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China Under Mao:1961-76China Under Mao:1961-76
Power Struggle, the Cultural Power Struggle, the Cultural Revolution, and Mao’s LegacyRevolution, and Mao’s Legacy
The Power The Power Struggle, 1961-66Struggle, 1961-66 Great Leap Forward had Great Leap Forward had
damaged Mao’s reputation damaged Mao’s reputation in Partyin Party
He called on President Liu He called on President Liu Shaoqi, Prime Minister Shaoqi, Prime Minister Zhou Enlai, & Party Zhou Enlai, & Party General Secretary Deng General Secretary Deng Xiaoping to end chaosXiaoping to end chaos
They called for market They called for market reforms to provide reforms to provide incentive for peasants to incentive for peasants to produce surplus produce surplus
Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping
Increase production & Practice thrift, food stuffs and steel to the
center
Propaganda & Propaganda & PurgesPurges
Mao, uneasy w/ Liu & Mao, uneasy w/ Liu & Deng’s ideas, feared he Deng’s ideas, feared he was losing his grip on the was losing his grip on the PartyParty
He turned to Lin Biao, a He turned to Lin Biao, a loyalist who co-edited loyalist who co-edited The The Little Red Book,Little Red Book, a a collection of Mao’s quotes collection of Mao’s quotes given to every citizen given to every citizen
Mao’s wife Jiang Qing led Mao’s wife Jiang Qing led Shanghai Forum, which Shanghai Forum, which attacked Liu & Deng and attacked Liu & Deng and other rivals such as the other rivals such as the Group of FiveGroup of Five
Study and respect comrade Jiang Qing
Lin BiaoLin Biao
Hold aloft the Red Banner of Maoist Thought, Smash the reactionary line of Liu and
Deng
Great Proletarian Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Cultural Revolution
BeginsBegins Aug. 18 1966—over 1 million Aug. 18 1966—over 1 million
youths packed Tiananmen youths packed Tiananmen Square for pro-Mao rallySquare for pro-Mao rally
This started the Cultural This started the Cultural Revolution, Mao’s attempt to Revolution, Mao’s attempt to reassert his will on China by reassert his will on China by enlisting the youth as his enlisting the youth as his instrumentinstrument
““Great disorder across the Great disorder across the land leading to great order.” - land leading to great order.” - MaoMao
Revolutionary Committees are Good
Enthusiastically welcome the creation of the Peking Revolutionary Committee
Attacks on the “Four Olds”Attacks on the “Four Olds” Mao urged the young Red Mao urged the young Red
Guards to attack Guards to attack – Old cultureOld culture– Old thoughtsOld thoughts– Old customsOld customs– Old habitsOld habits
Confucian thought banned as Confucian thought banned as rightist & reactionary rightist & reactionary
To do this, Mao needed to To do this, Mao needed to subvert the party bureaucracy subvert the party bureaucracy & appeal directly to the people& appeal directly to the people
Afraid of Soviet-style “reforms” Afraid of Soviet-style “reforms” taking hold in China taking hold in China
Down with Soviet revisionism
Mao’s Attacks on the Mao’s Attacks on the IntellectualsIntellectuals
To preserve the To preserve the revolution as a peasant revolution as a peasant movement, Mao attacked movement, Mao attacked the urban intelligentsia the urban intelligentsia who had criticized the who had criticized the Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward
He saw the bureaucrats & He saw the bureaucrats & intellectuals as privileged, intellectuals as privileged, soft, and in need of “re-soft, and in need of “re-education”education”
The Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution thus turned into an anti-thus turned into an anti-intellectual vendettaintellectual vendetta
A Swarm of UgliesA Swarm of Uglies
Cultural Revolution—First Cultural Revolution—First PhasePhase
Summer ’66—poster campaign on Summer ’66—poster campaign on college campuses—Red Guard college campuses—Red Guard attacks on professorsattacks on professors
Mao swims the Yangzi RiverMao swims the Yangzi River (Video)(Video) Summons Central Committee & Summons Central Committee &
condemns opponentscondemns opponents Replaces Deng & Liu with Lin Replaces Deng & Liu with Lin
Biao, who addresses Red Guard Biao, who addresses Red Guard rallies in Tiananmen Squarerallies in Tiananmen Square
Jiang Qing helps organize actionsJiang Qing helps organize actions
Red Guard Terror TacticsRed Guard Terror Tactics Mao had shaped Red Guards Mao had shaped Red Guards
as loyal, willing, & brutal forceas loyal, willing, & brutal force Not necessarily irrational, but Not necessarily irrational, but
they adored Mao and saw him they adored Mao and saw him as nearly divinely inspiredas nearly divinely inspired
Used youthful idealism, peer-Used youthful idealism, peer-group conformity, & brutality group conformity, & brutality to stoke hatred of traditions or to stoke hatred of traditions or Western capitalist decadenceWestern capitalist decadence
Teachers, professors, writers, Teachers, professors, writers, doctors especially targeted doctors especially targeted
Nuns being publicly shamed
‘‘Struggle Sessions’Struggle Sessions’
Five categories targeted for Five categories targeted for public humiliation—landlords, public humiliation—landlords, rich peasants, reactionaries, rich peasants, reactionaries, bad elements, & rightistsbad elements, & rightists
Those deemed most guilty of Those deemed most guilty of counter-revolutionary activity counter-revolutionary activity were subjected to a set of were subjected to a set of humiliations known as humiliations known as ‘struggle sessions’:‘struggle sessions’:– Forced study of MaoismForced study of Maoism– Self-criticism & confessionSelf-criticism & confession– Rejection of confessionsRejection of confessions– Physical & verbal torturePhysical & verbal torture
Struggle Session
The victims humiliated
LaogaiLaogai Trans. – “re-education through labor”Trans. – “re-education through labor” Mao’s prison camps for counter-Mao’s prison camps for counter-
revolutionariesrevolutionaries 10,000 camps by 197610,000 camps by 1976 Average # of prisoners each year = Average # of prisoners each year =
10 mil10 mil 25 million prisoners dead25 million prisoners dead
A doctor who was terrorized during the Cultural Revolution—exiled to the western reaches of the country, where his wife committed suicide—later said this of the lesson he learned: To survive in China you must reveal nothing to others. Or it could be used against you… That’s why I’ve come to think the deepest part of the self is best left unclear. Like mist and clouds in a Chinese landscape painting, hide the private part behind your social persona. Let your public self be like rice in a dinner: bland and inconspicuous, taking on the flavors of its surroundings while giving off no flavor of its own.
Who led the Cultural Who led the Cultural Revolution?Revolution?
Although it appeared to be Although it appeared to be led by youthful Red Guards, led by youthful Red Guards, not sonot so
The Cultural Revolution was The Cultural Revolution was directed from the top, with directed from the top, with Mao’s assent, by Jiang and Mao’s assent, by Jiang and Lin, w/ Army & Party Lin, w/ Army & Party enforcing itenforcing it
Conflicts between PLA & Conflicts between PLA & Red Guards; & students & Red Guards; & students & workersworkers
Long Live the Great Chinese People’s Liberation Army!
“ “The Great Cultural The Great Cultural Revolution….caused the most Revolution….caused the most devastating setback and heavy devastating setback and heavy losses to the party, the state, and the losses to the party, the state, and the people in the history of the People’s people in the history of the People’s Republic, and this Great Cultural Republic, and this Great Cultural Revolution was initiated and led by Revolution was initiated and led by Comrade Mao Zedong” – CPC 1981Comrade Mao Zedong” – CPC 1981
Key Figures to KnowKey Figures to Know Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping – Party Secretary-General – Party Secretary-General
54-66 – purged – early successor to Mao54-66 – purged – early successor to Mao Lin Biao Lin Biao – helped create Cult of Mao – 2– helped create Cult of Mao – 2ndnd
successor to Maosuccessor to Mao Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai – Foreign Minister – moderating – Foreign Minister – moderating
influence on GPCRinfluence on GPCR Liu Shaoqi Liu Shaoqi – Vice-Chairman – attacked – Vice-Chairman – attacked
during GPCR – died in prison 1969during GPCR – died in prison 1969 Jiang Qing Jiang Qing – Mao’s Wife – helped radicalize – Mao’s Wife – helped radicalize
GPCRGPCR
Reshaping Chinese CultureReshaping Chinese Culture
Jiang Qing led suppression of Jiang Qing led suppression of traditional Chinese society traditional Chinese society through censorshipthrough censorship Anything related to “four olds”Anything related to “four olds” Anything “non-proletarian”Anything “non-proletarian” All Western classical musicAll Western classical music
Only Deng dared disagree—Only Deng dared disagree—and he was persecutedand he was persecuted
Result of Cultural Result of Cultural Revolution = “no culture”Revolution = “no culture”
Revolutionary Operas are good
There is “no such thing as There is “no such thing as art for art’s sake, art that art for art’s sake, art that stands above classes, art stands above classes, art that is detached from or that is detached from or independent of politics. independent of politics. Proletarian literature and Proletarian literature and art are part of the whole art are part of the whole revolutionary cause.”revolutionary cause.”
-Mao-Mao
Final Phase of Cultural Final Phase of Cultural RevolutionRevolution Deciding matters had gone Deciding matters had gone
far enough, Mao ordered far enough, Mao ordered work of Red Guards to be work of Red Guards to be taken over by PLA unitstaken over by PLA units
Over 12 million urban Over 12 million urban youths (many Red Guards) youths (many Red Guards) sent to live in countryside sent to live in countryside to experience “dignity of to experience “dignity of labor”labor”
Chinese disillusionment Chinese disillusionment increased, but no criticism increased, but no criticism of Mao until after his deathof Mao until after his death
Protect the great results of the Great Cultural Revolution
The Youth must got to the countryside to be reeducated by the poor peasants
Lei FengLei Feng: For me, : For me, Chairman Mao’s works are Chairman Mao’s works are like food, weapons and like food, weapons and the steering wheel of my the steering wheel of my truck. One cannot live truck. One cannot live without eating. A war without eating. A war cannot be won without cannot be won without weapons. A truck cannot weapons. A truck cannot be driven without a be driven without a steering wheel. One steering wheel. One cannot make revolution cannot make revolution without studying without studying Chairman Mao’s works.Chairman Mao’s works.
Four Pests CampaignFour Pests Campaign RatsRats FliesFlies MosquitoesMosquitoes SparrowsSparrows
LOCUSTS!LOCUSTS!
““The more brutal, the more revolutionary” children The more brutal, the more revolutionary” children should knock the heads off of flowers to show their should knock the heads off of flowers to show their rejection of bourgeois concepts of beauty. - Maorejection of bourgeois concepts of beauty. - Mao
Fall of Lin BiaoFall of Lin Biao
Lin, seeing himself as a Lin, seeing himself as a potential victim of the potential victim of the Cultural Revolution, Cultural Revolution, was involved in plot to was involved in plot to assassinate Maoassassinate Mao
Upon discovery, plane Upon discovery, plane with Lin & family with Lin & family “mysteriously” crashed “mysteriously” crashed on way to escape to on way to escape to USSR in Sept. 1971USSR in Sept. 1971
‘Deepen criticism of Lin & Confucius, energetically increase production’
Lin Biao’s Plane wreckage
Rise of Zhou & DengRise of Zhou & Deng
Zhou Enlai re-emerges as Zhou Enlai re-emerges as leader in efforts to leader in efforts to improve ties with West, improve ties with West, especially President especially President Nixon’s visit in 1972 Nixon’s visit in 1972
Deng Xiaoping comes out Deng Xiaoping comes out of solitary confinement of solitary confinement with new credibility as with new credibility as moderatemoderate
Zhou’s deathZhou’s death—’Tiananmen incident’ —’Tiananmen incident’ leads to dismissal of Deng leads to dismissal of Deng as Party Secretaryas Party Secretary
‘At the side of Comrade Zhou’
Deng Xiaoping
The Death of The Death of MaoMao
Last 3 years of his Last 3 years of his life, Mao was life, Mao was incapacitatedincapacitated
Left Jiang Qing & Left Jiang Qing & Gang of Four in Gang of Four in controlcontrol
Summer 1976—Summer 1976—massive earthquake massive earthquake kills 250,000kills 250,000
Sept. 1976—Mao Sept. 1976—Mao diesdies
Gang of Four
Smash the Gang of Four
Earthquakes don’t scare us, the people will surely vanquish
nature
Gang of Gang of Four…….ModernizationsFour…….Modernizations
Arrested Arrested Scapegoats -AgricultureScapegoats -Agriculture Death/Life in Prison -IndustryDeath/Life in Prison -Industry Jiang Qing commits -Science/Tech.Jiang Qing commits -Science/Tech.
suicide in 1991 -Defensesuicide in 1991 -Defense
Legacy of Cultural Legacy of Cultural RevolutionRevolution
Disastrous economicallyDisastrous economically– Education/training ceasedEducation/training ceased– Industrial/agricultural slumpIndustrial/agricultural slump
Organized terror Organized terror culture culture of callousness & brutalityof callousness & brutality
Overall death figures run Overall death figures run in the millionsin the millions
Biggest victim: “Truth Biggest victim: “Truth itself”itself”