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Iowa Adult Crossing Guard Training Program Module 5 Techniques
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
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MODULE 6 – Crossing Techniques
Module GoalParticipants will understand and utilize proper crossing techniques in
their crossing guard duties.Objective OneParticipants will recall the use of school crossing guard equipment
and proper hand gestures and verbal commands.Objective Two Participants will recall the importance of visibility and conspicuity.Objective ThreeParticipants will recall proper crossing procedures at different
crosswalk types and under bad weather conditions.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VIDEO CLIP
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
EQUIPMENT• A fluorescent and retro-
reflective vest • A retro-reflective Stop Paddle
and/or flourescent or retro-reflective orange or yellow-green gloves. – If dark need retro-
reflectivity on gloves!!• A whistle
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
RETRO-REFLECTIVITY
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
UNIFORM
MUTCD
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
UNIFORM
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
Definitions
Visibility Quality or fact or degree of
being visible; perceptible by the eye or obvious to the eye.
Conspicuity The state or quality of being
clear or bright; brightness; conspicuousness.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
• Visibility and conspicuity contribute to safety of guard and students.
• Fluorescent / retroreflective vest makes guards more conspicuous to motorists while in the street, reducing pedestrian / vehicle crashes
• Guard’s presence (visibility) tends to deter unlawful / unsafe acts by pedestrians and motorists
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
• Visual Distractions, Obstructions, and Conditions– Visual clutter– Visual barriers– In vehicle distractions– Outside vehicle distractions– Weather– Night / Low light conditions
• Many pedestrian-related crashes occur because the driver’s vision was obscured, the driver was inattentive, or the pedestrian was not visible to the driver.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
Visual Distractions and Obstructions
In-Vehicle DistractionsVisual Clutter Visual Barriers
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
• Vest• Stop paddle and/or
gloves• Whistle• Hand gestures• Make eye contact - Be
sure you are seen before stepping in the roadway and crossing students.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
• Educate Children
– Most visible colors
– Contrasting clothes
– Least visible
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
“
VISIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY
• Educate Children • See and Be Seen -
– Drivers need to see you to avoid you.– Stay out of the driver's blind spot.– Make eye contact with drivers when crossing busy
streets.– Hold out your arm and wait for traffic to stop
before crossing– Wear bright colors or reflective clothing and carry a
flashlight when walking in the dark.• Do not let kids play near traffic or cross the street by
themselves.• Kids are small, and drivers may not see them if they run
into the street.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
PROPER SEARCH PATTERN
A common theme in major crash types is the failure of the pedestrian to search properly before entering the travel lane.
One of the roles of the adult crossing guard is to reinforce proper crossing behavior.
• Within the crosswalk, stop at the edge of the road• Look LEFT – RIGHT – LEFT again for traffic• If at an intersection, look over your shoulder for turning vehicles• Keep scanning as you cross the road
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
PROPER SEARCH PATTERN
Left Right Left Scan
Midblock Crosswalk
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
PROPER SEARCH PATTERN
Left Right Left Over the Shoulder
Intersection Crosswalk
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
PROPER SEARCH PATTERN
Continue to Scan while Crossing
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
PROPER SEARCH PATTERN
Crossing guards need to insist that students perform the proper search pattern each and every time.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATIONS
• All communications must be uniform, crisp and clearly informative so that both motorists and pedestrians will know what is expected of them.
• HAND signals / movements and whistle are to be used with motorists.
• VERBAL messages only are to be used with pedestrians.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATIONS
• Signals and communication with motorists:– Students about to enter or in crosswalk (Stop and yield) – Stop paddle – with arm parallel to ground, raised
perpendicular– Gloved hand – raised arm forward, parallel to the ground with
palm and fingers extended toward traffic• If a driver disregards the STOP paddle, blow one long blast on the
whistle to warn the driver while pointing and looking directly at him.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Recommended STOP paddle technique
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Recommended hand signal technique
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATIONS• Communication with students
• Prior to guard entering roadway, verbally remind students to– Stay at least one step behind “stay-back line”– Look LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT (and over the shoulder if at
an intersection)– When entering roadway to stay in crosswalk and
walk, don't run.• After guard is in roadway and it is safe to cross
– Verbally tell students they can cross– Remind them to continue scanning for traffic.ind them
to continue scanning for traffic
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATIONS
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATIONS
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES
• Remember
• You do not direct traffic in the regulatory law enforcement sense.
• You choose adequate gaps in traffic or create adequate gaps in traffic to safely cross students – using pedestrian and / or traffic signals if present
• At these times your presence serves as an easily recognizable cue that pedestrians are about to use the crosswalk, and drivers must stop.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VIDEO CLIP
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES
• Safe Gap Assessment
• Stopping Distance - The minimum distance in which a vehicle can be brought to rest in an emergency from the moment that the driver notices danger ahead. Stopping distances of vehicles can be estimated by using the formula:
– Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance
• The thinking distance is the time taken for the driver to react by applying the brakes of the vehicle. This is known as the reaction time.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES
30 mph
0 1 2 3 4 5
Seconds
Braking time
Safe Gap Assessment
For most road conditions you should pick a gap of at least 150 ft
Reaction timeStopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance
Normal road conditions and level grade (estimate only)
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES
Safe Gap Assessment
For most conditions you should pick a gap of at least
150 ft
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES
Safe Gap Assessment
For most conditions you should pick a gap of at least
150 ft
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
VIDEO CLIP
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
1 Curbside Assembly
CROSSING PROCEDURESUnsignalized CrosswalkStand on curb or behind edge of
roadway on the side of the street where students approach.
Keep students at least one step back from the curb or roadway edge. If a yellow “stand-back” line is marked or taped on sidewalk, it should be at least 3 feet behind the curb.
Ask a child who arrives on a bicycle, scooter, or skateboard to dismount and walk the bicycle or scooter or carry the skateboard when crossing.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
2
CROSSING PROCEDURES
Unsignalized Crosswalk
As children collect, wait for an opportune time to create a sufficient gap in traffic. Make a final scan for traffic before entering the roadway.
Remind children to wait for your verbal direction before starting to cross.
Select an opportune time
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
3 Enter crosswalk, stoppingnear-side traffic
CROSSING PROCEDURES
Unsignalized Crosswalk
Raise and display the STOP paddle as you walk to the middle of the roadway. (If using gloves and not using a STOP paddle, make the hand signal to traffic on the near-side approach with the left arm, continuing to hold your upraised palm to that approach as you walk to the middle of the roadway.)
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
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CROSSING PROCEDURES
Unsignalized Crosswalk
As you approach the middle of the roadway, check that the STOP paddle is clearly visible to that approach as well. (If using gloves and not a STOP paddle, make the hand signal with your right arm to traffic on the far-side approach.)
Stop far-side traffic
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
5 Take position
CROSSING PROCEDURESUnsignalized Crosswalk
Position in the middle of the street, just outside the crosswalk on the side closest to the approach with greater apparent risk of traffic conflict and face that approach, continuing to display the STOP paddle to both approaches. (If using gloves and not a STOP paddle, keep both arms extended horizontally to your sides.) Make a final check that traffic on both approaches has stopped.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
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CROSSING PROCEDURES
Unsignalized Crosswalk
Turn your head toward the waiting children and, making eye contact, verbally direct them to search for traffic as described, and to proceed when the way is clear.
Initiate Crossing
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
7 Maintain your position
CROSSING PROCEDURESUnsignalized Crosswalk
As children cross behind you, do not allow any driver to cross the crosswalk until the last child of the released group has reached the opposite curb or roadway edge.
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
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CROSSING PROCEDURES
Unsignalized Crosswalk
Remain alert for traffic and continue to display the STOP paddle until you have left the roadway. (If using gloves and not a STOP paddle, do not lower your upraised hand to the near-side approach until you have left the roadway.)
Return to the starting curb or roadway edge
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
1
Curbside Assembly
CROSSING PROCEDURES
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
2
CROSSING PROCEDURES
Wait for walk indication
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
3 Enter crosswalk, stopping near-side traffic
CROSSING PROCEDURES
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
4
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CROSSING PROCEDURES
Alert far-side traffic
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
5 Take position
CROSSING PROCEDURES
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
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CROSSING PROCEDURES
Initiate crossing
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
7 Maintain your position
CROSSING PROCEDURES
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
8
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CROSSING PROCEDURES
Return to the starting curb or roadway edge
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
SignalizedCrosswalkProcedures
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
UnsignalizedCrosswalkProcedures
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES• Four or More Lanes• At a signalized or unsignalized
crossing with four or more lanes, two guards should be assigned. Each handles one side of the street.
• Guard on side with children initiates
• Use applicable procedures for that side only
• Proceed to middle of traffic lanes
• Other guard simultaneously alerts and enters roadway
• Crosses children the rest of the way
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURESDo not cross children during protected Left
Turn
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
CROSSING PROCEDURES• Do
– Always review the proper search pattern before crossing
– Maintain control– Always cross students when
the light is green– Always use pedestrian
signals if available– Always be clear and concise
with your signals– Establish eye contact– Remain alert– See and Be Seen– Report dangerous vehicle
violations– Report uncooperative
students
• Don't– Don't assume that cars will
stop– Don't assume cars will
remain stopped– Don't cross students if a
vehicle is stopped in the crosswalk
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
MANAGING BAD WEATHER
• Inclement weather tends to make people hurry and pay less attention• Roads become slippery and stopping distances are increased• Visibility may be reduced• Electrical storms are dangerous and may disrupt traffic signals
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Iowa Adult School Crossing Guard Program
Module 5/Crossing Techniques
• if traffic signal out – do not cross children / call 911
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MANAGING BAD WEATHER• In lower visibility - See and Be
Seen– Ensure you have motorist's
attention before crossing– Make eye contact– One long blast on whistle– Consider retro-reflective
traffic cones or in-crosswalk panels
• Lightning– If in vicinity take shelter and
advise children to do same– If a flashing red light – cross
with caution / treat as multi-way stop
– If traffic signal out – don't cross children/call 911
• In rain conditions– Increase gap distances due to
slippery roads– Reduced motorist peripheral
vision– Wear rain jacket for comfort
with vest on outside– No umbrella– Kids will want to run to get out
of the rain – make them walk– Increased parent pick-up traffic