CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Science project

PRESENTED BY: ADVETYA A PILLAI CLASS: VIII ‘A’ ROLL NO: ‘43’

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES:THE PREPARATION OF SOIL IS THE FIRST STEP BEFORE GROWING A CROP. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TASK IN AGRICULTURE IS TO TURN THE SOIL AND LOOSEN IT THIS ALLOWS THEROOT TO PENETRATE DEEP IN THE SOIL .THE LOOSEN SOIL HELPS IN THE GROWTH OF EARTHWORMS AND MICROBES PRESENT IN THE SOIL . THESE ORGANISMS ARE THE FRIEND OF FARMERS SINCE THEY FURTHER TURN ,LOOSEN THE SOIL AND ADD HUMUS TO IT.

The process of loosening and turning ofSoil is called tilling or ploughing

Agriculture implementsBefore sowing the seeds, it is necessary to break soil to the size of grains to get better yield. This done with the help of varioustools. The main tool which are used for this Purpose are: plough , hoe ,seed driller.

PLOUGH :This tool being is used since ancient times for tilling

And turning of soil ,adding fertilizers to crops ,removing the weeds , scraping . This implement is made of wood and is drawn by a pair of bull or another animal [ camel or horse]. It contain a strongtriangular iron strip called plough share . The mainPart of plough is a long log of wood which is called plough shaft

Hoe:It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds and loosening the soil . It has a long rodof wood or the iron . A strong, board and bent of iron is fixed to one of its ends and works likeA blade . It is pulled by animal .

Sowing :Sowing is the most important part of crop

production . Before sowing , good quality seeds are selected . Good quality seed are clean and

healthy seeds of a good variety . Farmers prefer to use seeds which give a high yield .

ADDING FERTILIZER AND MANUREThe substances which are added to the soil in

the form of nutrients for the healthy growth ofplants are called manure and fertilizers

ManureFarmer had to add manure to the field to

replenish the soil with nutrients . This processIs called manuring . Manure is an organic

substances obtained from the decomposition of plants or animals wastes.

Fertilizer Fertilizer are chemical substances which are rich in particular nutrients . Fertilizer are produced in factories . Some Examples of fertilizer are: urea ,ammonium sulphate ,super phosphate ,potash ,NPR [nitrogen ,phosphate , potassium ].The use of fertilizer has helped farmers to get A better yield of crops , such as wheat , paddy and maize.

IrrigationWater is important for the proper growth and developments of fruits and seeds of plants .Along with water absorbed by the plants root .Along with water minerals and fertilizer are alsoabsorbed. Plants contain nearly 90% water.The supply of water to crops at different intervalsis called irrigation

There are two type of irrigation method [i] traditional method [ii] modern method

Traditional method of irrigationThe water available in wells, lakes, and canals islifted up by different method in different region,for taking it to the field .Cattle or human labouris used in these methods are cheaper ,but less efficient the various traditional ways are:i]moatii]chain pumpiii]dhekliiv]rahat

Modern methods of irrigationModern method of irrigation help us to use water economically . the main method used are as follows: Sprinkler system:This system is more useful on the uneven land where sufficient water is not available . The perpendicular pipes , having rotating nozzles on top ,when water is allowed to flow through the main pipeline at regular intervals .It get sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining .Sprinkler is very useful for sandy soil.

Drip system:In this system, the water falls drop by drop at theposition of the roots. So it is called drip system .It is the best technique for watering fruits plants , garden and trees . The system provides water to plants drop by drop. Water is not wasted at all. It is boon in the region where availability of Water is poor.

Protecting from weeds

In the fields many other undesirable plants may grow naturally along with the crops .These undesirable plants are called weeds. The removal of weeds are necessary since weeds compete with crops plants for water, nutrients ,space and light . Thus they affect the growth of crops. Weeds are controlled by a certain chemical ,called weedicides, like 4,2-d.These are sprayed on the field to kill the weeds , they don’t damage the crop.

harvestingHarvesting of a crop is an important task .The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting .In harvesting , crops are pulled out or cut close to ground . It usually takes 3 to 4 month for cereals crops to mature . Harvesting in our country is either done with a sickle or by a machine called harvester .In the harvested crops , the grain seed to be separated from the chaff, this process is called threshing .

storageStorage of produce is an important task .If the crop grains are to be kept for longer time , they should be safe from moisture, insects rats and microorganisms . The fresh crops has more microorganisms . If freshly harvested grains are stored without drying ,they may get spoilt or the attack of microorganisms ,before storing them , the grain are properly dried in the sun to reduce the moisture in them ,this prevent the attack by insect,bacteria and fungi .

Thank you