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CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH CHALLENGES Li, Z., Huang, C., Dong, X., & Ren, C. (2020). Resource-Efficient Cyber-Physical Systems Design: A Survey. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 103183. doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103183 1. Introduction In recent years, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which combine physical and computer components, have grown in popularity. CPSs are commonly employed in complicated applications like smart power grids, transportation systems, and economic structure since they are difficult problems in and of

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Page 1: Cyber Physical Systems Research Challenges docx

CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH CHALLENGES

Li, Z., Huang, C., Dong, X., & Ren, C. (2020). Resource-Efficient Cyber-Physical Systems

Design: A Survey. Microprocessors and Microsystems,

103183. doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103183 

1. Introduction

In recent years, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which combine physical and computer

components, have grown in popularity. CPSs are commonly employed in complicated

applications like smart power grids, transportation systems, and economic structure since they

are difficult problems in and of themselves. Due to the widespread use of CPSs in applications,

security is a significant and demanding component that requires more consideration throughout

CPS design. CPS are changing the way we interact with the physical environment. This

revolution, of course, is not free [1]. Because even old embedded systems must meet higher

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standards than general-purpose computers, we must pay close attention to the physical-aware

designed system needs of the next generation if we are to fully trust them.

2. CPS Research Challenges

2.1 Real-time system abstraction

Because of the large number of sensors and actuators, as well as computers that

interchange various forms of data, developing a new framework that allows us to abstract the

salient aspects of systems in real time is crucial. The network topology of CPS, for example, may

vary dynamically as a result of physical conditions [2]. As a result, there is a need for research

into novel distributed real-time computing and communication mechanisms that can accurately

reflect the important interactions among CPS elements and, in turn, provide the requisite level of

performance, such as safety, security, resilience, and dependability.

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2.2

2.2 Robustness, safety, and security

Unlike logical computing in cyber systems, interactions with the physical world are

inevitably fraught with uncertainty due to issues like as unpredictability in the environment,

mistakes in physical devices, and potential security threats [3]. As a result, overall system

robustness, security, and safety are crucial in CPS. To this aim, the inherent character of CPS can

be exploited by utilising the physical information about the system's location and timing.

2.3 Hybrid system modelling and control

The primary distinction between physical and cyberspace is that the former evolves in

real time, whilst the latter changes in response to discrete logic. As a result, for CPS design, a

rigorous hybrid system modelling and control mechanism that integrates both the physical and

cyber aspects is required [4]. For example, to close the feedback control loop, a new theoretical

framework is required that can combine continuous-time systems with event-triggered logical

systems. Both temporal scales (from microseconds to months or years) and dimensional orders

(from on-chip to possibly planetary scale) should be carefully considered in this framework [5].

2.4 Control over networks

Time-driven and event-driven computing, time-varying delays, transmission failures, and

system reconfiguration are all obstacles in the design and implementation of networked control

in CPS [6]. The following challenges face CPS researchers when designing network protocols:

ensuring mission-critical quality-of-service over wireless networks, balancing control law design

and real-time computation constraints, bridging the gap between continuous and discrete time

systems, and ensuring the reliability and robustness of large-scale systems [7].

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2.5 Sensor-actuator networks

For more than a decade, wireless sensor networks have been widely researched.

Nonetheless, wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSAN) are a new field that hasn't received

enough attention, particularly from the perspective of CPS. In the design of sensor-actuator

networks, the interaction between sensors, actuators, physical systems, and computing elements

should be carefully considered [8]. Physical details and effects of actuators on the whole system,

in particular, have not been adequately considered in system design thus far.

2.6 Verification and validation

To ensure that the overall CPS requirements are met, hardware and software components,

operating systems, and middleware must go through comprehensive compositional verification

and testing. CPS, in particular, must go above existing cyber infrastructure in terms of reliability.

For instance, it is well known in the aviation industry that the certification process consumes

more than half of the resources required to build new systems [9]. Overdesign is the most well-

known process for developing safe system certification in this industry. However, with today's

large-scale complex systems, merely using the overdesign technique is becoming intractable. As

a result, we need new models, methods, and tools that can include compositional verification and

validation of software and other parts throughout the design stage [10].

2.7 Control and scheduling co-design.

Co-designing control and scheduling is a well-studied topic in the real-time and

embedded systems community. However, with the introduction of CPS, co-design issues are

being reassessed in a number of ways. Because CPS are often networked control systems, the

impact of network delay on system stability has lately been investigated in terms of the trade-off

between system stability and real-time schedulability. This research yielded a non-periodic

control strategy that can ensure overall system stability while using the least amount of computer

resources possible [11].

2.8 Computational abstraction

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Programming abstractions should represent physical qualities such as physics and

chemistry laws, safety, real-time and power restrictions, resources, resilience, and security in a

compostable manner.

2.9 Architecture

At the meta-level, CPS architectures must be consistent and capture a wide range of

physical data. For large-scale CPS, new network protocols will be required. The concept of being

"globally virtual, locally physical" can be used to develop a new paradigm [12].

3.

FUNCTIONALITY OF CPS DOMAINS

The table below summarises the CPS applications in terms of their functionality.

Type of Domain Scale/Functionality

Smart Manufacturing Optimizing productivity in the manufacturing of goods or

the delivery of services at a medium scale.

Emergency Response Medium/Large Scale: dealing with risks to public safety as

well as protecting the environment and critical

infrastructure.

Air Transportation Operation and traffic management of aviation systems on a

large scale.

Critical Infrastructure Distribution of basic necessities such as water, electricity,

gas, and oil on a large scale.

Health Care and Medicine On a medium scale, patients' health problems are monitored

and relevant steps are taken.

Intelligent Transportation On a medium/large scale, real-time data exchange improves

traffic safety, coordination, and services.

Robotic for Service Human welfare services on a small/medium scale.

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3. Conclusion

Thus CPS development is no longer a resource optimization challenge, but rather a matter

of general design and implementation. The embedded platform (cyber space) and the controllers

(physical space) are built separately and then integrated in the traditional design paradigm.

Despite efforts to improve resource efficiency for CPS, there are still a number of issues to be

resolved [13]

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