COTE Presentation. 26th Feb 2013 By Punita V. Solanki. Brief & Final

Continuing Occupational Therapy Education on

“Translating Research into Publication & its Application in Occupational

Therapy Practice”

Ms. Punita V. Solanki, MSc (O.T.), YFT-ISSA, Level I PIA

Consultant Occupational Therapist, Mumbai Ex-Assistant Professor & Ex-CARE Member (Seth G. S. Medical College & K. E. M Hospital, Mumbai) Editorial Board Member of IJOT Email id: [email protected]

26th February 2013, Tuesday OTICON 2013 at Trivandrum,

Kerala, India

Table of Contents:

1. Clinical Research and Evidence Based Occupational Therapy.

2. Retrieving Evidence Based Literature from various Databases.

3. Essential Components of Publication: IMRaD structure overview.

4. Guidelines/Statements for Reporting Research.

5. About Occupational Therapy Journals.

6. Application of Research Findings in Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice.

7. Take Home Message.

Punita V. Solanki ©

What is Research?


What is Research?

“Research means: • a systematic investigation, • including research development, testing and evaluation, • designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.”

Definition By Department of Health & Human Services Regulations, USA.


What is Clinical Research?

National Institutes of Health defines human clinical research as: (1)Patient - oriented research

(2)Epidemiologic and behavioral studies. (3)Outcomes research and health services research.


Clinical Research:


Evidence Based Practice in Occupational Therapy

It is not enough to do your best; you first have to know what to do and then do your best.

~ W. Edwards Deming

Evidence Based Practice is most widely defined as:

“The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”

Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB: Evidence based Medicine: How to Practise and Teach Evidence-based Medicine. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1997.


Evidence Based Practice in Occupational Therapy

Evidence-based practice is the integration of:

Environmental and Organizational Practice Context

Jacobs JA, Jones E, Gabella BA, Spring B, Brownson RC. Tools for Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach in Public Health Practice. Prev Chronic Dis 2012;9:110324. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110324


Single Hierarchy Model of Levels of Evidence

George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196


The Research Pyramid of Borgetto et. al. 2007 & Clinical Reasoning

Procedural Reasoning

Interactive Reasoning

Conditional Reasoning

George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196


The Evidence Based Practice in Occupational Therapy consists of five steps:

Evidence-Based Medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. Evidence-based Medicine Working Group.

JAMA. 1992;268:2420-2425.

ASK

ACQUIRE

APPRAISE

APPLY

ANALYZE & ADJUST/REFLECT


Step 1 : ASK

Formulating a Research Question:

P : A patient, population or problem being considered

I : An intervention, prognostic factor, assessment etc

C : A comparison intervention (if relevant)

O : An outcome or outcomes of interest.

(Sackett et al, 2000)


Step 1 : ASK

Formulating a Research Question:

PICO E.g. Does Pre Operative (TJR) Exercise (I) improve function and reduce stiffness (O) for people with osteoarthritis (P) compared with patients without pre operative (TJR) Exercise (C)? Study Design: Experimental, Prospective, Comparative NRCT/RCT with or without blinding. Clinical Reasoning: Procedural Reasoning


Step 2 : AQUIRE

Finding Research Evidence to Answer Question

What: Search for the Best Evidence

Why: it helps conducting the best research and answers the unanswered questions.

Where: Electronic Databases, Hand Search in Books & Journal Articles (Primary Research & Systematic Reviews +/- Meta-analysis), Grey Literature

When: Beginning, During and End of the Research.

How: Follow Search Tips and Guidelines provided in each Databases.

Who: Principal Investigator , Co-Investigator, Librarian, Trial Search Co-ordinator David Sharp. Kipling’s Guide to Writing a Scientific Paper. Croat Med J. 2002;43: 262-267


Search Strategies:

Use of Boolean Operators:

OR

NOT


AND

Search Strategies:

Parenthesis (Nesting) e.g. ‘(diabetes or hyperglycaemia)’ AND ‘inhalers’

( )

‘…’ Quotation marks e.g. ‘treatment of osteoarthritis’

?, *, + Truncation/Stemming at the end of a word e.g. ‘Cardio*’ ‘Therapy?’ ‘Exercise+’


Search Strategies:

#, ? Wild Card e.g. ‘wom#n’ will return ‘woman’ and ‘women’

MeSH Thesaurus

Many more methods for effective searching developed by NLM are: e.g. Synonyms, Plus (+)

symbol etc.


Knowledge Databases

A Knowledge Database: classified according to types of content:

Bibliographic: EBSCO, EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, ISI Web of Knowledge, ISI JCR, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AMED, APA PsycNET, System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe etc

Full-text: BioOne, ProQuest, OvidSP, BioMedCentral, PubMedCentral, IOS Press, Multi-Science, Bandolier, Clinical Key, Directory of Open Access Journals etc

Reference Work: Cochrane Library, COS Funding Opportunities, ISI Web of Science, DARE, Clinical Evidence, NHS Economic Evaluation Database etc


Knowledge Databases

Images/Illustration: Primal Pictures 3DAnatomy

Monographs/Books: OECD Health Data, PsycBooks, Springer eBooks, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Books and e-Books, OverDrive Digital Library, etc

Internet Sources: UpToDate, Medi-Span, ProVation Medical, Facts & Comparisons, Lexicomp, Clin-e-guide, GALE Health Reference Centre, Science Direct, etc

Factual/Statistical Files: COS Papers Invited, Marquis Who is Who, etc

Newspapers: Press Display

Search Engines: Google Scholar


Evidence Based Databases for Occupational Therapy Literature

OT Search – American Occupational Therapy Association OT Education Finder - Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists OTCATs - Occupational Therapy Critically Appraised Topics OTseeker: Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of Evidence OTDBASE University of Ottawa School of Rehabilitation - EBP Website PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects) Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP) Effective Health Care ACP Journal Club Evidence Based Medicine Reviews


Database of Online Resources: Indian Scenario

1. NML: National Medical Library - ERMED Consortium: http://www.nmlermed.in 2. INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network Centre: An Inter University Centre of University Grants Commission (UGC): www.inflibnet.ac.in 3. INDEST: Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology: http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/indest/ 4. ICMR Union Catalog: http://www.icmr.nic.in/


http://www.nmlermed.in/

http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/

http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/indest/

http://www.icmr.nic.in/

Reporting of Literature Search:

S

T

A

R

L

I

T

E

‘‘Brimful of STARLITE’’: toward standards for reporting literature searches by Andrew Booth. J Med Libr Assoc 94(4) October 2006


Sampling Strategy

Types of Studies

Approaches

Range of Years

Limits

Inclusions & Exclusions

Terms Used

Electronic Sources.

For Systematic Reviews

Step 3 : APRRAISE

Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context. (Burls 2009). Critical appraisal assesses the validity of the research and statistical techniques employed in studies and generates clinically useful information from them.

The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal by Dr. Narinder Kaur Gosall & Dr. Gurpal Singh Gosall. 3rd Edition, 2012 PasTest Ltd.


Step 3 : APRRAISE

Critical Appraisal seeks to answer two major questions: 1. Does the research have Internal Validity? 2. Does the research have External Validity?



Efficacy and Effectiveness

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Internal Validity (Efficacy) External Validity (Effectiveness)

Authenticity

(Efficacy) Transferability (Effectiveness)

Efficacy: Impact of Interventions under optimal trial conditions. (Schwartz and Lellouch, 1967)

Effectiveness: Interventions expected to have intended effect under ordinary clinical circumstances. (Schwartz and Lellouch, 1967)



Critical Appraisal : Steps in EBP

Clinical Problem

Define the

Question

Search the

Evidence Appraise Decide Evaluate

PICOS Tool

Critical Appraisal


Critical Appraisal Resources:

To critically appraise a journal article, you would have to start by assessing the research methods used in the study. This is done using checklists which are specific to the study design.

The following checklists are commonly used:

1. CASP: The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme: www.sph.nhs.uk/what-we-do/public-health-workforce/resources.

2. SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) guideline developer’s handbook: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/annexc.html.

3. CEBMH: Centre for Evidence-Based Mental Health: http://cebmh.warne.ox.ac.uk/cebmh/education_critical_appraisal.htm.


http://www.sph.nhs.uk/what-we-do/public-health-workforce/resources









http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/annexc.html

http://cebmh.warne.ox.ac.uk/cebmh/education_critical_appraisal.htm

http://cebmh.warne.ox.ac.uk/cebmh/education_critical_appraisal.htm

Critical Appraisal Resources:

4. CATwalk: Critically Appraised Topic http://www.library.ualberta.ca/subject/healthsciences/catwalk/index.cfm

5. Centre for Evidence Based Medicine : http://www.cebm.net

6. CLIST Resources for Critical Appraisal: http://www.londonlinks.nhs.uk/groups/clinical-librarians-informationskills-trainers-group/trainers-toolkit/resources-for-critical-appraisal

7. SCHARR: The School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield: http://www.shef.ac.uk/scharr/sections/ir/links Reference: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ich/services/library/services_and_facilities/training/critical-appraisal


http://www.library.ualberta.ca/subject/healthsciences/catwalk/index.cfm




http://www.cebm.net/

http://www.londonlinks.nhs.uk/groups/clinical-librarians-informationskills-trainers-group/trainers-toolkit/resources-for-critical-appraisal

















http://www.shef.ac.uk/scharr/sections/ir/links

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ich/services/library/services_and_facilities/training/critical-appraisal





Step 4 : APPLY

Implement the Evidence Based Material.

If not familiar to the material, then familiarize by reading various resources, practicing and then implement.

Integrating Evaluation-Informed and Evidence Based Practice: The PRAISES Model (5 major Phases & 18 different steps)


Step 4 : APPLY

The PRAISES Model (5 major Phases & 18 different steps): PHASE I. PRe-Intervention

PHASE II. Assessment

PHASE III. Intervention

PHASE IV. Systematic Evaluation

PHASE V. Stabilize From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]


Step 5 : ANALYZE & ADJUST/REFLECT

Once implemented, do a thorough, systematic and careful monitoring and evaluation of that application.

From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]


Scientific Paper

“Without publication, science is dead.” ~ Gerard Piel

A scientific paper is a written and published report describing original research results.

Council of Biology Editors defined Primary Publication as: 1. The first publication of original research results. 2. In a form whereby peers can repeat the experiments and test the conclusions, & 3. In a journal (peer-reviewed) or other source document readily available within the scientific community.


Scientific Paper

A scientific paper is organized with distinctive and clearly evident component parts such as IMRaD. IMRaD system was prescribed as a standard by American National Standards Institute, 1st in 1972.


Jianguo Wu. Improving the writing of research papers: IMRAD and beyond. Landscape Ecol (2011) 26:1345–1349. DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9674-3

Essential Components of Publication:

Basic IMRaD

Introduction

Materials & Methods

Results

Discussion

I

M

R

a

D

Why did you start?

What & How did you do?

What did you find?

So What does it mean?

Assertion

Evidence

Affirmation



Elaborated IMRaD Structure: Professional Paper

1. Abstract 2. Title 3. Introduction 4. Materials & Methods 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Conclusion 8. Acknowledgements 9. References 10. Appendices



IMRAD-based Proposal Structure: Varies greatly with different proposal requirements. Read all guidelines carefully.

1. Abstract 2. Title 3. Introduction 4. Materials & Methods 5. Timeline & Budget 6. Cooperation & Regulatory Approval 7. References 8. Appendices


What is a good title?

First impression of a scientific article. Fewest possible words. Informative: Adequately describes the

contents of the paper. Do NOT sacrifice clarity in an attempt to

be witty. Should be attractive. Short but specific.

How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.

Title


What is a good title? (….continued)

Be especially careful of Syntax. [Word Order]

NO abbreviations and jargon. Numbered Series titles are NOT allowed. The title is a label and NOT a sentence.

e. g. Effectiveness of MRT in Mechanical Stress Induced LBP.

e. g. Efficacy of Myofascial Release Therapy in Stress Induced Mechanical Low Back Pain.

Title


How to List Authors & Addresses

“The list of authors establishes accountability as well as credit.”

~ National Academies Committee on Science, Engineering & Public Policy.

1. Substantial Contribution to the conception & design, acquisition, analysis & interpretation of data.

2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

ICMJE: http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html


http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html

How to List Authors & Addresses

3. Final approval of the version to be published.

4. Sufficient participation & Direct responsibility for the manuscript.

5. Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alone does not constitute authorship. Authorder: http://www.authorder.com/

ICMJE: http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html


http://www.authorder.com/

http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html

An abstract is a summary of the information in a document. A well prepared abstract enables readers to: a. View the basic contents of a document quickly & accurately.

b. Determines its relevance to their interests and thus helps in deciding to read the document in its entirety.

~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.

Abstract


An abstract should:

a. State the principal objectives & the scope of the research study. [Concise]

b. Describe the methods employed in brief. [Avoid details]

c. Summarize the results [Only the 1° & Important]

d. State the principal conclusions.


Abstract


What problem was studied ? The answer to this question should be in

your Introduction

A good beginning makes a good ending

Introduction = Beginning

– Assertion – ‘tell them what you are going to tell them,’

Body = Middle – Evidence – ‘tell them,’

Conclusion = End – Affirmation – ‘tell them again what you told them’.

Introduction


Introduction

Beginning: i. Scientific background (General to Specific) Cite publications.

Avoid Comprehensive Literature Review

Middle: ii. Explanation of rationale (Justify your work)

End: iii. Specific objectives or hypotheses (State clearly & explicitly)

Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32


Materials & Methods


Methodology should be written in subheadings and in past tense; should give details of new methods and should cite the reference for established methods in the literature.

Should be reproducible


Materials & Methods


Subheadings of Methodology can be:

1. Trial/Study Design. 2. Sample Size. 3. Eligible Participants. 4. Interventions. 5. Outcome measures & Endpoints. 6. Randomization & Blinding. 7. Statistical Methods. 8. IRB Approval & Informed Consent Process.


Results

Write Results in subheadings and in past tense, write in present tense whilst referring to tables and figures. Do not explain the results Do not duplicate data among figures, tables and text Write what did you find? Findings should answer all Q’s raised in Methodology There should be NO new parameters NO mismatch in numbers between text and tables or figures. Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz


http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india



Results

Subheadings:

1. Participant flow (A diagram is strongly recommended.

2. Recruitment: Period and Follow up. Reasons for ending the trial/study.

3. Baseline Data: Demographic details and Clinical Characteristics of each groups.

4. Number of Participants analyzed in each groups at study completion.



Results

Subheadings: (…….continued)

5. Primary & Secondary Outcomes, results for each group, and the estimated effect size and its precision (such as 95% confidence interval)

6. Ancillary analyses. (subgroup analyses and adjusted analyses).

7. Harms: All important harms or unintended effects in each group.



Discussion

Beginning: Answer the research question(s) posed

Emphasize the major finding(s) first

What is your major conclusion, based on the results you have presented?

Avoid just restating results

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz





Discussion

Middle:

Interpret your results

Compare with other studies

Same or different?

Unexpected results

Briefly describe limitations (Trial limitations, addressing sources of potential bias, imprecision, and if relevant, multiplicity of analyses)

How could experiments be improved?






Discussion

End: Restate major conclusion(s) – In summary … or In conclusion …

Possible applications and implications Generalisability (external validity, applicability) of the trial/study findings)

Suggestions for future work

Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32 Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz

Conclusion &





Acknowledgements to Contributors

“Life is not so short but that there is always time enough for courtesy.”

~ Ralph Waldo Emerson.

1st. Thank any significant technical help.

2nd. Acknowledge any outside financial assistance.

A simple courtesy; there isn’t anything really scientific about it.

Obtain permission from the concerned person, to include in Acknowledgement.

Be simple, short and specific. e.g. “I thank John Jones for his help in statistical analysis.”

Acknowledgements does not denote endorsement. ~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.


References

A good reference list will:

Provides relevant information to the readers Avoid Self-citations Avoid Old references 75% of references from last 5 years Accurate & Complete reference details. Follow the citation style as suggested by the journal.






Citation Styles

AAA - American Anthropological Association

ACS - American Chemical Society

AIP - American Institute of Physics

ALWD - Association of Legal Writing Directors

AMA - American Medical Association

AMS - American Mathematical Society

AP - Associated Press

APA - American Psychological Association

APSA - American Political Science Association

ASA - American Sociological Association

Bluebook

Chicago Manual of Style

CSE - Council of Science Editors

Harvard Business School

LSA - Linguistic Society of America

Maroonbook

MLA - Modern Language Association

NLM - National Library of Medicine: (Uniform

Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical

Journals by ICMJE. Originally Vancouver Citation

Style)

Turabian

Cite it Right


E:/Manish. Punita/PUNITA V. SOLANKI/COTE - OTICON 2013. Translating Research into Publication/citation styles.htm

Appendices

Case Record Forms.

Scores/Scales/Questionnaires if designed & validated by you as an original author.

Original Scores/Scales/Questionnaires should be cited in the reference and should NOT be included in the appendices without permission.

New Treatment Protocol/Method if designed by you as an original author.

Sample Case Study.

Do NOT include the raw data chart in the manuscript but produce it, if demanded by Editorial Review Board and the Editor for Review.


Designing Effective Tables

“A tabular presentation of data is often the heart or, better, the brain, of a scientific paper”

~ Peter Morgan




Do not construct a table unless repetitive data must be presented. (↑ Cost & Not a good science to regurgitate reams of data)

A Table: should be well constructed with title, headings, footnotes explaining the abbreviations, be simple, easy to read & understand & small. (↓ Cost)

Data arrangements in Row Vs. Columns

Follow Journal instructions.

Wordings in the Tables should match in the Text.

Mention every Table in the Text.



Marjon ten Velden, Kinebanian OT: Dutch Children’s Perspectives on the Constructs of the Child Occupational Self-Assessment (COSA). OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. Winter 2013 - Volume 33 · Issue 1: 50-58. DOI: 10.3928/15394492-20120817-01


Preparing Effective Graphs

Graphs are nothing but pictorial tables. Facts related to Tables apply for Graphs as well.

Graphs should be simple, clear, readable, self explanatory with letters of readable size in the final draft of publication copy.

Should show only the most important information intended to be conveyed.

Keep Graphs to minimum in a manuscript.

Follow Journal instructions.

Should depict your findings fairly and accurately.

NO mismatch between the numbers/wordings in the Text, Tables & Graphs.


Preparing Effective Graphs

http://www.gradschools.com/search-programs/occupational-therapy







Taking Effective Photographs

“Life is not about significant details, fixed in a flash, fixed forever. Photographs are.”

~ Susan Sontag



Effective Photograph Submissions

Choose a journal with high quality reproduction

standards.

Submit acceptable formats (JPEG or TIFF) and with optimal resolution.

Crop the photograph to include the important clinical aspect.

Indicate the preferred location.

Colored Vs Black-White photographs.

At times line diagrams are superior to photographs in some instances.


Taking Effective Photographs

Median Nerve Palsy following Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing of a Monteggia Fracture: An Unusual Case and Review of the Literature. Lidder S, Heidari N, Amerstorfer F, Grechenig S, Weinberg AM - Case Report Med (2011)


Importance of Scientific English


Scientific Writing

Keep it simple Use correct tense (past, present or future) Use nine parts of speech appropriately. Active Vs Passive voice Singulars and Plurals Avoid Jargon A sentence has no sense without punctuation marks Do a Grammar and Spell check ~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.


Importance of Punctuations

“A woman without her man is nothing.”

“A woman, without her man, is

nothing.”

“A woman: without her, man is

nothing.”

Punctuation is Powerful


Rights & Permissions

Copyright Act of 1976:

Legal right to reproduce, publish & sell literary or art work. It protects original forms of expression but not the ideas being expressed. You can own it for life time + 50 years, if not done for the employer. It is divisible and can be transferred. It prevents unauthorized use of published work (plagiarism) Always reproduce, if need be, with prior written permission.



How to Submit a Manuscript

“Great journals are born in the hands of the editors; they die in the hands of businessmen.”

~ Bernard De Voto

Follow Journal Instructions & Guidelines for Authors

Electronic Submissions

Conventional Submissions

The Cover Letter (Conventional or Electronic)

Confirmation of Receipt of manuscript ~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.


Peer Review Process


“It Usually is a Positive Experience & improves the Manuscript”

Editors and Reviewers look for:

Novelty and Addition to Existing Knowledge. High Quality Research as per Reporting Guidelines. Clear and Concise English. Of Interest to Journal Readers & within the Scope of the Journal’s Area of Research. Timely Submissions and Following Journal’s Instructions.

Review Decisions: Accept, Modify or Reject.


Guidelines for Reporting Research

“Reporting guidelines are statements that provide advice on how to report research methods and findings.

Usually in the form of a checklist, flow diagram or explicit text.

They specify a minimum set of items required for a clear and transparent account of what was done and what was found in a research study, reflecting in particular issues that might introduce bias into the research.”

Equator Network: http://www.equator-network.org/resource-centre/library-of-health-research-reporting/reporting-guidelines/#what.


http://www.equator-network.org/resource-centre/library-of-health-research-reporting/reporting-guidelines/















Guidelines for Reporting Research

Most medical journals, often require compliance to all or some of the following reporting guidelines:

CONSORT Statement (reporting of randomized controlled trials) STARD (reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies) STROBE (reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) PRISMA (reporting of systematic reviews), which replaced QUOROM MOOSE (reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies)

Equator Network: http://www.equator-network.org/resource-centre/library-of-health-research-reporting/reporting-guidelines/#guid.


http://www.consort-statement.org/

http://www.consort-statement.org/

http://www.stard-statement.org/

http://www.stard-statement.org/

http://www.strobe-statement.org/Checklist.html



http://www.prisma-statement.org/index.htm

http://www.prisma-statement.org/index.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10584742

http://www.equator-network.org/index.aspx?o=1052

http://www.equator-network.org/index.aspx?o=1052
















Ethics in Scientific Publishing

Authenticity Accuracy Originality Credit Ethical treatment Disclosure of conflicts of interest



Where to submit Manuscript

Decide Early and Decide Well. Decide where to publish.

Consider:

Prestige. Access. Bibliometrics (especially Journal Impact factor) Speed of publication. Quality of Printing. Likelihood of Acceptance. Choose as regards journal’s subject matter, audience, selectivity. Manuscripts as per Journals Instructions Consult an expert in the field or a colleague.


Journal Selection

Edanz Journal Selector

edanz English editing for scientists: http://www.edanzediting.com/journal_selector


http://www.edanzediting.com/journal_selector

Journal Quality

Index Copernicus Evaluation Methodology 2013

Detailed Parametrical analysis The following groups of parameters are evaluated:

Scientific quality: 580 base points (58.0%) Editorial quality: 200 base points (20.0%) International availability: 135 base points (13.5%) Frequency-Regularity-Stability: 50 base points (5.0%) Technical quality: 35 base points (3.5%) Total: 1000 base points (100.0%)

Index Copernicus International: http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/


http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/

Journal Quality Metrics (Bibliometrics)

Bibliometrics is a set of methods to quantitatively analyze scientific and technological literature. The term was coined by Alan Pritchard 1969. Some of the Journal Quality Metrics are:

1. Thomson Reuters: JCR Impact Factor & Immediacy Index 2. Eigenfactor Score. 3. Article Influence Score. 4. H Index or Hirsch number. 5. SCImago Journal Rank. (SJR). 6. Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP). Ted Brown. Journal Quality Metrics: Options to Consider other than Impact Factors. Am Jr Occup Ther. May/June 2011, Vol 65, No.3, Page: 346-350.


About Occupational Therapy Journals

Journal Name (Full & Abbreviations), Editor-in-chief, Publishers, Frequency, Journal Impact Factor (JIF), ERA Ranking, Peer Review Process?, Indexed & Abstracted in which Database?, Access, Authors Instructions: Style Manual & Citation Style, Submission Process & Time taken to Publish, Acceptance Rate, Quality of Printing.


The 6S hierarchical model of pre-appraised evidence

DiCenso A, Bayley L, Haynes RB: Accessing pre-appraised evidence: Fine tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Evid Based Nurs 2009, 12: 99-101.


Translation of Clinical Research Into Practice Translation of Clinical Research Into Practice

Three Phase Translational Research Model by Westfall et al.

T1 is the traditional pathway of National Institutes of Health (NIH) - supported academically based discovery and clinical trials (Phase 1 & 2 Trials)

T2 is Practice Based Research: Phase 3 & 4 Trials, Systematic Reviews & Meta-analysis, Guidelines development.

T3 is dissemination and implementation of research into clinical practice.

William Trochim, Cathleen Kane, Mark J. Graham, Harold A. Pincus, Evaluating Translational Research: A Process Marker Model. CTS Journal. VOL 4 , ISSUE 3, Page 153 -162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00291.x


Application of Research Findings in Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice

Clinical Scientists: How should they apply and disseminate research findings:

1. Appraise primary research or systematic reviews and apply in clinical practice (after a brief period of learning; if the discovery is novel and not a standard of care).

2. Read Critically Appraised Articles or Reviews from clinical summaries, clinical guidelines e.g. Clin-e-guide online resources, Clinical Key Summaries, OvidSP & then apply in clinical practice. (after a brief period of learning; if the discovery is novel and not a standard of care).

Do Not apply findings of individual studies without critical appraisal.


Application of Research Findings in Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice

Where do Clinicians & Academicians apply evidence based & new findings of research: Choosing interventions in clinical practice. Printed patient educational materials. Academic teachings. Educational meetings. Educational outreach. Local opinion leaders.

Grimshaw et al.: Knowledge translation of research findings. Implementation Science . 2012 , 7:50. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-50


Take Home Message

• Write to express not impress. • Consider your audience - their native language may not be English. • Prepare well & Search enough, before you start your research. • Select the Journal well before you write your manuscript. • Take opinions & reviews from experts and colleagues. • Strictly Follow & abide by the Journal Instructions, just as you follow the Bible or Bhagwat Gita. • Respect and Politely communicate with your Editors. • Apply research findings in clinical practice with caution and only after critical appraisal.


Acknowledgements


I thank my mentors to review my presentation & for their valuable suggestions:

Dr. Sandeep B. Bavdekar (Prof. & HOD - Paediatric Dept. TNMC & BYL Nair Hospital)

Dr. Bibhas DasGupta (Prof. & Unit Chief - Orthopaedics Dept. SGSMC & KEM Hospital)

Dr. Nithya Gogtay (Addl. Prof. in Clinical Pharmacology & Editor of JPGM. SGSMC & KEMH)

I also would thank:

Dr. Anil K. Srivastava for providing IJOT details, as requested by me.

Last but not the least, I thank Dr.

Jyothika N. Bijlani Madam, my teacher for, giving me an opportunity to speak as a faculty for COTE.

References

BOOKS:

1. The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal by Dr. Narinder Kaur Gosall, Dr. Gurpal Singh Gosall. 3rd Edition, 2012. Published by PasTest Ltd. Cheshire (UK)

2. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper by Robert A. Day and Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011; Published by Greenwood, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, California (USA)

3. Scientific English: A Guide for Scientists and Other Professionals by Robert A. Day and Nancy Sakaduski. Third Edition, 2011; Published by Greenwood, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, California (USA)

4. Chapter 5: How to Write a Scientific Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal by Phil Lange. In Publishing Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed. Page 70 - 81.

5. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB: Evidence based Medicine: How to Practise and Teach Evidence-based Medicine. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1997.

6. From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]


References

JOURNALS:

1. Jacobs JA, Jones E, Gabella BA, Spring B, Brownson RC. Tools for Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach in Public Health Practice. Prev Chronic Dis 2012;9:110324. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110324.

2. George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196.

3. Evidence-Based Medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. Evidence-based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1992;268:2420-2425.

4. DiCenso A, Bayley L, Haynes RB: Accessing pre-appraised evidence: Fine tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Evid Based Nurs 2009, 12: 99-101.

5. Andrew Booth ‘‘Brimful of STARLITE’’: toward standards for reporting literature searches. J Med Libr Assoc 94(4) October 2006.

6. Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32


http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110324
