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Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Page 1
Dealing with the publication process – with a focus on life sciences Dr. Melanie Paschke, [email protected] Managing Director Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
Trainer in advanced transferable skills
06.05.2014, University of Zurich
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 2
Outline
– Can we offer guidance in dealing with the publication process? – The publication process and its timeline – Developing a publication strategy
– How to submit the manuscript
– Dealing with reviewer’s comments – Post-Publication Marketing
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 3
Can we offer guidance in dealing with the publication process?
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke
Page 4
Publishing has become complicated and puts high demands especially on young scientists • Environment of over-competition: not in favor of
quality but of quantity
• Career expectation towards young scientists are enormous
• Number of journals and scholarly publications has increased – but which of these journals guarantee impact, credibility, visibility?
• Review processes are in transformation: open review, post-publication review
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 5
The publishing market • 28,100 active scholarly peer-
reviewed journals in mid 2012,
• 1.8–1.9 million articles a year.
• The number of articles published each year: +3% - 3.5% per year
(Source: Ware & Mabe 2012)
Source: SCIMAGO
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Especially young scientists need guidance to
• Develop a publication strategy • Deal efficiently with the publication process
• Understand how to get a high-quality publication
• Deal with the demand of funders, publishers, institutions regarding publication policies: including for example data availability, open access, changing authorship practices, dealing with plagiarism, research ethics
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 7
Publish or Perish
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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However …
• How much? • In which quality?
• What impact?
• Will be enough for a scientific career in the up-coming decade?
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 9
Recent policies that will have an impact on the current publication practices • DORA Declaration (2012): Declaration on Research
Assessment. Assessment of research on quality and not only on bibliometric measurement
• European Union (2013): Guideline on Data Management: Data Management Plans (DMPs) detailing what data the project will generate, whether and how it will be exploited or made accessible for verification and re-use, and how it will be curated and preserved.
• Open Access Declarations
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 10
The Publication Process and its Timeline
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Peer review is in the center of the publication process: • to maintain standards of quality, • improve performance, and
• provide credibility of research
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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The timeline of the peer reviewing process
Submission Acceptance Publication
Initial Quality Control
Revise Resubmit
Fast-track
Science
PLOS One
15 days ! !
Peer Review
!
! !
! !
Subject to editing
! ! !
! ! ! !
Senior Editor
!
!
! 100 days
On average: 213 days Standard Journal On average: 9 months
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Sources: Journal webpages and http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2011/10/07/is-plos-one-slowing-down/
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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The classical editor-based review process – decisions after submission and before peer review • Manuscript submitted (-> electronically) • Editor in Chief (EIC) informed and revising the
manuscript for consistency with journal scope, novelty, quality, impact
• Decision that the EIC has the power to make:
– Reject without review
– If necessary ask assistance editor for further review
– Select and contact external peer reviewers
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 14
Decisions of EIC after the peer review
• Review expert comments (together with Associated editor if necessary):
• Accept
• Accept with minor changes
• Accept with major changes (reviewed again)
• Reject and encourage to provide more experimental data (resubmission)
• Reject
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 15
Criticism
• The large role that EIC have in deciding what fits the scope of their journals
• A tendency in large journals for a decreasing rate of manuscripts sent to peer review
• The focus on novelty
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 16
The open-access review – decisions of AE after peer review – Example PLOS • Manuscript submitted (-> electronically) • Manuscripts assigned to academic editors (AE) on base of
content and expertise
• They can review the paper or find reviewers
• On average 2.9 reviewers / manuscript • Accept in principle
• Minor revision
• Major revision • Reject
Source: PLOS
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 17
What is PLOS One looking for? • PLOS ONE will rigorously peer-review your submissions and
publish all papers that are judged to be technically sound.
• Judgments about the importance are made after publication by the readership.
• Evaluation criteria:
• Technical soundness of the work • Rigor of the analysis
• Adherence to our data availability policy
• Clear use of English language
Source: PLOS
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 18
Criticism
• Force much more work on peer reviewers because there is no filter or experience to sort out research work of very low quality at the beginning
• This might slow down the publication process
• A danger to produce redundant research
Source: PLOS
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 19
Open review: a new way?
• Advocates indicate that an open review will improve time and resources spent in a review as well as quality (and preliminary studies confirming this)
• Critics emphasize that open review will prevent many reviewers from giving open criticism
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 20
Developing a Publication Strategy
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Developing an publication strategy
• Plan your writing time • Select journals for publishing early in the
publication process • Clarify collaboration and authorship early
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 22
Submission: Select a journal – criteria for priority setting • Aim as high as you reasonable can • Does the journal fit your work? Similar work published?
Similar techniques used? • How much will it cost?
• What is the average time needed from submission to publication?
• What is the rejection rate?
• Is the journal open access?
• Have you had good experiences with the journal in the past? Adapted after Jeremy Fox, January 2014: https://dynamicecology.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/advice-how-to-decide-where-to-submit-your-paper/
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Submission: Select a journal – criteria for priority setting
Journal Acceptance Rate
Time for Publication
Impact Factor (2013)
Open Access
Science 7% 100 days 31.477 no Plos One 69% 213 days 3.54 yes Ecology not available 29 days to first
decision; 35 days from acceptance to publication; variable time in between
5.431 Optional available
Source: journals’ guidelines 2015
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 24
IMPACT FACTOR • Definition Impact Factor (IF) • Average number of citations of a journal - calculated on a
three-year period • Proxy of the importance of a journal to its field
• A = number of times articles published in 2012 – 2013 were cited in other journals in 2014
• B = number of articles published 20012 – 2013
• IF = A/B
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Criticism • Compare a journal in the category of its discipline (e.g.
Ecology with 5.43 is 14th of 136 Ecology journals) • Different citation practises: In ecology three-year is to low for
determining IF (5-year impact factor preferred)
• IF should not be misused to predict the importance of an individual publication.
• A high impact factor can be interpreted as value for the quality standards of the journal
• It can be manipulated by journals policies
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Criticism • Compare a journal in the category of its discipline (e.g.
Ecology with 5.43 is 14th of 136 Ecology journals) • Different citation practices: In ecology three-year is to low for
determining IF (5-year impact factor preferred)
• IF should not be misused to predict the importance of an individual publication.
• A high impact factor can be interpreted as value for the quality standards of the journal
• It can be manipulated by journals policies
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 27
A difference in the publication strategy? Why are so few women in higher research positions? • EMBO conducted a study on 3 stages: end of PhD, Post Doc, group leader
• Evaluators select more male than female applications even if documents are without any hint about the gender of applicants
• Publication record of woman includes less publications at all stages
• At post-doc stage the IF and citation rate is significantly lower for women in first-/last-authored publications, later on this is covered
• Women more often follow partner, devote more time to family care or get involved in teaching duties, therefore, might spent less time on publications especially in the postdoc years
Ledin, Bornmann, Gannon and Wallon (2007)
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 28
How to Submit your Manuscript
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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How to submit your manuscript
• Read the instructions for submission and follow them exactly • Data availability clarified?
• Authorship clarified?
• Following all necessary ethical standards?
• No plagiarism
• Recognition of the funders (and their policies)?
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 30
Data Availability Regulations at PLOS (shortened)
• PLOS journals require authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available
• When submitting a manuscript online, authors must provide a Data Availability Statement Acceptable data-sharing methods:
• Data deposition in public repository (strongly recommended) Data in Supporting Information files
• Data made available to all interested researchers upon request
• Data available from third party
Source: PLOS
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Authorship Regulations at PLOS (shortened)
• Process. All authors will be contacted by email at submission • Authorship criteria. All PLOS journals base their criteria for
authorship on those outlined in the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The contributions of all authors must be described.
• Changes in authorship. PLOS journals follow the COPE guidelines covering changes in authorship. If any changes to the list of authors of a manuscript are necessary after the initial submission of a manuscript to a PLOS journal but before its publication, the corresponding author must first contact the journal staff and provide a clear reason for the change(s). Source: PLOS
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 32
Plagiarism is an offence
Plagiarism detection tools are used in most submission processes – 80% of high-impact journals have access to iThenticate
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 33
How to convince editors (Examples what our student learn)
• Editor’s choice below 10 minutes • An editor will read in the following order:
• A title that will be remembered
• An convincing abstract
• Material & Methods must be detailed enough that results can be reproduced
• Clear and precise English writing (style and grammar)
• Brevity
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 34
How to Deal with Reviewer’s Comments
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
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Revision (examples of what our students learn)
• Letter to the Editor • Acceptance or refusal of reviewer’s advice
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Title of the presentation, Author Page 36
Post-Publication Management
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 37
Post-publication marketing strategy • An active marketing of all publications of a researcher
increases visibility and citation rate • Active marketing can include:
• Increased access to publications via Preprints in institutional open access repositories will increase visibility
• Open access repositories are very visible in GoogleScholar • Use the power of business networks: ResearchGate, Mendeley
• Use the media offices of your institution to highlight your high-impact publications
• Create a presence in twitter or the blogosphere to highlight your work (much work!)
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 38
Measurement of Impact – CITATION RATE and LIFE TIME CITATIONS AS THE MOST PURE MEASUREMENTS
• Through Metrics: • 5-year impact factor
• Eigenfactor
• H-index
• Citation Rate / Life Time Citations Total Articles in Publication List: 80 Articles With Citation Data: 74 Sum of the Times Cited: 12235 Average Citations per Article: 165.34 h-index: 42 Last Updated: 05/05/2015 11:45 GMT
NN
Source: Web of Science
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 39
Measurement of Impact Our prediction: • Impact measurement of publication will change in the near
future, e.g. less amount and more quality • E.g. list you last most-influential publication is implemented
in grant application processes.
• Independence in the publications is an important criteria
See for example • DORA Declaration (2012): Declaration on Research Assessment
is now signed by most large funding organisations and publishers, however, implementation will need some time
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 40
Other Measurement of Impact that are equally important
• In/on society: • e.g. patents built on a certain publication
• Implementation of scientific results at the science-policy interface, e.g. invitation to join policy networks, evidence-based advise to policies
• Influential Policy Papers
Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center
20.05.15 Dealing with the Publication Process, Paschke Page 41
Courses Dealing with the Publication Process • Dr. Philipp Mayer, Prof. Dr. Christian Fuhrer, Dr. Melanie
Paschke • 12 & 15 June 2015
• Organised by Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center for Life Science Zurich Graduate School
• http://www.lifescience-graduateschool.ch/index.php?id=96
THANK YOUR FOR YOUR ATTENTION!