15-5-2014 | 1

Dick de Waard

Traffic psychology (Neuropsychology)

University of Groningen

Bicycle research in the Netherlands: from infrastructure to impairment

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3

Accidents

› Proportion of cyclists involved increases

› 25 % of the fatalities, trend:

Swov, 2011 Fatalities/km driven (index = 2000)

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Accidents

› Proportion of cyclists involved increases

› > 50% of the seriously injured, trend:

Swov, 2011 Seriously injured/km driven index: year 2000= 1

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Series of studies

› 1. Infrastructure

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2. Divided attention 7

3. DrinkCycling 8

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Infrastructure

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Visibility of bicycle

infrastructure

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Experiment

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13

Closed track

experiment

Jolien!

(my daughter)

Results (just the bollard) › Liked best:

› No bollards at all!!

else

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What are we forgiving ?

› What have we done wrong??

› Sustainable Safety:

• Humans make errors - system’s view: infrastructure should be such that imperfect behaviour does not lead to accidents immediately

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Towards a “forgiving” cycle path

What has changed ?

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| 17 | 17

Many

We make errors and get off the road

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Really ….off the road

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Lovely obstacles

We hit bollards

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We hit the curb

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We have problems with balance

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Infrastructure

Guidance Space for correction Objects

Project (3 years)

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› Mobile camera study

› Fixed camera studies

› Questionnaire studies

› Experimental research and

subj. evaluation

› Police records

“Naturalistic cycling” for us:

› Participants

• Target group 50+ (65+)

• European city bike

• Electrical bike

• Control group 25-45 years

• European city bike

› No fixed route

› No fixed time

› Just everyday cycling

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use eBike: Source: VeiligheidNL

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0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

elektrische fietser

overige fietser

Cycling with a camera

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Pink!!

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Synchronisation

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Contour +2

› Wide angle ( 170°)

› Battery: about 2 hours

› Memory; 12 hours

› GPS fix < 1 minute

› € 400 / camera

› Sync OK

› Export (GPS) data

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50+ Control Total

N

30 9 39

Av. age

64.0 31.6 56.5

Gender

17M / 13F 3M / 6F 20M / 19F

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› Analyses

• Spotting ‘typical’ behaviour (examples)

• Behaviour over situations;

• Types of cyclepaths

• Measures

• Speed

• Lateral position

• SDLP

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Every second GPS co-ordinates Speed (m/s) Speed (km/h)

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Results

Videos

Swerving

Shoulder

Companion

Remarkable

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Results

Videos

› Not shocking

› However:

• conflicts with curb and objects rare,

• soft shoulder

• swerving

• cycling with a companion

GPS analyses & cycling behaviour quantified

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GPS analyses & cycling behaviour quantified

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Experience

› Camera easy to

attach & operate. None lost!!

› Control group more

Commuters, leisure time

other bike/no use of bike

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Potential application in project

› Delineation with vibration

› Gradual level transition to shoulder

› illusions

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2. Dual task performance

› Mobile phone

• Calling

• Texting

• Use of Smartphone-Touchscreen!

› Listening to music

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Google Streetview

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Illegal?

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€ 25

€ 10

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…in the Netherlands it’s no problem!

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Divided attention

Use of mobile phone

› Effects: handheld, handsfree

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Differences

• 2 vs 4 wheels (control, stability)

• Auditory information

• Speed

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Ministy of Transport

› Prevalence

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Observations

› Calling: 2.2%

› Texting: 0.6 %

› Music: 7.7 %

› Talking: 2.3 %

› Just cycling: 86.6 %

› diffent: 0.5 %

> 2000 cyclists observed (video)

Anno 2008

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2008 vs 2013

› Calling: 2.2% 0.7%

› Texting*: 0.6 % 2.3%

In 2008 2138 cyclists

In 2013 7102 cyclists

observed

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Three experiments

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1e: Calling, texting, music

› Control 2, two hands on handlebar

› Control 1, one hand

› Calling (easy task) [+2: 2,4,6,8,….]

› Calling (demanding task) [-7: 846, 839, 832,…]

› Send text message [lang zal ze leven…]

› MP3, listening to music

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Measurements

› Speed

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Measurements

› Speed

› Positition in cycle lane

› Swerving

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Measurements

› Speed

› Positition in cycle lane

› Swerving

› Mental Effort Rating

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Zijlstra, 1993

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Measurements

› Speed

› Positition in cycle lane

› Swerving

› Mental Effort Rating

› Peripheral detection

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Speed

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Controle (2) Controle (1) Eenvoudige

beltaak

Moeilijke

beltaak

Sms MP3Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3

Easy Difficult Texting

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Position cyclepath (“strip”)

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5

Controle (2)

Controle (1)

Eenvoudige beltaak

Moeilijke beltaak

Sms

MP3

MP3

Texting

Phone, difficult

Phone, easy

Control (1)

Control (2)

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Swerving: no. strip changes

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1

2

3

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5

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8

9

Controle (2) Controle (1) Eenvoudige

beltaak

Moeilijke

beltaak

Sms MP3 Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3

Easy Difficult Texting

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Mental Effort rating (RSME)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Controle (2) Controle (1) Eenvoudige

beltaak

Moeilijke

beltaak

Sms MP3 Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3

Easy Difficult Texting

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Peripheral detection

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

controle

(2)

controle

(1)

eenvoudige

beltaak

moeilijke

beltaak

sms mp3

0

1

2

Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3

Easy Difficult Texting

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Calling & texting

• Slower speed

• Detection

• Lateral position & control

• Increased mental effort

• Largest effect: texting

Study 2: Music & Handsfree calling

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Conditions

› Two Control conditions (1, 2 hands)

› Two Phone conditions; handheld and handsfree demanding task [-7: 834,…]

› Music conditions: …

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Music conditions

› M1 one earbud (left ear)

› M2N two earbuds – normal

› M2V two earbuds – high volume 89 dB

› M2T two earbuds – high tempo 180 bpm

› M2IE two earbuds – in-ear

› Normal = 74 dB, 120 bpm (beats/minute)

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Speed

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Mental Effort rating

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17 participants missed this signal!!

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Study 3: Touchscreens, Gaming and more…

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Conditions

› Control-conditions

› Phone, handheld (HH)

› Cycle companion, task (CC)

› Texting conditions: …

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Texting conditions

› TC Texting, conventional phone

› TT Texting, touchscreen phone

› TTM Texting, touchscreen phone + Music

› GT Gaming

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Secondary tasks

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Lane position

(distance to curb) Right Left

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Music and calling

› Large effect for calling (speed, periphery)

› Larger effect for texting (speed, lat. pos., periphery)

› Even larger effect for texting on a touch screen phone

› Advantage Handsfree calling limited (speed, RT)

› (German law)

› In-earbuds = literally earplugs

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Drunk driving vs. drunk riding | 96 15-5-2014

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12 students

Dräger Alcotest

7510

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Groningen

› No closing time

› Student population

› Population: 200 000

› (students: 50 000 -25%)

› N= 427

The Hague

› Most pubs close 2 a.m.

› Limited no. students

› Population: 510 000

› (students: 28 000 – 5%)

› N = 259

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> Weekend vs Thursday

> From 5 p.m. to 8 a.m.

> (25% refused)

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00

% BAC > 0.0

% BAC ≥ 0.5

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00

BA

C ‰

(start)time

Average BAC

| 102

Thanks for listening

d.de.waard@rug.nl