate flow direction (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315 degrees) to steepest cells downwards
• Dinf algorithm: uses continuous directions
33
D8 Dinf
Calculate flow directions: D8
34
80 74 63
69 67 56
60 52 48
30
4
5
6
3
7
2
1
8
45.02304867
50.0305267
Slope = Drop/Distance
Steepest down slope direction
Calculate flow direction D8
35
D8 for each cell Stream link
Derive streams: Flow accumulation
36
1 1 11 1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 3 3
11 2
1
25
15
202
1 1 111
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
13 3 3
11 2
1
5 2220
15
The area draining each grid cell includes the grid cell itself.
Derive streams: Flow accumulation
37
1 1 11 1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 3 3
11 2
125
15
202
Flow Accumulation > 10 Cell Threshold
Stream Network for 10 cell Threshold Drainage
Area
Define outflow point
• Outlet needs to be defined in a delineated river that corresponds with the flow directions that have been calculated
• Outlets can be:• Location in river with discharge measurement• Outlet of a tributary• …
38
Derive catchment
39
Effect of different stream threshold values
40
Stream and catchment delineation
41
Download DEM tiles
Mosaic DEM tiles Reproject DEM Subset DEM
Interpolate voids
Fill sinks / remove spikes
Burn-in the stream
network
Calculate the flow direction
map
Derive streams Define outflow point
Derive catchment
Convert dataset to
model format
Boundary condititions
• This GIS workflow for stream and catchment delineation does not work when applied to:• Flat areas• Human controlled environments
42
Input for modelling
43