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Definitions and HistoryIDT 617
Instructional Design & Technology
A Tricky Beginning…Defining the field can be trickyIt might take an entire semester to decide
on what you think is the best definitionLet’s look at some of the definitions and
see how they relate to what instructional designers do in research and practice
Many definitions… Instructional design is the systemic and systematic application
of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems.
Instructional design is the systematic application of theory and other organized knowledge to the task of instructional design and development.
It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs.
Educational technology is the application of research, learning theory, emergent technologies, and child and adult psychology to solving instructional and performance problems.
The Final Word1994: Instructional technology is the theory and
practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.
2006: Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1994; 2006
Components of the DefinitionStudy
Research informing practice
Ethical practiceImpacts choices
Facilitating & LearningShift in ideas of
learningChanging definitions
ImprovingThe benefits of a
systematic approachSubjective measure
PerformanceUsable knowledge
Creating & UsingMaking stuffWhere the solution
meets the problemManaging
Keeping track of everything
Appropriate Technology, Processes & ResourcesThe right process or
tool for the job
At It’s Core…Instructional Design is: Student Centered
Meaningful learning environments Goal Oriented
Tangible goals that can be achieved through training Focused on Performance
Higher levels of learning than recall Focused on Measurable Outcomes
Assessments are key Empirical, Iterative and Self-correcting
Guided by theory, strong research focus Primarily a Team Effort
Complex processes require more than one person
InstructionalDesign
& Technology
Ed Psych
PerformanceSupport
K-12 & Higher Ed
LearningTechnologies
Educational Research
Our Sandboxes…
Ed Psych
Educational PsychologyCognitive
psychologyCognitive ScienceLearning Sciences
Individual differences
Learning theoriesLearning
environments
Performance SupportElectronic
Performance Support Systems (EPSS)
Knowledge Management
Change Management
Needs and Task Analyses
PerformanceSupport
Education Technology and
curriculum integration
Media literacyVirtual High SchoolsDistance LearningEducational Gaming
K-12 &Higher Ed
Computer TechnologiesInstructional
Software Development and EvaluationHypertextWeb-based
instructionEmerging
technologiesInstructional
gaming and simulation
LearningTechnologies
ResearchQuantitativeQualitativeLiterature ReviewsMeta-analysesEvaluationAction Research
EducationalResearch
Now that you have so many definitions and applications…Think about the following questions and
write your responses on the Discussion BoardWhich definition makes the most sense to
you as you begin to study the field? Where do you think the main focal point
should be? Research? Practice? Or a combination of both?
Did anything in the readings or these slides surprise you?
Comprehensive information and a good template for your Timeline
found at: http://www.slideshare.net/
benton44/history-of-instructional-design-and-technology
The History of IDT
Two tracksInstructional MediaInstructional Approaches
Instructional MediaSchools and museum materialsLantern projectorsAdoption of educational filmsTelecommunications Satellites and
educational televisionPersonal Computers
First museums delivered materials by horse-drawn cart
Excerpt from an early textbook: linking images and text
Lantern projector and film catalog
Telstar Communications Satellite (1962)Start of transatlantic TV transmission
First Apple Computer (1976) eventually leading to the personal computer
Instructional ApproachesDewey
Classroom as a laboratoryThe importance of WWIISkinner
Behavioral Learning Theory and Programmed instruction
Interest in the “Black Box” was minimalA systematic approach to instruction
Moving Towards the ID processInstructional Objectives
Robert Mager: Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction, 1962
Behavioral and Cognitive ObjectivesCriterion referenced testingGagne
Conditions of learningTaxonomy of skillsEvents of instruction
ID Models/Growth of Constructivism1970s
Number of ID Models increasedShift from behaviorism to cognitive approachFocus on constructivismGagne’s events of instruction map onto
cognitive processes•Gain Attention •Inform Learner of Objective •Recall Prior Knowledge •Present Material •Provide Guided Learning•Elicit Performance•Provide Feedback•Assess Performance •Enhance Retention and Transfer
Progress and performance1980s and 1990s
Explosion of Media and AccessComputersWWW (allowed for worldwide connections)Hypertext and Hypermedia
Performance Technologies (i.e., assessing gaps in skills)Expanded scope of instructional designers
Instructional strategies lean more towards student centered learning
Where are we now?Human Performance TechnologyTechnology Integration in K12
EnvironmentsCognitive Science & Learning SciencesConsulting with Engineering, Modeling &
Simulation ResearchersTraining for military, business and K-20
studentsDigital literacies
For the remainder of the week…Respond to questions on Discussion Board
Reply to classmate’s responses and continue the conversation
I will moderate, answer questions and keep us on track
Next weekI will review the discussion board
interactions
We will discuss ID process and the relationship of Learning Theory and Design
Timeline is due before class on Sept. 16th
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