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N N

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ui +a\ +j 29 aj i d ~i Lq-' b;iA bi &\ ,p-4iL21Al .. - J L: f L i. C k

. $9 ,GI ;e

JI $>;% L +,-I &I ~ G L a A+.!.\ fUI ?I%\ a!

u Jj$ j~~ p~ J I ~ 4 b d 4 1 ~ LL& ;+ k k LL$ Gb

& -3 L 3 5 dy< dy A+!.\ ?u\ db 019 b+ d U l j GI+

p 3 5 j-. a-ks J,*T JI cI;U iliCI oh JS ++I A\

I - .I ,ell, ++I .h 2 &I 'p,J,.&$. d L U i a&.+,

. Perpetual Cost Index +I*" dql ,i +,b j, dpi G ~ i r i l @ J>

c;c4 +LQI l jz 2, &,L" 2, ii>, I+- 2 9 db,

.&U& &JLz5Yl +A1 &?\,A

Dsc 714 1430 2140 2860 3570 47,80+ L L L '2

;L'4>1

TAX 311 744 1112, 1488 1856 223S+ &$I 3

Cash Flow 371 744 11 12 14SS IS56 12772- Ll iaL 4

1 +3

Dcf 233 513 4 2 1240 168s 12771,- d l y&.5

"+I "

&-1,>~$1 j > +?A 14; d b - ! : 4&,4 ,!s +; "4 " , . I G

?Jciil &.LA

lj, xi lj"-,iJ\ di- JI -11 di- y. J,S + J% - 2

#

'?c(,&JI oh jj1;"3(Irll JJfi: *,i; @

J -5 J f i i + ; Jl, J5TUl (fL JSL > d,pT a$=-4 -., - ,I q k ~ l &%il WJ +&J -- * j J l xi1 L l j i I+ M

6~ - . >/i~l- u ,m 21 qk61 i i U \ ; I I j Enosion 4 4 4 + .La+\, a d 1 & &- I

I i

Inter 2: i. >;u p r ; b j d b L i - 1 2 - b 23 yLujJ +*, ijI > + ~ J I , JLC;~'I ibj >;dlj a U a I r - b d y e C.' Giainual Distance

&UUI aL +,+ +, &I c ~ > J a d 1 d K I;! L ~ ~ ~ I I + d d ~

4- j& J i Amorphous 4j$ p yy*v JLGL ic$ ~L.G &

OL aFGJ LL~I 4 9 ,y & 6JfL r(i 26-4 d2 $, . > I + ~ I 2 +J,.4.JI c;lU...l~

,' / . / ' 1 - 1 I " L , - - 4 & -'i &>L+. ?I'.'. '1 i'+' --i- L , J 3

. 8

L&>\ G - J & ; ~~~\ >\,a $],&I >ij ~],&l 4' J- - 1 1 u +3+\ +;5L&.\j>;

I . / ! I '

U I >I$\ b& .& LL.Al >!,dl d0,3 G,+L.l dl.!,+!; a'--l 3 - 0

Ll> i "/, j - 1 -Crysrilins Grainu;tls &,,A a'- 3 iG "

+I ,L :.- u,. L&.L f hi, >,- 4 d d l d y 1

J L ~ ~ I $1 j!~covelant Bond ')U :i Metalic Force G h (5,s iL-I$ ,

1 ,

I

I 4, i

BCC *+I (+. & p,.+ -C*UI 9 IIAA j b,+ +J,U~

iT"* I& ,i t-91 * c ~ d i u ~ Q ~ &I i j ~ b ~ & , FCC uji ;S+ -Gj

Onhorombic "1 t j 3 1" Hexagonal Crystll

. j i c y l ub a\j 1 i

Chemical Corroison j&++$l 'KUl 2.3 i

3 I L-PJI~ L J l cy + ju ,bL +...+ ,i-;- i.>Ckl1 j. ~ $ 1 'L j

CI

jL&Gl I&; $ & - ' 6

04-b 'SF{ >l,o JJdLA 31ri1 O>L; JS~ I JWJ~ O>L 3 j k A I J 1 ? d l (A) + L d J l ( ~ ) -> bb-ll <L(cj I

L

.-5. 4L G&* 2 ;>LI, kU1 ,j L,. ,591 ,a >&GI Kil f "

d y e - H '$1 d > t n l @ LdL.Al L&$.II am L , J I 4 +,& Y LL, ,iciALb G j t i ;>L &LA d,+55 ~ ~ ' ~ - f j ~ l 8Jk l

a U J 1 p- J! djY, FYI L,JI h, JJ~I ~ A I L% ;& , . I ' L c? UI a,& ;l,U FYI

. a d \ ,+L 2 ;+A LJQ JI J,Q+ vK21 L,J y-

JI LA$, & gj.~L\ .b a)/;iU\ OL ip &i i * ~ i/b

+JJ +\Ij + . .J l j b+.dl ;;+A 'j k U l 2 &,+, :+I; ;>LA I

AL L.+!.c G ~ I $ $v\, jy'dl ,I & U l 0 CaC03 + 2HC1 + CaCl? + CO: ? + Hz0

L; ,i LLL L,~& +I+! ;A.J GUI 2 &I,& ~ ~ ~ ~ $ 1 ' '

J - - . : -4 +&-; J>Ldl e Js r kal&l ,:.x d 8 1

' I

L + ~ l l ~ , ~ - - ~ ~ r i , ~ ~ ~ j l i & ~ ~ ~ , ~ JJJ;.J,i&,+~ . 1 Fe + 2HC1 -+ FeClz + HL,

( G J w ~ ~ I J I 4 ~ 4 ~ 9 ;> jb i~L.5 id j I J~~ r w - ) Ge3,~\ i f.

- N:H4 + 2H' + 7e + 2NH3 --&I XI- U . L J ~ U I j +I; >lr j;+*Ll " Q , ~ ; : j ~ C i l +),A'

Cu" + 3NH3 + [ CU(NH;.,]++ . 1 , 41-r ;.a ZL,.&-~,

j I 5 4 ... <,T J;; jG i L ,A ;& ;&&I, XLJI 41 qL&Q1 d><Gl ;lp

+ >QI ~ ~ - 3 i ; ~.j j . t ; ~ l QLS.UI ir. SCII j 2 - 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 -L;I-LJI 3 ~ ; ~ ~ i 1 - I &, ,i 4,; Lici jLdI iL Jjll;?.~&.!l I ~ L & 3 J>Lli 2 CO ~ y . J ~ q ~

.+&-I; c f ~ i j 1~ >L+.~G~I agij ~ I + ~ J Q I ; Q,@~JI, " v J J ~ l c ~ i b ~ b 4 i t

Chelating G > C &\,a L-J .> $bJ- Llfi~ "!d \ j W l 4 :+.iiUdI , bb3j~Q~ c 4- bYC &>d l w jWl

-+i bdi 1,s $1: >-$Vl by< GJI ~ L Q I aG>l Lk4 ~~~~~~~~~~d Y (SS) St;iinl~.ss Steel i+ y +dl ji.,+!l ic i.ii,A* -bi ,&I

f6.Cr :,,glJ MO;,+I]$; V rr>Ui3 Zn &>I, Fe 4-d-I EDTA ' ' 1 : d>Ul

c LiJ1 4 b * d l oUI J r,j;&13 r j $ J ~ ( u U iiiY>l-C \& EDTA DL. '1 * Ni ((, + i(CO igi -+ Nj(CO)4 TI, Q-L- (1-1 -6, ( W ~ I ,i ~ , j i l + j l Y ) &I +L. 4; kJ12LJI

' 1 ...2;;.'.. 9 I . *

' , -:;;:,; $,! 3: ( . , : .,$. :.

- 66 - - 67 -

b

f >(

Eleetro Chernicsl Corrosion JL+.$,,&I jliLi:bD . I

L I. ji L J I & p+- ;m 'pi 3 - Js-LJl 'y ~ $ 1 l h , . $ ,

,j ~ b i Jr ;Ejr w QL,+QY J u ~ 6- ~ l ( > l 1 ,y$;4:'

Me -+ Me'" + ne- p;i 3.k j 8

0 i 2

L ' /

+.+I ~ A A I dd?i +-ZG J,;~Q~ & JI &J Q ~ j + ~ y l bb- !

~ 9 u i i l Jy-4 A *j Jp, ,;LO1 J2.G &I QLI,,SQ~I i,+,J.l$ t j

-:aL>i aY>Ld\ 2 L A d 3 9 \ j~ J* ji >.u\ +-,; jF

+ "L?\>I i/ ,+L$J Q Z z \ - d I >I,.L~I o~ ",. LL.!LG~I ijl 1 r 2 - U

ul , I .;i , I;,-:, L- a -!& ---,+ A: Clu;~ning During Ol>c;~r.~ion ,. .-J u+- + . .- L -

~g c a C. EDTA kli;. L+ ;?b pi, I & - ' $ d l $L- ;S u L j - G

Cf +I & aU51 JI> LLL+ lo3 . I% 24 LJLC 9 AS

.A J dj& &,d $-!-dl j l 3 I 0 ~ ~ DO\VI~ L > l i ~ i-f$~

M a M'" nne-

3- JI d 2 3 9 i JF- ,i &I;$! 31 J e . d d ~ d! &i - 5 hj

i .. A (2 = -,,FE -- --

4 ,?,,;.zll ~ L > $ Y I >& = n 6 Gibbis Frke Energy ,bLd + - L a ;,\,+- -G -j.; +L ;,j>ui; -ii! ~ L J I .+ + j! J,&I i i 3 ?i-xj 2.3 iJ C j + =EL 96500 GI>> L+G = F C ~ Q I >& ;-G-Y> Nobel hIzta1 -1 p 1 ~ 4 a h f i j J;&I LA il' '&

4 , 4 4 Cathod Anod Cathod

E = E"- 2.303 Ii'l' C log -

nF . c0

Uniform Eleetro Chemical Corrosion $ u j d T @ l &Cdl.i

t

J L P Lt *, ,I; >y% ir:,d- 3,lrlI ju 'p '$1 +L+jJl +~;Cil

A+- kj Act ive Metal GW tj>L.d d,..&-: $>GI -1 3 +:L3 1 i

* i - $ + - & & d $ ~ l $ % l ~ ~ L & ~ $ & i JI"J"~I JG , I-' i ' jL j y -I C ~ Y J L.I+ 3 MI a d 1 + + &I

i "Jjb Jr o~J-G, Jdd t i y Q . x ~ g , ~ YJI +I +

;JL~ >$Q + + > I > > , 'j.& > j V l & J+ dj *&, LJl +I

i.

2-1 4W4, >$&I, yr +,G+~~LJI b j .;?? dkZ'l i j

-i -Y Q + ,$ A L p di!'+ + -9 kd,Jgil L

Fresh Surface +&I +-U ui i . . "-Cr &+- LA1 j> JIJ&

Corita~nin;~ted 3,Jll * i - j ik ~ J H 6; Corrosion Rate

Surface Corrosion Rate

7 .2

Connected h; . r' Not

&,9 ,& Connected

Pitting Corrosion cf$l 3(-u.1

A +,&I LL,!JI Q ;si- ii+i., i j ,UlL~,! l i 4 +.J eL: kin-

! >l+.pJ1.4 * d fL.2 & lUb+,+J' c"!lk, alj-,Jb

y 4 *6, &,VI 2 +& +-J &= L ~ j y i L) 4-

.;&I > G+ j,-c,'+\ + i+ Pits P; j i +- -+ & fi dyI 8 62vl 'JrkJ ~ 1 , ~ i , A i

Y i z, I

& ,jd\ \I-&j ;,a\ ;& d,& $a...JI L& ;L u j V

*gL.(& d l ) flu1, FLd' J-w t s \x.p i

1~ (21,~ ~b,) w, PI ch ;L 5 9 1 b> dyG b u 1 . I &,-< y $1 ;- jt Gi-i +- ,; g- i r &'I s) ;- . i

Local Corrosion Y U l . 4

; d l d d I & v G>,S ;&L~ LU 2 @ $Ti\ 3 tuJ\ IL

wJI + b q l ~ ! J +I +J +>j91'&1 J2 .LL >,e; u

r j i J I JrJ GL J, L b ~ ~ ",fil~ &,&L UI * - ' c , -i

&L-~,PLP;' b p &,& i,55 & 49 Uj; ~ U I L,&I L# ki ,+A;

F-I d d d l z &I UI JL L > c 9.3 &a\ u k & ~ A I b

. D? ~i + ~ ~ I L = + L ~ ~ ~ C C, pi J dp,d~

Y J ,A UI iii a d \ rL & +- L.U @L.LI L ' Z ~ ~

,' s); +$I J r i i l L L . 4 & [ I , " JAG yi &,.-I\ 2 &I &\

.Pi $31 % u ;,&I &IJ J~ii4 p~ l j jji 4 I;! v ki~ > ~ L O I &A

I I AAI+ L I ~ ;+I 24+461 O ~ S S ~ I c,; Ld q$~ J ~ . ~ J I 2 LI.,.A~I GY.GUI 31

i J,LI &-).I M e Me'" + new

i 1 i i & j 2 A d d 3 $ P-\J,&I\ CA , -1 . 1 ;)! bd. Auto C;lt;llitic Reaction

H H \ OH 0 I

l4 b l i l Q ~ G L J \ ~ i+\ L.-4 j ,= 4il;c +LA J.c Ci !-d d>bW'I =

t 0: NO,- CI- SO.!- d ' t f Y I

H+ 0: hlc' I cJb Q*ul 1,+5!~~; jAl (,-i As &&!-I d>bLdl,';+l '+;$I i)

i .?

Me' Me' Me' Me' Me' 4 i j L 1 QUI alj LUrJl 3 p 5 i ~ 3Fjlq$l V L c 3 kji &+j2 .;,+d-l

- - - - - - qkJ1 &>I

,i &LG d>l++ &,& A GJI, d d l + & > > I

>it5

;$I ad&<- $14 p,? Lk4 11.3 JL'I

.-A ~ ~ j i c , ~ . s ~ i-g &-;I 6 4L LI--.. 11 10.3 J ~ I I 2 b- L

;I-. JJ- -U$I u L, J UI -U ir +$I * b r j 1 ~ L~~ &: L ~ I I ,+

Pit Mouth Reactions $,dl p4 .W &&I ~;l>bbdl,~

f Pit Interior ie L&I.dl iyd-I "bl~ L9ku.i

i 1 I Reactions

.............. MnS + 2Ht + ~ n " + H ~ S .(1) J *

1 (17) I-'!,: t-()? -+ ?/.I- + lye*' + [[:CJ .........

7 *

..........( 13) I Fc(0l I)' +-02 + 211' -+ ~~(0f - f ) ' ' + 1 I 2 0

2

F~(oH) '* + HzO -+ Fe(OH)*' + H* . ............ (7)

Fe" + H 2 0 -+ F~(oH)" + H' ............ (8)

.......... ~ F c ( O H ) ~ ' + Fe" + Fe304 + 4Hi Magnitite (9)

Fe(OH)2' + H 2 0 -+ Fe(OH)] + H' rust ........... (10)

........... ~ e " ~ + H 2 0 -+ Fe(OH), + 3H' rust (1 1)

t.>)di .bUI & $41 c J ~ hbGi a%&\.*

Outside Pit Reactions

Lly 2 6 1 j rW13 i*ji GJI i.i;>;5?U 3-1 Lk ;&UI r i r 3

-1 dE 2 dj c jb e- WI o h . ; d j q ~ Jl;sl

, CI C Li ,?%-.S,Ll Jy,> LLiJ<@-,ccl

pi. i G pw . Z

~ 7 4 J+ jyfjl KG 14.3 .4,$1 > r r NaCl %5 J,& 4 * L/

' a .1 f

A51 V ri L&dJ LFC $,Jl b LS-~II p,? 13.3 - L ~ I ,&;> 44 ;,& & be,& L&'l d i+ J &. ; > . , i

&X V ' r ' L-b 14.3 J ~ I f-41 lb j.

J,O & Sulb bury Rlggs u&

'Y,Ji & pH wj &'ll + j 0: jU jUi ,$,.dl , ~ b LI J> j'

Wide Shallow Sub S ~ i h c e CudnS - D

s :~ r row Dep.

0

~1ct;:llurgical Factors & - ~ ,bljG.~

~p, Fb &,& 1 d>u\ 2j d i i d r3d1 -+A1 ' I x i JL& . di JLi A dl 61 Passive State J+ .

&LA\ ~ e , $

Solution Composition J p l 4 j . 1

>,-J - &-d gpkjl L1,ul d l +U1 d&Ql ,y L y

o k > ~ J L 0~1- - + J J ~ ~ M JJx; B;J+,IJI, CI- - + J , ~ S l ~ c i . ~ ~ ~ ~

I - l i b c L L I 4 +lr3Vl OU csi p y ' e ~ ~ U I 3 i.u*,i j& _J,, J+ld d j L 1 J ~ J j! u. A ~ C I , P~CI : , H ~ ~ C I :

a u 3 L d 3 V l p= 3G.i~iGJ~ + ~L,+Q~I crx"

+ $ J--d ~41 JSUI d l G- 1-b &UI ,i &-+&I & dpi L '

d v 4-J; FeCl, , CuClz , CnC12 J?Lc & +,91 j ;+ $GI

Ck, - i.~_;;$yl, yii i;LILI\ U L ~ L ~ I ~ d ~ f i

a ~ ~ f y ,+-i KkJl -- CI- -+J,,Q~ ali4.! L-+,~,:&~I I t

& e & L t L i 4 9 >KG d h I--+J,~I, F-~~,+JI I+.+ BFJ+:,JI

-+91 GFJ i f a l iblLIJ J +;+GYI -91,

d j>4 '1 QU$~ j y elJ $&d ($41 F~I GY $ d k. iuj dG .r, d! c "4 .;.LC i.~;,31; ; .L~I ;

" .J-iil I-"

Velocity +.f1;ici"'.2

;?i A, -L! g+i ,i C~ +\I MLCL +/ ip& ++I\ )CUI L

& &j $1 d,& ky 6 >GI ++ /,g\ J,u g+~ ;>kj

J--?j ayi, HCI ;L ~ r * j ~ l i j u ~ J I ~ gi jyC. JLI d i j

,i&l & I >

*I *

- 96 -

rik (316 SS 18-8 MO type) ,93 3 d-dl F. 304 V SS jyfrli ~ $ 4 ~ *~YF:\

I 3 - 5 ~ p j l y u l ., WI IL p- o ~ J i G,AI ~JU I dli LL ;Jfl,cv 3

Titanium > ~ a s t e l l o ~ C (Or) ~hioriinent> Hnstelloy F> Monel > SS Type t i

3 16 SS Type 304 t crevice corrosion ( d l f13$' P - 2 I

~~l ;-. i J4dl, +I &LLl') ',w 4u &y i > f

j 13 ,i ;*1 -1 c7 u iiyG $1 &;bicli 4- 9 3 ( 2 9 1 ~ 1-

& +--$ ,$\ a k ~ \ & ;i dj&J\ & &I+\ &LL\ bb A? - 1 I ;&-i\ d~d.1 &; c~~~~ J@ 3 F' ..

1 &>I $ L a * I d +

! b c i ; ,i d j i Q , +kq4 j k 9 1 b& 3 01 1 - b e-i Rivet

t CI

. ; . i ~ - ~ + - ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~ , d i i L J,+=L..al..$ i f - , !

1 K ~ I 3,- ,I, ,j!.-+\ , _Jcq ,i + y M I &I: ", " .! i

1 ' dl 1.L $9 2& d G a,-G- $1 dGl 4d y (A 3 ,i W$ ; 23

. . j-. j--.! ~ . L V 4, & Jf Rivet b.) pL &Ir &*v b . ~ *IC *&,

.A$'- . .&>q\ i >UI ~asi;er &I ,by\ i l * i ~ I > Flanges ~ a \ J* 'yp7 . c

:*@j"-

:;,$.$

,-p--\ I.'

(--) ss jVyJ dj&\ & > ifu ),G \(I 3 >ul 4: i i 6 : ~ 3 j i ; L J L C ' I -& ,-y d\ 1

'I 4 , , . + J+ b

, j -&- (d7 f&5 J,&, JP>) b$l IL a! U . & , A \ ;fi &J-?J k 6,22 '$1 $GI @ )+~: i. ,i --I> LL & . . I+$\ c2 dl

iP bu ,i w\ iJiJ iJ> e-j ~ * i )f-lj -2 L j i -9 *i.db - -.c>\ +ci rWi 3"' e l J ) C % L ~ L-.$ >J>

u. L2 Electrical Heater (Coil) 'ikp$Q1 aUd' c+ k-

L . 1 +,i Y, & + J I c2 4 , JKi j. J+\

'! t A-J ki. & ~)AI fl? u' ~9 I IL Jjd- fj%l

i . u !-jy~ 3;. +I 1. i i i j 3

I t L . j

>GI ,[ ~)AI au,J ,J> . . +, $1 &I. V)hS-,L\ J j

1 i d g , ' ~ , 2 q &,VI, abJ<jU $$k =+ .. ;JL-~

LG 2 + &,J + jj ,,A J ~ i & F U I 3 j,Jl 1h ! i u@\ ,$I> >>LS~+ dJJ1 o- (--.A+ djL-5 by-+:) " -

/ - \ I .?, ,+ $1 Ib ,-I dK; (id>%" 1 I , "b "

j ,- . Concenteration Cell C o ~ o s i o n I

.* I* . JI - Ji &,&: ~ , i ~ G I >\j & b .* +.A\ z 2 > i j d,+C L k

. .

Ji , j *-I; L+ 3 I+ JG! - i . j L 0 L p GJJ 4.54~12 .,,:,.:., )., . I . , ... u\ <,, +.lj')$$;+: L,J-1 +,&>I d! 3% .> 3 a Death Traps ~ $ 1 ~ I J J $ - , , .A$:.., ,. sf.t . .

FiliSorm Corro.sion

.i J- +l L A ji J& ;A ",,I s?~~L!I w ,

J .

under cLJI & r l J ~ b+ j y-J c ? U l &!o &; G,&

Filiform Coporion xu4 '&I A Film Corrosion

,+I i s g ~ AS ~ I " I ."+.I &&I &I +;i 4 ~ ~ ~ 4 1 i;~' pJ

$&& PI f,.=-+J\J r4+=-L$~J jyJd\ & 2 ~ $ 1 1-b k$ I

j & i ~ $ 1 Q W U I jr 9,,tl+jJ~ >A\J ~ L & I -dlj Lid1 J

b e &L 4 3 ~ 4 ~ 2 9 d d i Y ~ J Y & $3 Y JJ&J GYUl G& Jr ;,Q Y O/ U~+I dy j J,& Js

@ . d l J F ~ I & dyG'-!& & ;~i ~ q j &,A y3 w\ &,& J , - ,+LI L I ~ I pJ dJy +i b u ~k JJ Ld J2=

:i &-+&I +-S,! >F> J& JLA ,+ - J ~ FC+: J;-~d~

.Lp; h 2 . 5 >,.+-.!&I sui I;i';i

Intergranual Corrosion L, b kc% 3.3

ul +I 01; Ub,+< + JLc-+ $& 3 iJL+ &U\, ~ J U I

J L U V $ J-L; $ & 9' Annealing &! fi c p l 4 4

;*;$c Quenching e~ 43 &m irrs $,& ,& JX; b".: $ LJ@I , L,

i+- 441 + a dJ$ q h 2 J q M ably &b

, j T j! p T JI ayG p & iS&J1'01;& A& by JIIi

J l d A p 4 1 u i $ &6$1 dbJj -y 4 4

-..)A ,I,- -3 k,, ~ljLil OL 3 Amorphous %)A $ 'I* +-+P

.+I J# 'Pa GJ$ ~ & S . . ~ J I ~ ~ ~ J ~ & + ~ ~ ,it,,' . lxb-.. * I

3~ >,@I &UI JS JCLJI i+ A kJ+ $ >I* Ly

\ \JJ, &+ 'JS $0 ~,s 01; >\,A, i r L & l & ~ p J 4 f l ,:

,[ i)d & JI &JI XU1 IL J&. L 16 Intergranual Corrsion I

0

* f i r 7

Qwu\ 3 ~ $ 1 !h ,y h &. w~ d) -:#'

.&-J~ p*! (y Y! @ Y l.bi Quenching jbu &A!.' - rj$~ ,y tyi o\kJC: $fi & G W I LA pb 'b!.~.)

. Chrome Stabilizer a&. '

&>LS U I.+, $1 &,dl 3, Sensitization Temprew '-J' /* Ql d d l Jpl jc J u Y 4 (Jr .

*'J+' f 3 Jj'l &b

i "bJk_,~~+jsui) '

Gray Cost Iron >I +.dl &-L- ld >,q J u g ip

&A' iC,b a dfil & I j l Ju > &a, . . . . * p i ' ) + f , , % + , . t i # ; 4du *-fl-

u 3 6 JWLI u

L

. .

4 b j Malleable jlkll 2f ~odular y~~ 4-d

c d * 9 ! &J&J LJ

* j u q l J b f JI jub ki;~ U W I J 2 j L 1

. .

Hydrogen Damage *jJQl w- *.ill ~ ~ 1 5 . 3

-1 ~ b u l 3 49 yj -1 +I;olI ~lIjl i lI *jJJ31 jl~. *

Y J ~ ~ L I 4' 3 > Y b 4.j1~ obJ& "b$ JSJ 'i

-... d 2 - b ; ..- U,f '.#.%

" I

- 115.

l 1 G ( 9 ci i JW$ J,~I L~~L&- i~~ ct

$ &"pL .& ;e, 'y JCJl dill > $4 6~ 4 ' ~ $ u l . # - u U J 2 b J,k 4 2 . q J$ ? j I ~ l 4 &$I

i? J ~ V I 41-c Jyv J *rU Srngnent Condition

&)I dkJ j J Jv\ >+~~ldl j. &j)l Jlpbi! ipU; &T 3 b

-, $4 9 f 3 JPU &&.d $J&I - 0 1 ;cb Vacant t

t i i&j G~JLO. Q L + I ~ ~ I +. L+$I 0 - L dXjti>s JLI (j I

J-91 J,-. 2ii-j ijul LJ~I L/ JWI &.Jl CUW u+pr -:&I/ &x: &

zsL..ll J & j l 'j& >;.I . I. I

Hvdroeen Blistering . . . ;IVI.)J@' .j?i'$$ - Y

Hydrogen

Decarburi , .

Hydrogen Blistering ,3 *&*PI +..q P.LIL' #*l$

0 , i . .L

H Hz H H H z&lJI

u,+~l+ H

4

H Hz H +>&I Air $14

&;.I>- $. 'b. >La ,i j,*,Jlpl 3$$ $1 s r ~ , i L \ '2-4 GLb! '+

2 wjJ+~ &IJj + ijb! il, J.d $1 Poly Sulfide Ions ~ $ 1 . ,

Dislocated Voide u~ $&,& a!+ 4 a\;$\ 0 . b @, d d l I # i

trl j j + ; 4 3d11?;' G,db 3 J L L l p Ccl; ;rJJ,L.s1 irkp JI LS Jj t;

d b $ d d ! +$J &I> bP$1 + d l j Voide ~ l i l , . d l d!~*,~+Al I$ I .

&-I> d y j l a CAI dkI,dl3 a l y d l 0 . b & d!,';+ SF ' ? ' 1

-jJ@I &I3 aliYjYlj aC)-l ob $) Interface Slip 3 d l a&@

$ I~IJ---J~ -. v * r i ~ i ~ l i j . &*c. S+i AIL,

Season a',-:"! --, ql,+.,Yi &Ul j &vb, J&-,q~ i i

> I d d l -J\ L; p - ~ 9 ' w ikc, dL ;?;j Cracking Of Brass

I 1 t

,. ;~,-.JI S1;- , p j i ,: LJ (100 cop >i, L+ ~ J W I i J i ,d i

J,d i--'i fu. - Caustic Ernbrittlernent +,&-h & . 2 + U b e - 3 i Y 4 1 ,i

Stress Corros io~\ + > e y l v O . , Z

~ ' T L l i l el+ j! J@I d,C. +&.+i &i ypL~ P ~ U I eij O! . #

+ J-! U ;& & ;dl & 2 V U I eld; a&- .Edge Phenomena &YI ,?@ y($ 3 ;,&& ~ ~ j l ~ ~ ~ ~ 1b/in2Ji .

1

SCC " I(Irl! 41 L!l d L l

JPL (5-;/&1 C L r (f$:,dl &' ;: I +,&>Ij S ~ I 6 RNH:, G ~ - J ~ I i I;,@~I JG; J,k

- ,WI LLL

.," & $."<,

QJ-1 ,+d C%i "UL~ , F~CI , J+ +-dl SL, .&,, $3. , -;,>.I

NaOH $;L(il !>,dl J,& Inconel &$I i

+* rL 6 (NaCI + K2Cr0.,)ryU&l GL;$ J,, f,&l a&.&

&& j,&; j-Ljl ,A&- r ' NaCi Monci &$I

(NaOH)r,*>,--'l -4--(;;+ J,& 6:WI jy2+i!l

41 r HCN J,& I I r41 cL c NnOH + HIS L!,k ( H2S r MgCiz & BaCI?

N.10f-i ,z.

I Environment Of SCC -

(SS) L..+Y @'ill jyadl

&&-I\

HCI y Jjk+ r N20, ; p L r ;+Id\ &$I +.L rd+l&Al CUl,

Inadequate Alloy - b + d L,LL ,+ &k iuLd ,Cj ,+ +!. 1

Slective Weld Metal Attack rbJJI ;rbL 4 iijr Sb.2 S .-'-Y,?

Improper Pickling 2 jw & L . 3 - * 1 e

Corrosion During Testing And Handling djl-dlj 41 d T b . 4

1 Residual Stresses (@I d& p) cll>'+-!.5 !

Improper Heat Treatment G% /I-t. $ Jl,=- cl%L.6 I

i

Imbedded Tramp Metal &+-b J J ~ . L-I q 7 . 7 !

Psefcsrcd - Grain Orientatiori J ~ C ~ ~ F U 4 f~ i.% i.k 2-y.Y

Surfilce Roughness G d - ~ , 9

Dents *. 10

Hiih Tempreture Contamination ?Ul Ojl)-l ~JLJJ L+ A,&. 11

process streom

;I, tF 4 -y ~;li;~ql y , e 27.3 v~C1li ivy---

pqk\\ ,- - -\ c ~ ~ l 'j -1 )b-+ J!.p+ b~L ++SS i,

.&u\ e- $* a-\ oh &.. t2 GL, +,bJ 3 +:L ZJL- J+ J .,'&I> -4) 41 GUI -i +- 4 ;,A- L scc JF &%I ,

-.i &-.L z, &\ $,\)-I oY>L& l pi> ,Ui j hi.) ti L+ 8 . /

. ~ ~ ~ i ~ a ~ t : l l Water Tube Heat Exchanger ( w L Y '

/

w-adl "b 'dl.+L...$'lLe G i I+.+.. ;&I, + Q G I ~ I ;& d h C- / 2 4 d,-\ & i" d c y ++ ~i ,i Pitling Corrosion ;b +;ill

- . o p * -!I i l i - U I li oI>Lg-Yl d! L+- -51 JUI,, d~,+yl J,d i

I i 4 a,& A L ? > J ~ ' l+++ d l QWUI a! ~ , i b -1, ;+.I &i,j

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,GI s .

J ; Y + I i I I ' , ( ,

.ispi i j 4 -QI p-, +>,&I\

&L 4 dl'&='-Y1 Sb J@'j & &+ ($9 %A dl& ()! i ~ f . d>lJI id ~2 i41 a i ~ - ~ ‘ _ _ O i ,fbj jib, z d l

i y A 1 Jdg a u I 4i-A jl-hi'l J 9 LC &-% Metajmble Metal i-1 1

~ 1 , d V l J,> +L+;YI ~i &I ,i ss f u - y GJI

alP~Q 2 * ~ 1 i,LiJ i,jiul a w l 4 >>iz~ GI-0 jy< 1~

~L..L 4 -- >JUl & &55L&l1 Jbi ab ;@I ~ U I

I

.(t1. .. . & l c ~ l c d $ l ) uu' ~ $ 1

J!."CII + G I iLI. +; ,-.s-- ,! pdl JAW1 $3 &55LQl dI>LpYI

-ji d ~ L d 1 -l+b'i ,,A ;& +J G& q J>LJI ;. +(u +GI + ,, kd,d L - G I G& 4 J a l ,a LA +I JS ;+ U JJJI duj

~LLLI +...+jj j r ~ 2 4 i L i l .'~il,Jl, SS iiii_y +-dl jy$l, urnis 0' -,

d L b,C- *, +I' al,&-! ,,+-,y &ti-, - QJ . + - p , ; M,"C . . [&;,ycr l

a*. &Lr- +L >,*> c&; $Lr G& ,I+ ;>is! ,. ?I d l > k y \ .. i

The Rkchanisrn Of SCC ~ ; j j & ~ 1 $ J ~ ~ Y I F~I &\St,

-1) ~ L $ ~ L G a! yj L-&II G>+-> L!SL!~ Lp + AI I-L -. i - C.

J-: J~UI l i y;i +ki id, ~ j ' i *C -C. / qu a\l':lrij / ,'

..\-i a'>'+-l-Gj 5 6 a y k - 1 AL-2 ~9 bcj -+Lgl abL+->'l -; w. J-

i b -S+L<* C-,~ / I d j C L U I d L. dL&, -!+Ij ,&\I3 &;I C

.,--Q j ~ i ~ 4 , ~ I + Y I >,- J AL 2 d ~ i y5-Y ~,G..

Ac'\ ?-I+. .Corrosion Product Wedging el4 +ql $[ril.& ' , J*L ,.d Jl ,+. ijJ d>l*cil J u !

$1 3 G -~rs ib 01 dlJii l yu j. ~;ii z-.L~ iJ,+ I ) >& -J yj & &d L ;-I, ;LV. 4-d 4,- j 4 1 8, GJLGY~ $ ' b y ' X U '

Corrosion Errosior~ $&\ up% 7 . 3 *

W Y Y ...* -I- I/_ ,..>* -.,.<-.. i ..-.-ll...--__l "ah--.- -l*_-.i ."l.i.__i --.. . . . "

. , C 12.I-9 ' Y ) / ( j 2 21 -4 +,.;.5- -1C-3,) Lf1; ;J; , " CI "

,' + cL L,Jl d2~\ L J q po-0) i,!l,-Al dL,,> d ~ s ! Jj$(), d,L.+,>Q,

k

; I I k I , ' \ 1 + cT . q J ( i5 i_ l l j l j) . .

4 i i -k> .~U/ f~ 2 j1 L$1 > I > > L b ' (90 i i- ,A+ 40Mpy , b

i j jUlSiJ1 A A,. iJ1+l bJ> i > b j J,ST~I by i > b j

+> pH *jJ-@1 CI.rYl @ p+ Steel i Y @ L&bjij 4I-J-

. (50 &,+ 29.3 &a1 j

1 , LC w9 J .r -- u 4 ; b b- \iG h+ LC ,

I * ~ - \ \ , >:LA\ L d ; I ;; " E- c >,&

1 +,I 4 - I , ! ,c-J I . 1 1 , L L I . .

; . y>Ul , Bloiiers i i l z j U l i 5 b ; dbul 4 Elbow t,& ,iCf

G ~ + ~ p ++ui ~ y j , ~ , u+&ih, ;,UI ;+-9 ~ A I ~ q~,4-1 I

I .jli,U L+.b,dl JI,dl, p U l j 21-dlj Jq13

Protected Film On ~ u r f a c e & J l &

+GI j vi fl + & d,&u- $1 +U-I q d d ~j

* 4-b 2 bye qWJ k,d, ?-,A &+ Lf- 2 $$I "KL

t ?. -11 b c ~ b j ~ ,; & i &-I +bi ,S! A h 4 d ~ 1 1 L~G kp \ ,- - t "

~ U I , ~ a l j , iy- A <,+a\ r,4&l~ -Gji G& a? dJj v hi [ >,--i 2 j i ,G i $GIJ ,&I G L l ?;U- jd.1 J.4 h a L 5 5

dl;-7 dl &&!,I j!.Lfal> k d,dl &$I @bJ

.+I 2 QGI z.& &Si g b i & +..+J ;J,+ $41 $ti,;

?. -,,I LC, ;>b3 >I>> XU1 "ir J! (28.3-29.3) c,&C~J~ 4 G Y

G~ +JI $+I Ji +I & 3 +UI+ ?C. J b i u

Q L&\6,Pr ? J I>& yii LCr., d d l ,+J L,,1 Ci-

critical h j l &,AL -- i F y *3- &i L- JI > & J4 !

3-OLI.l d&!iJ 31 ~ y j 5M\ 0 - i ~ cjj~b-~y +A! >yjj Velocity I i

; ..a "v di 2 dul 3 ". .., . . JJY 41" dbljdl &~2~c$,dl !

Head ,&!,--!1 & ;W L Jl,A~ a Y > l & 2 f\,.l\ J ,~ 4 JU-I 9 L.J &\I I

.. - . ,

- i l ;All1 2 J C _ j G j ' l +I& 4 Xu1 i;j Tubes Bundle ++LV~ i a y - j I u i

L-- +l,dl ,i i+l,p!l ;i +&I 6&1 J,- @I by L$ +- ) ,+I~AII &$I > y , q Ji X U \ dy<. j L p i ~ +J ~b 2 .:

i,

MPY

300

Inherent i% jj &QI d? dJjJ cr%20 - ~ i % 8 0 i&-..Ji ;_. $1 ?jlZ 1

f

j4 L-ii KiiCu LC -. 3 &i Resislanse

L u i.jL ,& ii_U ;iC + >&.can w !

2 dl Lru &aJE. +< Ni/Cu LC, 31 - 4 d - l G l j P ~41

I*; La:&* 9'' &+ SS 316 tj 2 ;Y,G LC, Jl fr.gJl UU?!:I+~I 1 t

, ; k-~ 6 ' ' :a, -, " -- b+." ,;;; y bL' j l 1 " .I &)'I 3 I! .-! & I >! L

,L?J &GI a:lCLh 4 ,I Qs d--l I t - ! *-!Ll 2- &-I i- L

C,IJU,I L.-,..L & Jii~fil~l~,iv ,491) cdL b~c + 11 &I +- -

L . j L j l ~i_;lljPI 3 U a~..,~f;U S,&I -91 i eJl,-1clilJ

QbL & h,& J1&1 6 g 4 d,G(, 3(ul. Steam Turbin Blades

.+ 214 jj;cj> ,i ;1;.1p

Fatigue $dl 8.3

d d l e j -@-I & v&$ z%Jl.&ql b,L +, $551 + &,o

+ b u $1 JL i3 jT iik PJ (Fatigue Limit) $1

i;l( ~ l , ~ d I >lc

cL .f.,t&dk-&l @-l(/kkZLL1$up.+ ~ J L c 3 1 . 3

i;ik. Y ~SYLLI A i~ ,i ~ I , ~ J I ;12 J 2*F + &QI

2 --, d-d.1 -, i>s &b > >'j><i\ 1-L -11 .LUI

,i t+ 1 i.+ ,i 4~ a,..+ d > a ~ A GUI y - . ~ ~ ~ ~ , L ~ & I I

I ji Y- y & q ~ ~ h U J QUI GUI dl.+\ &6 a b,ui did; t

, ~ Y & I +"A ') & G& * iSW1 9 by I

I

! Fatigue Properties 419

I -:;JCrll L U I 'j *- 8; t

- . - &L.UI & i>Ls >, +I -CS r_ i , ijiu 41 ;r. ,; d,,b & ,L$% b j W I i.1 ,,-dl >*c Lb- (Fatigue Life) $6' + .i

I

Lk ;J- ~ ~ 9 1 kA1 &Wlj i Y @ &QI + &- d+ 500

31.3 $.-I 4 LS &I $1 ~~41 2 i.l>LpYl dJ,> >*F ,/ +I ~r ' J ~ l ~ l ; - - - & t i ~ ~ J 1 3 L ( l l _ ~ ~ $ i + k j ; ~ ~ ~ ~ i .4+

' I - LJ-

!

.L-I J&kiJ >, L- 4 &$i- 31 $9 klsi ( i p . 3 &Cfli 3 p L.& i

i c. ~ j j u $51 *1 dy< ~ o t c h stress (@I) y~ &UL;.JL~I I

UQ L ~ I bJ& d,& bj $C >* iJjd +4-&1 . 1 w

G b i r &a1 Radius And Sharpress Of Notche 41 i-bJ ,& &z i~ 1

PI tI tI X - c - C - C - C -

Monomei Polymer

Non Metalic Corrosion k i k%I ~ j 4 i r y k l l 9.3

>l,-.--LIJ '&lJl,;/ d%i LQI xi PI IL J+

a l b $ l 4 2 l J U l J el-,& Li & 3 ? d l , (G+~ll) f t Y Q~;P' 3 GUI 3 JISI , wJ iJe $JLh ' jy \ 1 t

--5 'iJk i.ljbj Anion And Cation qLJ I 1

I " Corrosion Of Ceramic Q ~ I AIJI . I

L L ' l ;- ?b - 3 Ceramics &l,+JI -i d$~-a~;& j_G I i

Jl =Ly&~eul au,tj &UI dlJ& ;& 4 ?--; $j02

L > L d t b U I J ;> J IJI , 2 ~ 9 1 2k bja &Id1 d I d I

&L +,A1 fjhJ u +*MI> G &I ,,bb$'l t l u' I ,klsJ. I& I kjb,

i

- 149 - *

L ' * a'*i~$j aL;,e4 j& Portland Cement 6&xJ$l M91 I

i

(SiO,), + NaOH -+ Na2Si03 + H 2 0

Cement Corrosion . -91 213.1 i.lw .J

f ' : I

' I d $id- L! L.++I d ~ , + ~ ~ J ~ Y I +I ',. ,A; ,- ,-& csd& 1

d~,?~Jj': - U ~ , + ~ L - ~ ~ i ,& ,:,+ 4dL r,-~ L+ >,+: i ,' L - d L A- l l dJ,,l~ :i +&I -$$I ,-Gj LL.$ ch! 9 CI L aL-,, $,-G- l k , ~ & l - d l ?,&L<\ &,,& J l L L I - 6 \j',& ?,-'L~I !

. dl2,,+5J1 $ 2 G-$ .cL!.l $ LL:A &b > I y 4 J I ;--$I 1

3Ca0 A1?03 6H20+3CaSO~ +nH20 -+ 3Ca0 AI2O3 CaSOJ PVIH20 Ca(OH)2 + b1gClz -+ CaCI1 + Mg(0H):

I II i I ' I I

Ui iiL'914K-J I& gj~,.G G U I j j,,iO\ *,i,i $6 ;ii iy, J! -30 & G+J I w 9 ~ 4$1 iy2,5- gi 11 ~ 9 1 6 9 1 d! 9, r, O ~ J ~ JI Ca(0Hh ~ ~ ~ - 4 1 1 h j y J JJ--LI 49 p 4 J l g>> +I &CAI gjj 431 GL ~.+p 3 Lf d 4 JU 4'5 a b r J ~ G JI dr J L M ~ J,d rc;i a+< $>,* J

ii -il 1 1 I I ?*

, I 2 .+&-I '22 'sj .xi G~~

t

j I s ,

d l i , ~ \ j & I & ~ ~ ~ J,,I c.&I& d! & yJ CaCO, u ~a +2 + COT KSPI 1 UJJ' hd & I &I91 y $Ji ,JS 2L+JI &CAI & J+ +j

J !

Ca(HC0,) a ~ a + * + 2 HCO; .3R;U 4sJLJ GL ,A I KSPZ I

,

Kspr KSPI I

!

Corrosion Of Organic Materials ;jluI +padl 3131 ,fi 0 1 1

- J J - ~ ~ I dvl 4 + & >$ L.-Y Ji @L abdei >,*J d; t Lfj uUI 3 iP9l &I a141 j &+I >I$ J h l tL&

-91 d q ~ j J l GJjjpH(7 pH value) C W

X "L- 4 1 2 ,ic-lJ >lyY5L >I, .~~+I,~I, +&I aYGl &

i ( i i i 4.- j--.JcrAal djJ+ c+ & i r L j p H ) 7 &&WI L - ~ J tbij Polymers ,i a&& i ~ * o JI* A S J ~ L & ~ J , . Y "j3 ";"j ;.&.SJJ+ J I df-&LJlJ 4 9 1 && & &l-;~l 2 ~ ~ 9 iJk a b J L iI,o ~ I A ~ J I ,+ bb Gj,jj~t\. \ J

.&+ ;iJ 241 AS L& *i~jl~ J/ jb$~i +.i i ~ p ~ -- i 4 I!

k k i j $Jx ;,I,& b;WI t l j9l a $JS a,,& AJ ~clpli 4

I

.;..,I)-\, &&L&LI a l > l . p Y I J $41 JG! LJWI ++ b$ 1

u ' I u$ J &\Add U-d&l a&&\ dl&$ >&I -91 & clll & i>fl)l d>Lr(l $b

d-1, ~ ~ 9 1 +&Jl dx! -- $UI 2 ~ J L L I a ~ ~ i >,*: a! ' 4 1 ii+ ~ I J I ~,JJ &I I+-, /--- ;.I&,.JI $1, J&~I 4 - b ,+bi, .+Ki ii,L -91 JL;-~ ajJkr;.JL

* 'I

- 153 - - 152 - I ' 1

150 PVC J. IJ~( &J Jf!

Photo Chemical Distortion G,AI >&,J,;,+Il $,-\I - 2 1

,- ji High Dcgrcc 01f'olynrsi~;l:io11 (5i;ql) +Y...dI Jjii jr I

Mechanical Distortion $&!I >,A1,3 I

ir

! . h4J1 &+J & L ~ I dK)-l, G~+QI d \ , g I

+L$ : I L~~~~-I,J~ZJI Ultra Sonic Waves ?LL'I G,dl

-:& G k Q l

. & d J v \ ;& Jf q,s -!ZdJ 26 b-GJ dl,dJdl U k . 1

D .+*a1 Ji ,;& dl&+'\ uG.2

Low Dcgrcc Of (GL~I) + l L d $Ij:' t l ig t l Density t ~ q l ici (HD) I

t+ ~qi-~, Low Density i--rLQl $IJ (LD) -- L ~ i ~ o i ~ m e r i z a t i o n

~ W I GLQI ~ l i di&$b,&~;LI? qkalJ q 4 4 1 6 b J i b l r

~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ J L k9, d L d + J fli bJLJ q b $ h i: I

,kbl$l GLQI 0 l j al,&&.l\ 'I .

! 2 u-y ;+ i . 4 ~ JI U JJ &,&[I i.i&A\ a&;- & ~ j ! * d :! I /

4 4 dJi GLQI JI GLQI Jb y &,dl ~.LI,+.. 1 :: FL- J+$ di b ak$ly & >& 6- Jl J+ ak;&(

L&u Ji q&> &&v J.2 d l Ji JfTu1 &,I ;-:s >i dl,.J,Jl 1 1

I 1 J I U + $1 I - I i ,i .l;>i c.u I

Thermal Distortion dl&g $ J1)-I 0 ,d l . l

(Poly Condensation Polymerization) G& ( Polymerization i

". .

. Polyaddition Polymer GLbyL i+l +/kl $1 i j l f f l l? ~ l . 9 tfZll . " . ' I

H H H X X 0 - C - C - C - - + [ - I - + - [ H X H H - k - c -

S

fl JL d,&-> ALJJ ,J~VI &b! ,!I+<! L&- ~ > U I v

- / ' a-91) b 5 > y ipl $ 1 i,.k...~ G p Jl J,g Free Rddlcal 1

JJ & m< n 4j.J 2 $ ;+ bJ> ,i $p J,b ;J&I

.Y~&,.JJ ii.~"<jl~ G$LQI, i j . 4 4 1 /I+CI -- i j ~ b - 3 ,

4'

Oxidation Distortion ~~~~ 041 JyJL ,i $41 ~ 4 ~ 9 6 ,L L J L ~ + ~ K ~ ~ L J I p- JL L+!A aI&,.JI

1 91 ,-G dJj 3 w - 5 QLSLJI, QL+,,QI JL. 4 9 1 ;&$I +J : alj 0 1 2 ~ -> Jl ;-&\I a &JT $1 --L..X~I a)bm~ ~L.J+ . - ~ + i ~ I A Fu. +i ,i'&91 ++I J,L 2; J+

&,Jji pi,(/l Cj iy > jk-91 $ ;&!dl Lu Functional Group

/ !

4 .

r k O L , ~ ,i ~IJ+JJI JI b+ J,N- a ~ ~ 5 , 2 p* .&,?I $6 bLhll+2 LC Lk& L. Jb

4

Scu Water Corrosion k r d ~ I

' u 4 & Y f i ,i;ii4~ 04 ,.& Y K ~ ,a i(,-J~xii~ 3 6 - J J

' 1 &L;j'bt$l 04 SJ,-l d d l j db l ,~J l ; " d l 3(-L &- ~ . G Y G : U

c~ -13 ji +jJr j i + ,+ ,i ji+ J~ ~s jyC $1 i i l l r i l

bl-,L~+i 41 .L 31 jiik ~L,LI j. 41 $~.&i

-LjbC%9~ ih ;J d~ J= ~ I ~ ~ ' & ‘ P I ~4 LJUI G L ~ ~ ~ I & i i yL i j~b) '&. j&+S.JI ji;U jU

10.3 J j-d-l.P\ a h 3 Ldi J! L j kFQ\> .~ iJ l A+" p., dl,& ;C 3

.f i>r--, &,&I c%L~ j! J. ii*u $1 ~i. 3 Linear Aromatic

u,, LAI + ~ I + I ~b + di+i.w +.-.+ $

OL+ 2 i j r i 11.3 jJ*cl 3 ~ b ~ i , p i fl %,2 L

$ U y - j Lf fJ*J,YJ' "JF p c d4? J ~ G ~ +-L,i QC; &,VI, bFJ,.$J\ q1.L

QL+S j l ijlryb'(OLJ1) lUl,dl ($54 3 UL;i 3 q >i L" iLL-

& ' L 4 d l J ~ L ~ I \&L 1-b &L fJ,JIJ J44lJ d j j j u\&J&u . ;"J"pgl q l j l &I J

'' &l ,&-~ r Slightly Attack +.& ,yL-~,i+,

&'

L.& AI c G ~ - ~ i 2 c-d c%9~ +UI d l OL >,- 31 NO ~ f f ~ t ,YL: -bJ+ y.l =N i A~~~~~

3 j - G b j 41 r l l jbJdJ1 -41 *iJ

- 159 - - I58 -

I c i . n ; p ~ i c~ LC 7654 J! JA +--+ al-+J)Ql y) ~-JI L ,A\ -I1 3.79 - 3.9

Y 3(Ul 3 d k p l d i b j Pitting & Crevice Corrosion (& - I ) ~41 . 4.2 y-91 ,.-'I

i.JLj & LJL 3 j& ,/ 4.3 &b kiiy iM\ d>1*Li L ~ L !

4.5 441

.3(iL'l> q L & 0.015 O/

+I 291 04 &- +ki 3 +L. ++ 41 o k $ d>j>Vl; d j V l i>j i)! - 0.015

#

J! Jd +I cL 3 d l V l d&;jJ +$I a l d! Uj I& GiCc ,dl : ' 0.01 0.03

3p!\ -!&

Marine Atmospher ~,i. ,u: ! 1 1.5M I

!

i+ >la +,b, > d

Splash Zone

High Tide ab cr

1 Low Tide 6 2 1 j cy 1

1 I Quite Sea Water I I

- 2,. f

I MPY ir,. I

5 10 15 20 ! i

MPY ++ $1 c b , ill;. ilk 33.3 $..dl i

{

Under Ground Corrosion (491) ~~1 &I F~I 11.3 t ;

EYOI, I sea water I Metal OraAlloy

I I t

I Temp. C

I

I

I

, .

, . ,*i .. I , ; ! 1 ! , I

I ' , I I

1 ;

-0.61 Mild Steel

Copper

I 24

-0.61 Gray Cast Iron 24

24 -0.36

r-li d ! * 4 j . ~ ~ -I ., * +% Q+bj i;441 L i b &j (j1,01 wj; I + dL-.LI ~ I ; . I > L ~ - 9 1 i

-- LL.2U d i J 1 + Js +~;LQI~ 4-2,;j.l

"$1 L 2 j& +$I &- I2 Js b14- I + J ~ L I Qslj;ll { -.-+ J-2 u a S J J .!& &lJ & J SJ- d>bi ++ ;i J ~ I , .

-:& l.L +,dl wLl> qd-I Yi +- ibJl i csi, ., i+j &%! $ ~ ~ ~ v -&a j. ~ j b l y j-i, $91 yrJCI_~ -I

Fe + ~ e + ' + 2e- I " &-.+ L. i * 4 L $ r y ji ~ L > V I

i

U J J + J l j 3 - d - 1 d3i Jy+ L, +>I 4 ~U.I Jp,,, j-. gJjU j b i d J \ j ~ i - i - ,i concenterarion Poluimrion

.*~esistanee Polarization bJUI y k l LSP! JI iik. , 1 ~ e ' ~ + 20H- + Fe(OH)2 +ill, i,LJ dl- L p $9 g,i 4 dj*. d , L ++i *. J +- lis,

([I ~ e ' * + 2H20 + Fe(OH)2 + 2H' dv mij d j l +I 4 JJ >&I G>ld Y db kJ +.LJ

jJ/ ,i(+ & z.bY ,+ +i G&I ~i Gb& by +>I >JV~ ;I

g,91 $ WI JuLJ db &k GJ $7jiJ 4,WJ ,,bJi $ u+L'~ / ; ' <

-i -Jg~ jYG s +.-i;~i GU-I g J L i hi - 4 1 hy> i 1 , 1 i

2Fe(OH)2 + - 0 2 -+ 2Fe(OH), 2 .">dl ,L;% &o&I J23I;ll pv J.G j ; ~ t

1

Q

JP 4 % @ j V 1 &Fu1 fl,d dL LJ J F J rd +, j J Y 1 6,-

F L l l elj LS' I;! ~ i ' w KUI G~ +- &A -1 ~ ~ c , - + ~ i j + , j J i / / I 9 i I I O'+J FCC]* jJk*.L1 k.jFJ Feci, &&-dl -bJ* & j f l i c ~ I

Calhode 1 Anode +- F d l dL +L Gy e u LC? j oL& 2 y jj k l . . . FeNO, jj&dl !

.$Jul +I 'j GI5 $-Ti1 r - l j 01 rG L S I J,- j - ~ i ;qki +$I j 4 j j ~ : ; ? d j L ~ J,&: L,J 21

C,

i i ,- d y i i+= gi o j b jy< +JI b b ~ 2 L4J~~ 36 L2 &J

d4j4 iJ& +$I 3 t ~ j 9 dj d J \ I \ i i - _Il xi pJ d l 'pi' & *.dl C b L l J$

c ~ j ' l 3 &$I i k p Js $91 4 ;&.X,~I z+iLii ~ - ~ ( J \ , d l 2 ria\ + pJi &I JSXI & i j:J.i i;ii*li c b L ~ D!

&Jc&jL~ > + J ~ ~ a k d $1, . " & L V l Ll j ! J . 4 1 rl,

.m

- 165- ; . : ! - 164-

Agresive Ground QJul 43, 4+i 1

- 100 3 20-100 10-20 5-10 5 tjal &LC.

Resistance Cm

P ~p JI. L jb , i p ~

,pJV1 i..">U

-

~ t m o s ~ h e r i e Corrosion $91 F u l 12.3

i I

C- o i l \ + ilG-l.$Ul $GL i c ~ ~ +I & ii,ii a b - "~$1

1 Biological Corrosion #&I F d l 13.3

c,=- L.& ,a ill- ~G-l.+l& ;ju J,) QL ,; ,L &j

3 .;.ki>, aI2.z 3 q c o l d >r;, A dlcl +j O U I ti +I jr

i J ~ ~ v . hi ~ U I aZs J44~ a OUI + xu1 ?-~j

~ l ~ h Uric Acid &J,dl +& 2 j.b +..A & J, . l .;.- 1 I

.I& WL

&'---Jl C ~ ~ S ' I Q dl_jl ;pU3 i j J 4 d4, &I &I j!

I

d u l j I jA1 ;& dl. dlyJIJ + & & I dAl $&I > U qJ\+\ . . , . / ! .j

j-1 clll 4 i ~ ~ 3 . l o ~ $ . I jd\+,+ Gb, 6% @\ & & ~G~+SJLI ~ ' 5 ~ 1 ~ X + L dj jlj*.yi G G ~ d _j; u>U\ Le ;_li i

.si.ilp iJJ \ d VUI JJGI - &- & d ! j LJJUI c , ~ I a I ,

SO; + SO, + 0 2 +2e

sod= + s' -i 2 0 2

SO: + Hz0 + H2S03 ..

b b ~ ~ , +-- a ~ + L ~ I ;,*a\ +,A\ c~,,i

>\,A\, 631 &I G i>L. & gL-ii, d L z l j l ,2 ~!ci;-U>i

i JU!, +--- 3 - 1 -& J\ +>$ JkL, +j,u\ >L=lji! &\>I

,4r;" C~Ai LPL. JI i ~ > > u i.S+\Qi O ~ L ~uI;. . - ,r c~~~ cb 2 &I + + dj +M, - Biocide r lpvi $b y l ~ l ,i (&Li >Iy) 41 ~ j , sul 6 ~19.

~ - d - \ KG -- +i L J ~ . ~ U I &.dl j ai >I;-. LS- oIJI I,,'

L-&I + ,i .hid &UI -691 LALJ &,+31 ~>LJI,

i.b&\ 2 d b $1 Desulfovibrio Derulfuricnns tj ,y ~ l p % I ' . & Slime Or Sludge tL.31 ,I Scale i.& j ~ y j dl d3$l & . + A 6 JI

L Ji J,-+I 5 J ~ ~ J ~ I ,i &,91 J&I Y-. d A 1 + C

d ~ _ : jLt L+-.L.+QI OL JA L -L. 219 Y y ,iJq u d,i ,i so? ~ ~ 0 1 JS-ry

H B 0 3 j*-Cl\ +L- 1111 3 SO2 *&I +L' jli d4,j dl

+ 9-1 JI ~ ' 3 LC irjJ*pl -+p j i -+$I d,i JJW LUX

,+- y4 +k.C JI G>> ~ * l l Ph value wJJ*pi y.(l\

L 91 i ~ L J I + ~2 Lii J~TUI IL J&, a d \ Sludges Or t 3 j .

. $1 ,& &LG Scale

IFTO

S S Cd' 9-S'O rq";l LC-

ss I+ dlf! 1 ll? *tc A? 6-s .

"f 1rsq7 (~'1-9)~ OE-R

j44'~ !fllf+c -

1-711~~ * 1m7 17L1:1 mm

IF'^ f.cl !*17 ipj--7 $15 C1sdlh Ce q+, (&I j q,Al? 1

l~+rC

'J

l+l-C'

n'<!,e

B

%Ois (0:s

S

CrlA

415

' i

' eOglcrv p~

Wv-ouaJ3

..

'FCI lV+

~~b-rr

6fr-

,-

~O!U

-'W!Jw'U

fi~ nhp7rr~

4m t,$~*

17b-

7-% +.C,

IF? eFlc

?:+ -srC'

(vrf-)

If 9

'-I' 9-

OC

L( qen

,QSH

OP

3-r

!en --

lflrfi If?

4"? ' 30

lh*cfi

I" IF rlnr

flc? 6-L

- \ \ \ ,, &I .GI tI ji ;.' >*J ? I J r+ +dl G'

,GI., c l jby~ o k , ~ U I 3 i . d I ++*GI r i l l lib +i 3

pv e j 3 ;,l; &> . . o i . , +IJJ1

\j\ L . G~~ JLL~U, +J$ d-b + k$b&i 3 G J ~

IL b,+ Y L+ $/i)lpLL 1000 PPM j j a Y ~ \ d \ c s Y ~ 3 Q +=-I

b J+\ Q\&,.JI d l 2 d I ,y wL91 J l tbr,!v'> *era Space Corrosion U~&I ir l&dl j F~I . . J - - - I ~ I 'y & ,~i F9ij PE &'f J$IJ PVC ~ '~ i i ' I

, I .

2,- u) &M L%l u-J Ciuding &Ij Anodizing c,dl ;u i

Electrode Potential rbii l l *gr 1.4 ,,:qh .") , 8 ,

d , 2 JAG Jpi, ;di qLJ +,UI GUI p &I + -,:<$@ . ," ,

Ji a-1 j-. Jr;i -UI iiU\ p &I ,i,y,91 di- Ji +JUi

i.wl r & L J i d p ~ u l FJr QCL~ ~ p u &b, J+I 1i6 '

;Jl+i $91 9 Q L * ~ Electronic Cofiguration $,$VI

-$I L& p 3j$y~ -,.dl 351 djtalJ-ill 3, . . ,

d J C j d L dlJi i \ y ld‘icl&l i.ljWl Ql,U (j,$$i ' '

$;+Oyl J$l & J,A +J'Ai LilJI*. j. ~ J C ~ ~ S J Y ~ JZ.7 ,/ A , :i

. + JLJ-~ IAJId &I +,+SJYI +$I a\> &&I ,i +I 0IjLJJ

u+J*-!&~~~+j-rll~jiidpii,,,i,,Ii.

QL,>jLi y 2/>& 2 p . J &,91 Z J i & qb ~,$J/ G U d b

t l i b* p% 291 Jr, (2.1 &Ul) Lane Pair &/ &I

3 -IJ %LC! %*I cULi l i l *jJ&I +- & $ j$)'l ij~SJ1 3 &Pii 4 6- ,i ; d , 9 1 i.p dlJ> JI ~JL,+~!/I ,+ 4 dl+V

G U ~ a k p flk ad+. JSS L&L j icL9jJ~~ + ~ L ~ + Q $ I

iJk 3:) ;Jk. JG $1 .UI jiLcUi 3 + I ~ I dijpLl CI ,i 41 ,,,,?, . ..,,

b , I * i &JI7 "& v M G iy (J@b&b'ii- iJj) iJj j l

. ~ e h t Of Sublimation A syLL.III ~ j &

Me,,,* a Mev,,,, ................... A Hi = A S .................. (1)

a,--! JI z . l > h iJj +I +$I, ;)-I 41 iJi JF-.+

r&i di 5J&l bjIA 2 QL~,~QI dl+ w y

.(Ionization Energy A I) $lrll e Ji/r ~s i JI,J- i JJl o h

ble,Dour a Me++"ne "" ".." """" .,........ A H2 = A I

i J l , - ~ f sJIF d l i J~~~ )J*C Heat of solvation A w + jldl

Q

- 187 -

. Electrical Double Layer

* A G = A H T A S . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

- A I L ~ Q ~ G& &, 6 , ~ ++, G , ~ A s d! + >G bLs: 6& 84 ++ - c ~ v ~ p Q&JI ill,, &, I&.,

~ ; b b s Free Energy = A G . Entropy - A H * :\;**

+jI&'I iJIF E~ldo[h' ic Procc\\ i r C dw 2 ciul

.Endothermic Process iJl$ && 3

A H = A S + A I A W A LPkJ+&j ............. ( I )

* A G = A H T A S ........... (2) 1

b-! ;& G+ ++ dpvl 8 dl>> LJ Llq# , ::

G;bbs Free Energy = A G . Entropy - A H

. q k A i &.lay$l q 4 A l c & q l G rIJ En$dpy = A S

*

- 189-

i '4 &

-e H 2 0 MeA u Me,, c----* Mei" [ ~ e . r n ~ ? ~ ] '"

u a

-:$ WI 9i.L &SlI G~I,AI G L l I 2:

L&J\ 3 u p L J,55vl LLG - Z L 96500 GG a F

ij+ +La- &. Dielectric Constant J/il QG 6 a , ~ ~ v ~ - e

, ,,&G $-yL Effective Redius dy.ql J,Q- aw jW1 9' = I'

,, ., > +&Jl +- i+ ') G , y I dl)l,&~ t l j i p d! w-

+I 2 - .; adY r *j d j ~ w +ijy\ iJIF a i*c c + ~ k f j

d,2f g j i 2 J$~ +.i;+ -41 ad2L4 -L& $1 G U ~ ;.G # >*c ji >WI #

ycPL" +- dl ,i -&\ ell\ abi^ 3 au i+ bli; Ul-. d g k-y

r d , L k j X J \ 1 . b ,.hd ?,<J Solvation Shell qJlul >%-J

+ H ? e H'+e E = 0 Volt

1 A] CI AI" + 3e- 1+1.66 , I c u a ~ u ' ~ + 2 e - (-0.337 1 I Ti a Ti' + e- ( +1.63 1 C u e C u ' + e - ( -0.52 1 Zr ~ r ' ~ + 4e- 1 + IS3 ( 2Hg a Hg2+ + 2e- 1 -0.789

j-. (Free Energy) 2;pd.l 8&!1 JIJd. ?It;, &I + d d . Y r i J+I

i;l +i iJ,--J~ ZUI J~~ -15 LK, J- Jw f W ~

hi &S.L ~ ~ d t GI> -I 'L

C U UI, z + > ~ I ~YL-.JJ g ~ ~ G &i 4.4 pdq !-,-A, (1) A dU-I di 4.4 &L!I 3 ;+ ~ A I ~ k i ,.b.>uj+Q~ bdA~

L,

++ b p t " . dG p (I)B dU-I, $b ~6 Gb dj, ;ilL

j l A -1 d u l 2 J& Ground Stare -rj,vl dl4-L -- L,;

J,-;LI + @,A G J ~ ~ . ijltli >+ ,i j B -J9~ i iG~

Mn e Mn" + 2;- Nb a ~ b ' ~ + 2e- Cr cr" + 2e-

+1.16 +1.1 . +0.913

Pt a ~ t " + 2e-

AUGAU" + 3e- ~ u e ~ u ' + e -

-1.19 -1.5 -1.68

25 C ' ~ j ~ & - l LJ>) L-l' -L-I,~ i _ i j L r56,,,91 , j i G[ j,-'c--.j S[nnd.~~d I'uv11i1.11 E -1 -&I p &I ,j&

irJ

Standard Free Energy -@I iJi$ 8 J A G o bil& iJIF : r 3

Ncrr~cst Equation I 2 a a b 2 . 4

Nernest Eq.And Cell Pot. &$-I .+, Cljj d ~ l u ::

d L W + + J l J + - U I L & I ) & I + ~ + L ~ & "

0 ~ 1 ~ - y a ~ 4 , 4 9 1 d%!, d,+Q91 J+ 4 41; ~~f JI i+,

'a* ," 9 L i > 1 , - . $@-! 2.y

aKC-1 J l j s ; L l o ~ s ~ i cL + p91, (J391 A) s ~ j 9 1 a%i;;ll pF I yw

;-. J *-I> 4 2 +6 Y PI i j i i) ~i 6il(J;LU~ &) +>;a\ 81 <. ,,$,

li ,'

L"", J+&QJ 'by &,iQ J+ ,i b-,, & p zr(s i .4Jb * -.. sFY

.pi d,,b 4 d , h &iJ l &I + > &, 3 + U

Galvanometer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .

. f . ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A

= 212127 Joule Jy

= 2121271 4.2 Calorie oY

+I + +LXZ 3 b-i i j?L j~ J

.4 kl>a\ k b -G 3 >J/kl\ dl( 4 && lib.

~ n + ~ u , + q Z -+ C U + Z ~ : ~

~,4; + I 3 4 +G FJ J,r 8 . 3 14 +,L.+ J jW I o c R ( j j l di k d

+- +>Q; {j"$ Jl &I F jL t jJ l ,J J >AJ j r / i $ g 9 6 5 ~

lin = 2.303 log

- 199 -

-: Gi 3 , l ,++ J,&+ L&J &GI jsirli;ii

Zn -+ Zn+' + 2e E = +0.762 Anod + CU+* + 2e - -+ E = + 0.337 Cathod

0.059 15 E = E - log K

n

0.05915 L~n"1 (at 25C ) E = 1.099 - log - n [CU +21

0.05915 [clc[old E = E - log

n [AI"[BI

E = (0.337) + (1.3595) = 1.023 Volt

A G = nFE = (1)(96$00)(1.023)

= 98719.5 jole J,-

- - -(1)(96500)(1.023) 4.2

= 23504.64 cal.

! w Q

SJ ((+J] &I iJ Q J p A ~ Ji -$I i>Ul d j j jLS W LAs ! I , + I , I 1 I 6 j i A t 3 $ l / d l = J @ l I t " ill

j Q 3 41 ~LCYL pi 4L GL' i*i &\J i*: ig J j j 3

;i=;u& t +$I ;$IJ i J u ~ i~ dy+ d>LCIl 1' 1

C

IL J >$I CJI-LF JS L+ 3 jJI LJ\-LF,! ;)q\ d- $Id1 by

j L *(r- Y LI__F. + U I ~-91~ aI-L*)-U

it Mars G. Fontana LL*') C>l -d.& @uI GjJ 3 4 :-.-Jq r i $. (Mili Inchs Per Year) MPY e l J L l 1954 y~

3 d ~ l ~ 9 ~ ! ~ ~ ~ - 3 h J 3 - ( W 1 i 4 ~ ~

a\ J,d\ 2.. 3q;i, & b b 0 1 Metric System . I 3 . k IdJ ASTM &,$I a L @ I ..J--" PI Jk a i-&jI

' i

.Mc Gnw Hill Comp dk!l 17 lp Corrosion Engenering - ~ o n t a n a e p

.. - 207 -

Q (No. Of Equivelent)

Q = I A t

3 jJ1 Weight -

No. Of Equivelent = - Atomicweight

~ j - i l l 3jJl No. Of Electron

W t i A t = F -

at. Wt

LA.-.. =

,k--?yill

MPY =

d - 2 , - / p i t

J , d*Y', crs

atwt X I - '

~ F P

I. I ill

9 - j [(200-1) MPY] & Cjl,S "Ji*-li (rldl pkJ. Yul icy I !

I I

J1 MPY aL.41 &y e% 2.4 J,dl.&b Y J & ~ MPYis+

xu' by d@ ful 41 & Gwi kJ ~ 9 1 &A dl.Gp9~

!

i ' 1 I I :: I ;,

E = E Constant log&,

~ u \ &I;,<,\ $2 ",A\ d b 3 V I ,$\j $ i..' djj'p' Q' K,

B A \ , .-. . . ,rking Electrode , Aux. Auxellery Electrode

i j i C > ~ J . ! L . ~ + JUI$A~&~G~'+~&. -:J&dl

E = E Constant logi

0.00 -

-0.2 - Anodic Reactions

J l p l d%&'+j6 d%L-

Cathodic Reactions

logi i = 10.X -0 8 L

7 b 4 .l f +

Corrosion Potential & Corrosion Current g d l juj -+ 5.4

3 L . 4 C U - 0 . 2 ~ 41 irc ~~5 *I?-\ i d ! iisd ic,. &i J! *. .. 1 1

J L- d;-Q! $ JIG! f,!,JQI Jl;3~ +- p +A\ A-5-L +

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Me*" ,

I1 . -:L& &I, L) &I, ,jh -:LA

&I"; /kp '$,G J.ml by,

4 j L 4 > j 9 1 arJ5CEL;th L,.+

& d l ,; 4, +>;~(li

4 4 , (Eo.) Corrosion I ..entiaI) 4-d-I LLc~ p 41 I&. &>:LC.I:

. (i,,, - Corrosion Current) vrIrll ,L; p ;jl-dL ,L ,L;

;-6- us 'y p l pii $ j?s+ JL--iil,4., + J!

L J G 4 @, '.vu1 4- &., XkJl q-4 'y iJd A1 & G U I +L,,.

&y> &JI? LJ~> d ~ q l G y > L J I i . l k p & dl-- -, i jG & -, LC +> a\+ > &; J] L, m l

Poldzation Reaction +-i ;i*k p &%dl j Polarize State f . Polarized Elcctod + ~ i d b 4 +"$J 1

u) Pologmphy J,Jl j Plating iWij Corrsion F u I ir%K df U

-: LL ~jl,.dl dl- jj(2) d,uI 3 4'1 ,u1 L d I tj ;+ rG ,bE R, =k'

Polarization + L v l 6 . 4

Qw jyC di ~i 2 j & 3 &&JI (Q~.GVI;II) aLkJ1 d!

+- c. FJ Reversable Reaction - J ~ - +rjl qL;i,,&\ &*dl. ( ~ ~ ~ ) ( I m v e n a b l e Reaction) 6

- : ~ j k ~ ~ d l j ~ o r Anodic Polarization ( J ,

Ea E = , -1

2.303RT [Oxidant] E = E - log

nF [Reduetant]

> j ~*JI j,+, J>L~I J:, 3 - L j y L +-+ 9 /L- -LJ~ -+ D

iffus us ion Polarization i ~ L l +-4 dkL1 & +-! ' .. .Acrivaripoluiiation qLL'I +-L d ~ L l ,& QU~ +u'li /-. -

j2d~ aij,&I + ~ j &ti,& A,& ill JJAI dG &Li pj Passive Zone

; , I A I I 1 ; 1 i-

.Transpassive Zone J&-l J-jy i. UUl + L &. + &pi

& - & d d l ~ a ~ 1 & ~ b d & ~ b & ~ ~ l 1 . 4 ~ ~ 1

&I~-I i i ~ ~ ~ j 9 dj i;ji JI JLC~.~I,+ UI '41 p

L* &I, c,i Lp , 5 i & &- AL> 4 I : , G , 0 > S ~ ~ & & Y j ~ ; . ~ & 3 ^ L 3 Y + t

.+L-CLI 3 ji-t. 3 jii -7 J b L 2 & d l

Kinetics Of Corrosion Fu1 aL(9 8.4

kI ,dl , GLQI ;.%Lid ky uL.4 +- a e n e t i ~ oL$)-~@

>uj U GJ,,. ,i G&,L~,~LJ >IY y , ~ > ~ k J ~ > ;;;dl .a>L=lAI ,& 41 & & - I > ~ ~ I JIjdI 3 &+ d j

a-~ i b+ & i& & +,..A, $ail jZ-lyJ i?- cksJ L~,A i_~.! (id2 LLc ; JJwr, &.f&Ql &%Lid\ 3!.0%Ldl cF @ '"

J!; ,., -. 1

.Rate Determerning Step b 4 ;>-dl o#b i

a

- 233 -

.3(-il"9 "I,

J(Tti, & dLih t > j 9 1 a%mI 9 2 + & d l a!

2 CkJ1 Jjc,+K$ ~ k ' i J ~ - & & u1 &

* J 2 u b, 3 4" ijkCi +-L..+ v ,KUI A++ $+I

L + ~ I i--, bri~ d,+ ,i +- Gi 41 ++- ;;IJ~ A J~ J[

. GUI i ~ ; ,i 2 4 ~ J I

J , ~ I ,i L-JL...JI ,i --LLI +- +$I I-u V LL+ . ' & d l &.UJ ; > b j 61 21 Primary Protection Potential E , , J ~

& & ~ j ; +i J,- qLC! J~~ 3 ; ~ b j +-i +~;r,- y -_csJ

J , d l L ;L,I. (2 Jj 2) >,&-I GL 2 -I 3 - b + +I b+I(i +l+ l+-u +b ikO &dl 3 . i S W $1 pljjl ij. j i >IE 4-d-I +b-

.Active Passive Element hl.=-h o h -*j

.Ionization Energy j?Ql i ~ l y - L J I ~ L J ~ F 1 s , J :

I & -b &J\ b j P il&, + LSi U F Y I L J l ah$

. Solvation Energy i b J I A "!rn >.* JI ~ L > L I + i>p U X . ~ r . c ~ ~ V ~ A 4 J4L *) :+I, &/.&

' %x i J i + iGJ\ 014 i j U \ + a\,: J L A &j ,&dl

.Work Function W I

+ >$L~I &S @ a* ~ l h ' 3 ~ 9 1 & $1 y?l b h A ,,? 7 . 'L t . jt: 4 O~UI *, J,ASJ\ ,++ a3L\ +- a w l ~i f , A; :(,$

-3 f iJi JI JF-, >$LCII + j. &~ij$Jy\ C< f J$ "P

u&,.> jKJi + d J ~ ~ ~ , d ~ 4 +-I_. $y J + ili J+ >$I '

X-II id\ c,&JI iyr wJ ,i JGi i)% JF, 2.5 Lib

-:pj

Dlffuslon Control Corrosion J ~ $ :LI@ U pk $1 Gy .i

+ $ \ ;- aLy91 J ~ i + & d,L6jc Concenteration Polarization a ';+ ,L:-

.dP9i ~ t & . A q zJcu ;k. yi

C anolyre > C Bulk > C calholyte

> JGJl, > j L l ;c? $ $ I Jl*C!J cj J 12.4

LS A+ ~a is>jt;L~ i ~ L ~ +b isis*. p ;>s i;k. @ y&s& ~ b t i 2 i ~

i- +&, dpf ;/ ~ & i ;,+.I, JW +I ~ $ 1 p L-',J

.>;dl $L &i dL,q$ ;$> ${ Jl $ y J 8c p i d l J ~ v l G&

;-. i/j9 di 4 C+Y JL(II pG2!, >;dl LG ~ L ~ L I A*! d! .,

9 u- +y,;91 g y 2G2 i kY ,i > j 9 1 LS d d ~ &,i -2 .-I J% bJ&l kY ,i >;L~I, 3,;91 ~L,,,I J U l hy ..

I

;!>LA +~uj91 LC *;I + J 1;-! d, IL ,,$I$ d%! J! f i

+LI CfW &-ill, +&LI 2 d l ,&A \ L a .),dl d%!, &I?;

i. t i j &;.,$',dl j>b! cj) J-\J; cc; Concenterntion Polarization ,$A\ !

J -91 +h! tF. +ILL! +i LL +,yi d J u v ~ L/ d! . .,.

. Diffusion Polarization ,,&: .

I 1

L.+ 412 4, ~ L L LI> > j 9 1 LS J ~ I dLJqi g-j dl GI

4 .A &id ,i >;&I LS 01); JI OL>$ J$, JI?! O&.C 3 b

L $I&.& df LSi.>+~ LAC J P l ,,$y 4 ,..L- g G 2 ~ +i ,e CJ 3

/ * J >jL l "> J P I $52 @ - L i b ,,$I> AX > ++ J+

a, Anolite Activity U.Y& ?& - i?ij 4, C. 4 Anolite ~ ~ 3 9 4

.LJL,<! JI 42, >j!il Jb Jy ,+-j -- QW dJ C, Catolite QY JGL -. jj >$LQI *;s ,,$; Jbj

,I,.--& oil& 3 - j 9 & Cntolite Activity i ,yjdl ?&

. J ~ I +,,+ +i >,:~61 LC &IJ: Jl U,2, 0 LJL,~~I ~ , p ++

, I + 2, jl,$,d ;? r pi 6,; J!'L.

4ij 4, CB Bulk Concenterntion j , ! &,d& J ~ L ~ I ~

I &Ld! L A J l q u l .b2

+yi + ,c;;$\ 0 , p a,& ~ i r c -91 ji k c d l by dL-=!- u L l u dIJJ+Vl J>L G,.d J>U >,LL~I u a1$1 d~ L,.b JL L L

j d > i & 1 1 LI~-I d+js.~~ A-'L>'~LSL LY~,J~ U G - I Jp-91 ~ J ~ L G &,-. $.$dl / J+I 2 & L , ~ ~ I ,

.dJd L J L I b y ) L J! bleCil SL,?~ JFj by LJ~LL >;&I &

.(J&I $

u y -kS + L ~ I +,dl >I$ @ d t d,4 g l > j d j b 2 t g~+ ..x

i I I I .,qpm! ,, 41 &. *"">

. " Cc t *-------* 3 d I

Atomicweight x i x At Weight =

nF +>Ql A$\ irc J U 9 1 & 13.4 &a\ Weight 1 i

X - = - , AtomtcWelght At nF

+\ ,> 2G- L $i j j i c > j d i irc ,$$I 3 41 ~3 13.4 &a' No.Of Mole i

= - 1 J+r j$\ p $1, M m i *i 3G L &ij K ikbil *i At nF

1

KLM /I J,& Js Concenterntion Grodtent j $ i 3 il*ii dlr:

i JkJ1 QYJ\ JAG I

= +‘+u\ && J&+ L p, KN > l h ! & J ~ i Q l dy< dji b 4& >+- L U l >A'= x &I>> GAG 331

b, + (6) l g ~ Diffusion Layer J ~ Q i + SN iiui

~ Y J I > & i Law djc. ily+ a\ i i J> s ~ ~ 9 1 >~t i i -

>~LSJI % -.,dl j.EY @;La 24. I -=-(a-ac> ds AD

i dt 6

24' ds

J L j h b F(Y Ld$\ >\$\ by djl...d d1>91 ilk LG did & QG ,J L &b A LJh$~ k& (8) ' ~ ~ 9 1 aY- dt

ds - = JL.LLI by = -$I ;IY+I >IE ,i i , , I >'-.I ,CL DL(C J,U ~ $ 1 ) JP' 4 &li,ey1 dt I

i 2j l '

No.Of Mole i ds AD * =-- - -=-(a-&)

At nF dt 6 .. 4

- 239 -

K +91Jl v

I= K (a - a,)

4 l ~ j d i & ~ ~ + ~ + . y y ; i ~ , RT Ka D

c;. -1n- nF Ka- I

DnF I = (a - ac)

6(1- 2 +)

DnF I = (a - ac)

6(1- 7,)

-:@I *& dY>WI p; ;>d l ,@I GLS &i

DnF K a = b = I = (a - ac) 6(1- T +)

-

: ,@I G I s 3 6 - -i'&

DnF I = - a 6r RT Id . ,=--In- nF Id - I

hlc -> M'" + ne

naFE%~ ............ (1) RC = K1 ace

n F rl I = Io- RT

-(l-a)nFE/RT

I = nFKl ace n a F % ~ - nF K2

anFq -(I-a)nFq -(I-a)nFE, - a r l F E RT - RT RT .............. I = n F [ K ace 1 RT --K2 e e ] (6 )

L# 2: Tafcl Eq~~:i[ iol~ Lbc LbL. - I I ,SJ diGt ,J!

b L , 1 I \ 4 + , CI Ki.1 ;II&L&4 3 ,&I pt; 3 ;,-I i--?jr)L.L+iUl + I I o . ~ 3 dJj G O+ 4 J, ; ;;-.

!!..$&&%.!'; . Activation Polarirarion iJLj Y"! 9 i. +lkijhii* ,. ,.:be

+-.& ,;~6\ + dx, (+LL.~I j l L ) 41 J> di $7

(+&-J&+$+ + 14.4 3 I-p( log 1 JuI Lig c ; ? ~ G $

0 059 - I 2 y2.5 bJ4j 1 ~ j L a d$ Lu- ful nF

log I

Combined Polarization A+\ +&$I 9.4

v 0.1 I S - $,& $1 dls- ,& $>,>Vl + u V 1 u $$I L&;.>,;lg.!,

I\ I 1

2s ,J ~i Univalent Metal Oxidize *iG G J I ,a h i , G>lri j3i ljb ,j(i i

1.6 ;+I $ ,y . c& \J;h Weight Loss Technique

A b r(,,= b K ~ ~ J& :i >d i j l~ j J~GLQI ;% ;;I-~I 2 J u ~ Jg~ ;& +,L- -L- I 4

I

+ G,(l-O)& C,l,5 i ,' #j Transfere Caefficent ~ ~ 9 1 & L a

JI;.;) . = 1 j T = 298 K i J l j l b J > di 2) 2, 0.5 G;L 8 d k i ' l I

3 0.5 -5 3b ($I>> QG) ~ = 9 6 5 0 0 ~ ( j l J I +c) Rz8.31 (Yfr r,+jJ@i dj.!

. d ~ L l +

Aux W.E

Tafel Extrapolation $P 3 ~ p u ?I*! .i

(Cathodic) i ,lied

(Anodic) i rpp~lcd

PaPc Aiapp Icorr = -

2.303(pa + PC) AE

C LO" = - P

, , . . . , . ,

. . Linear Polarization *PI + b V l . +

J i L . & & i>*C & J-1 j c ~ , J 1 ,+LC 3%

+LLI QY -1, $.+ - 5% +, + i ) -> jL~ , G> JKJI

+-?I ih LL=E GL L W . ~ + J I +-?I dy, @>j91 +, (IOrnv -+ u pi ,i lomv - ~~i yr 3 2;) E,., Jy T lOmv

$) J U ~ JL+JI *k5 b GyJI,+,+ L-UI eL 3 &% $ IZE. J L l ~ JL;II

-+, Ji_j~ d J U &I 16- j j l i A E jZC. L.-LC A E, (Ij_Li

* .3(Ul

IJal lc =C b,i;s- 3) - w -1 J 8, & I d J?iUl 7,.303(11:1 -t I1c)

.(~LI;+, - ~ i ) 2 J v ~ & dl d&.L$l b,L J! 2 , 1 1 , ( 1 d l Icorr ,@I 6 ~ 5 &.&j G J , 4 $2 Lbb p .

,a\ +g i L 0.1241 JI 4 , ~ JQ' d y b A

b y ' 4 ' J ~ J &&iJ G K @ 3 -:JU\

Q ~ J A J V I p i;- ri~l . - . ,

, . . . . .

u4+--+Af+k!+,,@ L-19 - + k V l iJ&l

Exchange Current p .4 ' Jll; ;;;lis' ,, L ,f \ ~ , LI& $7~ by @A 4Ul +-$' LJL

. a U '

u b b,, j s U \ by dg a Y b ,y pf 2 - d QF oyA iJ>LIl d! QlJl3 jL; A r Y cf+ ?;y,+jl

,&-+ j r ~ i a& ~ Y G I 3 J,A Gb

~J-J I A, WJ && 'J d Y + L ! $ XUl +b j!

r~ L' Active polarization iial +&! 10 ji J P l JK- ai;,+OjUy,

-:&JU, 41 Li, J L J l >@I fk+.4, GG,+Q~ dJJk u- ci-G-3 wl U- IL.*; +> JLOI ,i +J d, 413) 10 j , ~ ~ irii mi bf- el-=- VLC! 9,; .i GI2& d d ! u y LA, .3(-Cr]l

Exchange Currcr,. Jcnsiry , d l G g 3.4 J@-l

0 0

>Ltr" 2H+ + 2c + H2

UI

A1

- -

2 10"' '

J,Sl 2NH2SOJ

E

0

l o ~ / c r n '

10-'"

0.1N HCI 2N HzSOj

Cu . Fe

- - - -

Ec = Ea = Eo At Equilibrium Of Reversable Reaction

a .& & ,i & & Jljs-Yij Ec = Ea = Ecorr At IRR. Reaction Or Corrosion State

'4' f'-ly'i Lb d.5 ~ G - 1 2 ~ ; dl> 9, Icom Ecom di 9

"?"'I oh J, ;I.LG!J FLJ I ZJ-I G~I,AI JI~JI +L- j b

L J L Lki i l & i fbq l @I - ,+'over Potential 41 23 q bi

" 3 J; 9 J E,,, j f EO GF>l 4 , .

+LC- 2 ii-1~1, +>,,LI ;i +I~LUI t A i i j h j 3 y GLY L+ ,G: I I

.+LL~YI JAG bL.9LLl + u V l 2 --, &,.+91 !

E ( v o l ~ -+ L E (volt) + E (volt) + L I . I'

Ec j Digrams d& Jai 12.4

I' j

O m h i koi d ~ i &= +lki;Li a h JS i i p ~ J - 1 i r i ,+I l yg ak l i W I rti d :I Ea &u & &.s PI L&S J!cKUI LC/-. j ;k,Ul i.l%ldljl +j il , . .

i - I LC- 4 ?L. 9 Li +-I, ~ > j i $, G~;$ JAG + I

Mix Control Anodic Control I

,j -1 +>;&I\, '&>jLl a%m g , A I i&JI 3-5 i &!~JI~IJTII ( I )

, ( C ~ J )

pj$, g ~ ~ & I ~ &WI % JT IL, L+ a h pji, ~2;s

E (volt) @I -+ 4 -.>jLl OXSUI rG- 3 C ~ ~ ~ by 2 ,b, w k- J! ( $ T i 1 k y ) KII J ~ , + -, "----?-> j$ l i.>isLidl ii, 4 - y j L2.i +V --J;~I a>bWl

i con ->j(11 ~Y-GWI i,b+ k,& iJU-I 0 - b --j i d ; L I d, i& Ea

E~~~ i t- &= &>;dl i.J'-ddI 4 $ Anodic Control Process - d

Resistance Control

++I p & ~ j 9 1 ~ % W I is, L+, j r I l + dl)! Ly,, j5Lt1 ( > )

. Cathodic Control Process -. L p;c+ $>;L(Il a>CcWl kyj dk l 22.4 WI -

"Sy & y~ & al,ill ~ j j a,&- > &a1 3

" L j L+& + L&JI a,$ LU ,iCbFU~ L+

. Resistance Control Process ~ ; L d l i,& dL- dLAI &, b;Ul I I

J L U L I & + JUl >@I jk L I -. -2 dl;.' J iGi A! d' I

y~~~ & &U-1 a & l A I +L ;?;i i& &= JjyJ-I .&. I+ $1,

I 8 I i I;

>i a~<-i& cj j Lk JUb, >lb-Ji LIjr iJ+Jl 8 4-i,

.&+I ~ W I dc i W-, WI +,

- 265 - - 264 -

d,-i 9 ~,VI d l r ,I &I I*. jI&L> .Jy 0.001 J l *i dk

I 4: + >k -d3 iji 1 0'0 2 ;&-I, iJi 2 &. J- a! , a a. p1

.-%%, 3 4 Deffects P I t l j l 3 fi .'is &*L F lil d d l a&

L",

' - -&: L- - . 2- I.J,& + JsJ /I; - ' . - - cQ $;a- - 5 ) 9 180 &LA $A dlJ$\ A

-r

. ( ~ i r r o r Image G,SLI iJ+ ;ij iJp 3 , .

Wid Solution Deffect WI $@I 3 Ju-l .5 ' '

Y L A . ' ; ~;~+ lJ l LJAI p+ GI+ -2 L.u L

. - 3 S--tiond S.S +-+ $IS 3 , L 3 > ~

. Insertied Solid Solution I

I

Linear Deffect &I .2

.hJ$\ GI >I> ~ I ~ i i l L C ~ ' J J ;II $41 \La JJ$

4

3--J;L t Q ~ ~ w L++ J \ - QY\, Edge Dislocation 3

\

'$4 c. .Screw Dislocation

& < L ~ I Vibration aljly;aLl $551, G2+v1 Kt Ql &l&l 2 I

GJ$ ji Wet Environment UJ 4y d;,b J I 4 1 1 L,L---b$ f h y l 9, 1-L! 41 -LI! d)i(L L--.--- Abresive Environment

.+$I $%I c;lLr;b J L L OIAI >j& - I Environment Factores p1 L j b u l 2.5 1

,. <:, \ ii'

JJUf & byJ i*S$I irUl& G W I 1.5 J,&I I+II+III II+III I1 I+II I

3 180-8Ni 3 18Cr-8Ni 4 18Cr-8Ni 3 18Cr-8Ni 4 &Y HNO, + -

Cr203 + HNo3 F ~ ' ~ + H ~ S O ~ O2 + HCI HN03 3 ~ 3 J b - 3 2 ,I x j 3 Q

FeCI3 CU'~+HCI 0 2 + HISO, d k , ~ , . 4&

&!LG iJIF O2 + HzO '

sb Q*TL- 4 '!-I ,& G i L j L ~ ~ ~ G ~

ir,, 42 #,&I k , t 4 ibl L~ly i& A L . Hydrogen Blistering

(I!. . . S 0 2 ~ N 0 2 ~ 0 2 t C 0 2 ) jLiII d ~ ~ b M J l "Ir i- j>

46, pH w , , ~ I ,Vl + c u i$+,&l+$"+ iJr$ $ , I ' * .jj& OL i,lUJ i . 1 ; c ~ i c ~ ! 2

il i atdjLl, &,LI $L. 11: 4

1 , 4 by + 6% LJI 2 &,91 ,u! ,i d&,i QU d!

3bj-J PI by 34 Passive State J+I dL- p JS b j J &+ *;;

+ I+ $1 Jl ;yj L$I 4 ;&$I J I ~ I i ~ b j

31

'I

& U I ~ B ~ ~ ~ ~ I J S ? ~ C I ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ L I & ~ G & * . ~ J I

dlil &, d;J l ,.$> ;>43 J 41: j&! J.4 6.5

UI) &LL\ &JI 3 j i j I + 3,& $1 i$i JI+ ILL JYU (C ( -. '

>h> jY4 Is9 $Ji3 Trans Passive Z6ne J+I -k L iLp 3 dpI

J,-- bd ,I u a+ ‘-$JI,&-f,91~ o+ d&- -. !

.pi ti ;. +d QSG + 31LCU &I + p;j 3

- 276 -

Viscosity L$ ~ ~ $ 1 - q I

Pitting ~41 & Stagnet Condition JUI ?u, >;$ u , d cG

3 -JI LJI by d ;>&$I drC. i~-jLl pi Crevice XL-j --,AL "+I ~ ~ 7 i i &. 6pi ilj! 3 L+&JI - by

J.S%l dlj! bl> - A 4 1 LJI ky L 4 j dL Corrosion Errorion

. P I by I > & j 31 JLJTJL, & / +J di-J & em 4 JL9-2, J Qx, kL.dI 3 LJ1 k-cY Leu-

-:Ju\ d>aI j. +-& +.dl Renold No. d,+ ,,

d>uI 4 by, 3(-Cr]1 by & ki)LJ12.5 JJ& C

H~SOJ $ a a

B

a HCL 3 & (I+II)A

t.) ( 1 8Cr-8Ni)

F ~ ' ~ + H ~ S O ~

(I) A

3 & O2 + H 2 0

$-u\ kY i > b j J!' ld'> ' G J ~ iJl+l bJ> i > L j a! d > U ! &,4 !&% 9 *

JF, & pJ, by ,) i>b$l d! L& * kL.7 & + A . d l Ib $, -~.LU (E W I G b ) b j N I G U I Jl J J ~ I WI~L"; ') 3,

& T iJ\$ i- J: I? ,mj by LA G%J( ~2 Activation Energy & A #

y L . I j 9 5 4. 1 1 ,+! .*. J-2 r+ iliL jJJI i.u yi ~ l j JI ~;13lsli;L1 JF- .,

,E -1 ZLb 9 G u l

I;! + R . S &CAI 4 G(-JLII i_*;; .-- ;+I Lv p i +ki

Cathodic ~>IL~I ,U~I ;.I-& @ &,..A pi\ LJ-G i_;$

I

&a,b LC,. . , +-L5 LLS (tjL!l'/,($l +hL!) Diffusion Control

is- dL Active Passive Transition j+l dL- J Y ~ d J J ~ I . .

> I > + +U-1 G& dy5 &-> @I kF i>&j $141 J >I>>

&U-I G& L& %Ld ;J! &a1 4 .b-Y Corrosion Errosion Phenornina

Effect Of Ternpreture Of Corr. Rate K\tJl J-b & zjl91 kj)

pH effect On Corr. R:lte >ul by & y-jj*pl &)*LI $b

'k >G $1 &b L C ( ) d l & & %&I + K ~ I * j a! y-4,

14 oL-----pH

14 13 14 Pt , Ag , Ti Cd , a , Mo, W Cu , Zn

M g , M a , Fe

j, by $1 bWl iWI ;? LJ3-3 Pourbaix A;. &J>

kk11 a ~ b i u J 4 p +C PH@ +- #I -+ @ i,

I I -4-1 L&-A G ,I& +L Js'L Lj 4 i S d

2& C. + $ 6 Electrod Potential 41 A E, Gibbis Free Energy I

HCI $---.j 3 Ni + ,f H2SO4 h ' j 3 (1 8Cr-8Ni) SS-A10.5 J(-;" 4

HN03 $ (18Cr-8Ni) SS @ B LjStfjl ~ 1 . HF Lj $ Jr;u Ji

$ A,B NaOH L j 3 & jt HF L j 3 ~ r j kr JLI'1 $3 ;jIyJ-I i i j > ;.&j ~ r ' JSTdl by 3 i.4 j W w. 10.5 J . 5 5 1

I

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ & ~ & l d l b ~ ~ ~ ~ & J \ ~ ~ d > ~ + . A I -

3 dy6 Y $1 D J ~ \ 8, GJ\)-\ L J > t ~ J i y 42) X u \ b;.

;,+S ii& tjb B ~Ju-I ~i + J+\ L J I j Passive ~JL

- pH+) >,+I + YK-d p u HWOi & b&~i&.,, ?-'I

.HFG LUI

J-J iu-l' 8 ~ 1 2 . 5 3 L6 y & J t r Si

0" -3 F ~ ~ o ~ ,J.sL & ,+-I4 ~ W L I i+ L=.S,[ @

UI+~ L i b -kJ L d Passive Zone (Wl) J+I &,

L) ~ L I ~ J &.% LJLI~J d!.CDG d &j,+

"JY, i'

Fe(Of411 (Passive)

O-I ., Fe"

o Y ~ $ & b+l.il,~di d ~ i r i ~ , ~ U I pkJ. JiQi i s ~ b ,

~1 eb i ~ t i 0.8V + b W W J ~ &I ~ $ 1 ,i o ~ ~ $ d j I 4 1

i--.j - ~ e " &-&I OLJ ,A (4.25 - o)ir c,~g PH pij j. 6-

-CkJ1 QL ikb pj Fe(OH)3 ,G 32G & - S j V l ibb iL1 4.25-pH

pH ~sL & ~ e + * j,~..*il d2ef ,A "rk!i FLi 5L -0.2V + *_;s Ci

(pH =lo) Ui LY (9.2 - 10) LSA~ & FF~(OH)~ fUI (0 - 9.2)

. ik ihb dj F~(OH),'KU~ el; dd&

LG-L-~ ~ H ' I ? 4~s @ i ; ~ JL i j. pi &G .~:lil_r,

L)L &% &JJ.? &c $ HF-eOi 9 i j L d5Cj (-0.8 j l -0.4) & J +-

16--J. AB Jd-1 y. &i ~ e " "I(-Iril @L a&, +A1 ir Js7k iik. A h

A-1 i-L- @ ~ e + ' el; 4 3 J3l PH +, 0 . 8 ~ fl DEFG #L>I $--I ,! Cf pH @J J,-& &, ABEDC CcLjll

. . . d 3 L - b &b &. @jJ+ 9, Fe(0Hh PI FL; 3&

- 284 -

; i y J l ilW1 abyLi + j & ~JL;F! +- ju F ~ I *gr

d*^L' i i ' c - 3 i L b j dPLl 3 >3 41 *g- d \ . ~ JI 3 J' d~ f i zu2 u$ + p i i F ~ \ abd+9\ +,A jjj.wi

k- 3 y ' b k-9 $ ii.lj ,+ ,f GI5 c%i d J +I C. +W ,.,+

. 'p-LJ\

3-0 $( & LJ-X QI,& Cations +A\ q*rl~ a~,,jlJ

s y - 9 1 l b j*.l a! d-k-3 4-d-1 3 - d i g ~ l L+e j T,i6\ dp( jJ

Y l a E:~ = -0.74V EL = - 0 . 4 4 ~ -+A ;, ijlj pi k . 4 L * . l U jsz $1 -1 ~i 4-d-I 2r & i r u l dyi jblJ +j "bpi 3, $9 J+ j ~i rJiV\ aiiil

Corrclsion Test & Corrosion Protection

I-' j. fi jJ+ e- 3 I;! (Labmrory Test) ~ J S #. 1 I

&&u 4 b $3 Pilot Pl;lnt Test hj -+L j b ; 6 j & i&.?

2 J\ 2-- Ld i,- &LC. +,.A\ b,-J\ $4 , $\ $ 2 3

. L $ + j A l d,>

Jd! b a I , Sj@l OJLJ~ 4 L;s 9 Plant Test 91 3 4 1 . 3 4

.&A!\ JS, +MY1 W I j-b di i r l l? aL+= J ~ J !

"y.7~ & 3 d I 4) + b + Field Test 4 1 . 4

. x u \ & -ip O J ~ is*. &IJ>, iul @I djh @

@.+, i4LsJI dJLJ1 'y z i p @ kilJALA& ,& ++I aLs+i,

J-1 3 c,'Jkd\ o h @,.&, iJIF 2 @I dl&, & d l 31 +-&-, i;;Kii OL+I 3 J+ di &I LLUI, d3Lri1 jr >*c JJS

. J,i $L x1;11 by

Weight Lose Method D j $1 jj L&$. i "5-~1 &&I j l +Ff WI ij+ djj, tiy i-i& ++I h-

v'

, . I. +.

:?,;;% .Y& - 3 YIP! { 1 Corrosion Environment ,$y#

. w i 4 GJ p rP' -1 .".y J . '

pJ 4 u j y i JK.- ;r. +>j91 'ikli 3 +..S,JQ1 iiliri d,

i l d +- - 8.2 ;r. $1 pH @ CJ 4 w-j al&j~+& 03 J$l

.$iil Glad j+l d+ jz 4 -- U j d l

$iL_II] J-WI i+L + L,+L..+ + oh

t i -El a 6 L - d ;+dl 291 2 U I ~ I d b j Qualitative Analysis

+I.-..& &.&,+$, i.42 j,b *ir;j i&& 8, Quantitative Analysis F u l

-:dljr., J>, ~i 16. jU, yi .~>i >>jj t .J l

<@. Chemical Methods G@I d y l .e *+v~ !& 4 d 4 1 OL,J JI; 2 &I +L, $2 & , ~ J J I - o ~ LS

"L3f ,-, 2 9 - i L j L J+ k~ A+J-I dt! ~ ; b j & k;t~ . - Av' LLj) J$l fi. Lyb :.,; J 1 ~ & irhjj cU.1 3 &&dlj j~&d-I

-> iyG &- L+Jl O L ' K i l is,& &i &. (>$I i&, ') J$\ ;; #

;%, 4 '4 +J C_llp, @I 3 J4Jdl i+ el+ LJAC J d

.+I 3, + JCA i;l. ylj $ FISI SJ ilk -

(b..) di, b44 tgSU1 L p &lj G9.y

Potentio Static Method SuI 2-1 G& +,!dl a h -3

Ecom -+ dQ >$'JUI ,'-&I jlp +$I o b

b3 4.4 3 4*I*j jGl L+, icom JSTd1 JLj 26,

LJLJ >SC- 3 9 &% 3~ dL L,,' jG9~ G>, isy, +,I 0 1 ~

-:p icom 42, JSUl c y Tafel Exuapolation j j L L13 .i

Linear Polarization ykil + l & ~ V l . +

.6.4 3 -9 f % j91J + > ~ L Q I ir*lrl4;U &,+ ;&-A WJ,

ddw icon + 4-G >G-&IJ z~+.JI a Y W J L b > d , d ~ J b i . 2

.Ecom G i-J+>

eq. wt MPY = 0.13

density x n icO"

Material & Speciment d d l

-

ji ;+-+.A dlJ A- , $ d l & zYal GJ CJ&GL&.A @ 4

L I J > 2 - A.C Impedance Method '2, $uI @I jk

Small Amplitude Voltage -,bJ (K~I d d l &...!

I ~ ~ ~ - 2 *'--k &d%~*li u+$l 3i a>> ( h - y , -L

qq-, I * CIL1ll I I d 9 ~i ' i i ; j l +.s-; &ID ~1 >ly

Ul d& df 2 GjF JLJI >wl j b &j JjJdl

Sample Surface Preperation cj$I Ck, # s ~ ~ + + ~ j L ' ~ i j l + i ) ~ ~ ~ q ~ ~ ~ L s ~ j4 I+

~JLJJ c& a9 %IOO A. y blJ \hJ.id\ y-

$+ .IAG~ $4: +~JI LL^U -J OLQ +

o\~A;~I di, LS &UI, +I J* I J L ~ ~ I ~ ,+ L- >kt\ ~ U I ,

i?L irk -G ,i J, JLj ,i irkr l l JL$ +L &11+yl J ~ 9 ~ d~

.U ,+!I JLC=~CI

31 Y,w, 120 CjJ 0yL.J' SJ, &I3 -- LJ\ '

d,&+ +-b;y~ii(y LL,G i j L c d Z C . l i d * r j i d ~ l i-,>

k-l-.il.* + 2v//ei L) p-iul ZGA dw 6 s -- A

. . /

i L u c ~ ~ ~ "Yc- z j d d +k.-Jl L ~ l ~ 6 Jbi d c l j j iJ4 Polishing &-- ,i Grinding g + ~ 5 Jb ,IF! t i + d l

‘ G ~&,+Crl SiJl ?- y, &u\

- 301 - - 300 -

I u~ &J Q d G L l + iSW ,i Ki.1 kY +G Ldl .. M .

-&Ij Weight Loss djJl dl& fib]\ - -

- - - *- b.-p.- . l&,b~iL~&.ri i ; r~~u;

y d-1 d K l ip

- - - - _ --- - -_ - - -

L 1 ~ ~ 9 W I ? d K I ~ L ~ i ~ ~ u l A G- di - (Potentio State &A1 O y h i ;, Gy& 3.6 W l -+ Gb LIJ~J &I & &&I al&l,

wi', auLL - - -

d?L?i c +-+-2 += ,+p _ &

'J'F &j2 &= Fi.1 LIJ2 -j &$ 4 - 3 @- Y djjjJl d j +,b di; di

- p & + a ow1 jf -1 +-+ d j j j J l ~ > ~9 -I+ -- -J1 Q i J! (i.141, ++I uwu w b ) oJw ,i x y l LtO

- J ;JIA1 b J 3 d3$ 4 FYI .. L f ~ s . 1 ~ j w l l id e% 4.6 wti (-I

1; I I I - t 1 1 -

. 11 L . a : I . .C

PA &Ij JAG & 4. j. j i i~+; b . 3

J-' ti J~ QM Isolated And Insolated L&, Lkid Qj, +vI> . Q b j 'Ju

E 4 8 :?j.

.w E m d i 4 -4

, ;r.

log i - 2 5-

- :jU! 9 4 , MPY d-dl srIr-> albJl OL JJ$

Duration itMel] CJ~+!I +-p- 59 I

/ Q ' J @ 3 I*- iLd.1 LJLl_CI( ij. K Y l kXJJ @I +-F i> fi

2 0 0 0

= &,"dl i,.G

MPY 1Lj$l J3U1

c L 1 4 u B j 3 ~ , 5 4 1 du Rt+, &J ~~r +j ;+I

-:di!, +&I 4,4

.;&Ij +j i&J J+ J (+J' ci* "-S"R,

.+j ibj bJ\& +j OA - -I.! 2piJ ej+ 3 j-~,

I

.Gj ;&, t+] bJl& +j - - * 04 p ? i -I.! 4 , ~ J 41 3 4=~,+, Q-1 >i.R"l+Jl C,b 3 j-~~

J4 9+ A ejrJl3& ~ ~ c r sqrii cj ,+j l GI, j-B

.;&I, +j ;A, +

h+1 -1 - =-

h 7 - & +

R2

"L C) &&I &I o"! j. ;$ & &$ B,R, p;j ijJL I I B

4' Jlii (r;i kL B RI Z J L L! C o r r o ~ i ~ i t ~ Of Media (GJa\) wu\ 1 - - 1

&-+'I 3j

&&I & G W l e 4 e 6.6

j?JLql jyd+iJl 2 Ci+ -;I -9 j. i_i_ bi--~ -1 aYU-1 Z J L 1.6 J;&l 'lo * 2?200 J* 4 J* ((1.8X7-5) >&C LOW Carbon Steel iJu-l

jL J'Y! i- SbCI4 aj-++L~ ~-~ , .k7 %90 J ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ f&v~ 4 J ~ R=B

- r90 +-+J I L, c+ HC] &JyjJ~ RI>B R1~1.69 MPY, B=0.11 MPY , R2=0.05 ~ p y

R,-

- ?ng -

-1 a- Corrosivity

&-Y

3.;' >I>>-

ilUl

A2=B

A2B

~ js%J a d 1 i & ~

p-=- Y

$ -

' GI$ 2.3 Y-+ $I, db>! $9 GI$I >,b r;l' '19

J55l.yldl &,LI >> + ;?Aj L i +,&I e> + 4 , L i

. G I $ ~ >g $& jq_C jb eg! p 2.6

-1 ,j-, J# &-I> J+ a d \ + j. ,;r s&- a y c tib

Q d!. (ai-;lf-l+ j J U I p L L ) J+I jI>L] >? d

,j+! d (F f! e1-L) wj, d d l U $1 ,f &,91 . . 5 i j p i -j Id Jk&l 2 ~ - J+ &I G,AI, J+I

.2L--E?rLcy)Li2.6 JLGLI 3 -41 &

J Potentio State 3(ul by &L=L! -&-$I LC L!

3 L - r a - 5 -rali+-;il jiu p &,LI >+ j ~ U I "";" A i . J 2 J--j kL. i d , JCiUl L, 3 ; r , & i j G r e-~+ +-.i

JU J-A L i , &&I &I-+ $ jIAI ,+ &,J + df >+-Ld@\

,L jWI 32 ,f~ Statif Condition 6L, ~ J J Y +&I d l 5 l i ! c ~ & l ,

3 4L- &,.G CI*JI J .JL~ 91 L = ~ DL ~ 3 4 ,

. Scale -1 yb e k I i d 2 ~ - CiJI p cjf-U 3(-Ul isy Lj && &dl 41 d!

+G ~ U I J-- F~I j. G& d&- ,i FYI -!+A1 $2 ,+I k9

i~~ >I>>, &I J& &3(-LJI by 2 &i d~ j I L . ~ ( Y I LJI

Earation

ji G~PI >-, ;L- p cj+~ & ~ , 2 &I ,"I, ;&I, 'j-3G 4 4 1 &5' dl; PI isy 2 p1 j +\A1 p " L , L l

3n;J1L=,.+&LjdJj~-~$7i31 J,,~~~TI~L.&.&UIG&

C j u JP---J~ 09 J% ;sr, kdk.4 2 &,$I & is+ J+ 4

L J Y >I>?*, ;L A+, &UI, /IJI LUX, ~ ~ , A J I , +I +A\

-310 -

Cleaning Speamens After Exp,osure &-*;I .by ei+l

oU- L, jI& ,,& LL! djJl d l ~ 5 iL& KLJl t~ +L dl

e U I 3 ld;j>, -I G,+ d[i Uii KLJI++ C j j 2 i

&s KiL irL df d j ,i d d l + Lj. 31-4 djJ i i1 j j i .4 @I

I ~ ~ $ & ~ 9 j r ~ k d J & & G ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 + + ~

.djJI d j 49 & JUI r#l + 3 41 p i&Q 4 4 , qj'll a&-% Js -- 41 4 J 3!

.+i c j G! ,i ~+.h ,: $1 t j $-Ti\ d K 1i1 I.+, K ~ I " L L L ,f dljijyl & dZC- *ij +I & $7Ul @l;i

Temperature 3j\)-1 h j >

4 J,.RAI JI ~ > ) i b ~ j - 21, &IUJI pri i hJ> ;I& 43 . >

*>> reJ & p1 by &b& f i ' K k J 1 c y 3 ;& * c 'b 6%: *- i . + ~ . i l i &,LI ,,2, ,&I y JLLI 9 L L iJI,J-I "J$

r 7 '$6

I kJ> oil1 a\+ JS7LJI isy -G , IcJfTLJl J+ $ ",*.

70 330 320 280 ' 260 250 jr $f F0 ;>If l bJ>

00 1000 500 200 100 20< MPY Gur;rl is;,

; J,&I $.A jd l +L 3 (SS 18-8) j y g l y JuI P

.Kid\ L G ~ J.G iJI)-I aLJ> $b &%

LJ>U &*CU u. cj+I j_s i;i +LC\ j ~ , 6 \ J.A\ J+

J+ 4 ih ;d a~>&\ d9 ?&I, &$I r G,&!\ OL

iJIj)' yr'i i_4?.+ Abi*, ,,LA\ S U 4 &..+ i;.(eL-

i+'I> 3 l > y U cj,dI Jd d J i , &&I $L. j 5 i i I fb, a&,.dI,

+-+ r % > A I Q";J~, r%>+J &,J+ z~-P;. & gjS v&LLZb( ;r. G j . e j )>PI p =.&.!I +dl SLGP dY.&, &.\+I 2 % 40 &%60

2 2 i; J U i d r/pi I A I C ~ ' o J I L >& ,lYi i;i &,I i i L

2 $ 1 o $111 3 o k dj, (Quenching cy 4E;) i c y ci+'l

2 . ?I/+' I rng/in2 J,_L- j I

SUI i) & &I, J.5 ?- ni &.G $LC, isk d l - 1 *>A-

L j - + ~ ~ v \ a% J$ 3 3 4 -debj (&J&I) &$1 ji J;.

L.++ cC.&, f & ~ &.G ,i KLdi FW LS I: G ~ J I *

, i C V d = ; l l &,$I +C %I 5 a ~ , j %6 J+ -2 i s id

a.

- 314 -

Type 347 ss

, . * L .

Aluminum

Test Of Galvanie Corrosion p i l l

i* Jtd J G ~ I Jd ,d jy L ~ I ;&\ 2

b+l d q l & b,i J A- ,&.!I 0 . i ~ &[,'IJ-- &, 4 1

C m s a t h )ormi- and f"'q ro soluton .a oo ,',,,--

Souimen holder, cod w u : m m , tens;m ri& ,,,,

auJ p L &I* d d l fl + -. Scales J + . i J l d a ~ + i JLG!, G,L AL, csL;cll o-L*& "

jf @3 ujj Sludge wl ,!,,.I1 ,[ . .

+IJ '&dl ' $ . d l ' , ' d l

+Ir o.~c C;1S + pxell,~p"'Q i ~ ; $%.I ;$ +GIj 4b31 d! Is

&S +J Pilot Plant 3 &I ~41 4 1 iLy u~I

. - , . > - : I __-. -

J- + Y, +I'&.Jj wJ i d \ + + Q ~ + I a h ~y

- PEE - - SZE - 0

Angular Probe g31$1 &I. + Normal Probe A1.T

Twin Angle Probe ~ , l $ l &pl 2 1 . 2 Twin Probe Al.2 *

0LCl 'y iik t l j l 4.7 jL.!Jl

Amplitude

.rUI +* LIj>

3 k.1-1 ,J- *- JIG- S;cl 'p.Jl j & & i l l r l * i j l ;1!

&L1 -6ul f%l j L . 2 3 1 3 b;- jl d d l &p + &I J@I -- ' 1 ( r x L l ) cl JLI +G S ~ J I A . = +- ,i ,L + J* # 3

L-ib ~ . d > d l ~ irldIJ + J J I J a\, 6A ;yG +-

c g l & A&; 1-43 ~ J L J I J% bib j. $7 ,& au1pl13 i j ? l ' '

1 p I I L , , ,Ul .. ."by1 i*f. j L4-s Jp & j j%jil&- ,JJX',+JI,

b q i'~ ~ J H +JJl+ Jk 3 i r ~ l r z j i A, ~ 9 6 41 j!

i-13 i;i +&I w.4~7 jA.= d b 3 ~ W I b tyi3 $7 J--

.4I-+-GJ 4% I+. $ 5.7 - & J- s?& 41 ji i J ~ y 6 >GI j.

rb?~ Y J Id +I r ~ ? ~ & G ~ I ~g-; $1 iJ+l I

.+I L C L U I

JP" JGfj ~41 tlJ" & dpd";l 1.7 JJ&l 2~

&]la ,-. L&

J

Ul 2" 31 +jly yf~ 41 +zi 3&l J&I Cracks J+

PGVl

441 '

J+ jb jc Gt d.dii

j k k a , , & & f i + 2 i J &

f l a J 2 uu i l j l 'J&l&, &j J+\

riJll i r h ~1~ J j i i l r b

4' LY porosity ;+ 1

P i p S f u \ & ~ , , ~ f 2

slag ine~usions GI

&'Sc+w

i i b + r ~

3

4 , 5

.(+ G~,.& &i) O&

4 1 &Jj ~ - + - L J - I ~ , +&-A1 3 3 ~ J k i U iCb i.L$l oh 31

U S ~ 4 - L p ej is+ $ q&J oL. 3b +UI ~ J L L I ~i +L o U I & i_ii,ul 0 . i a , s 2.561 &WI, ci-j\, & I 4

.JULI Lamination o+J\ J G ~ \ ~ G + ~ ~ + u I

~41 Jahafl jAl CkJl 3 c p cul P;: L+ &ydl 4 1 j,b ;r. ;&I, p

7 d l & - + &I r;t hjIJ>, o if j -G/,

> M i ) +dlj $ d3Ju l ~j isJ&\ ~-$/"1\, @,GI dY+YI2 Slag +\+I3 ( Z h L d l $I&& A- Y & I J +&I

C j ; - L j %j,j.'l 4 &ul j&l 6 - L . &-, Dislocation

ijJb Jb 3, +,& ,+ ,i +,$ J\Y dl)' I j ! Lj 4,d1 2141 +y,

Idr;t., a-1 i - dj.d*JJ +G ,y@ y &I &A Ll-&..L\ JTJ'

fiJ u ;r. s d -&LQ d&i,l& + 6% t . + ~ i i r ~ , *

-\,A, Hardening 3 GLjL;! tJIF ask 31 d d 1 &L 42 ,

.Annealing Normalizing 4>Luj Tempering

Stress Inspections UI dl3&\

*jj $ J ~ L I x-I 4 U J L LC * t l l 2.6 3 U,&

LS j i 2-L A h c k e I $ -J +L: +! ++i

Distructive Inspections ;idful i r l > k Y I 2.7

+ L S ~ U J l d d l 41 J.3 3 d &pd\ O ~ + I @

OL+I ,Ip! + & is41 WI ,i ~ A I 3t( &L~,-JJ

Pressure Test hrUL dl >WI

sj,>l Lp.-' -kcdl +d 4J1,A1 a y > q l J Q L \ $ \ ~ ddl &A? >?- +I .l-~.[l_+. L+'I 'y ~ e j p LGUI j &WI &

L - Ad' LA & klj' f W I -1 pj Working Pressuie(W.P)

C - q <J+" "iJ' 'y &i I,.+ 4' 9 Ll, +.&y\

r I-' ALYI - j ~ L l $ l &I> iljirl~ i>U\ ++; ;,* 4 4~dt i(& ji f l u ! j! &u y,*i;\)

dL+L.~cst Pn.ssure(T.P) +-:+I k ; J L ~ ; J I IL w- (- . .

444) $ 4 3 W.P p fl %lo0 T.P - aldl ju! +- alk

.%lo j3h- Y i > b j i j a\*,

$-* & d b % Hydrolic Test j L L l &I+ 41 \L fl

i-i; Y! U L i i y? .Uq l+.& >I$ ;dl jir pJljJ.J&l*ll > ;A,

L+Al ?jj h1.1110meter -1 &I$ $9 >F, + J 4 w. ;LI, 2 G >$I 2 4 i-b GUI, &,I -1 J I GYJ ;dl &I> a W U , k

4 L i "1 r;"j 'pi. Qls aLQJ fIj Lly

" l + - U ~ ; i i J - 0 1 d u G i ~ ~ - ~ CI ijjiSi+l

i k ~ ~ i . 1 j i sU.1 J+ 03jl r l i . i i ovui p, j .CQ-

.Penornutic Test -- L Ji ~lyll & . . I y

Slow Strain -- L+hj + -L-r: & P~I i~L4

. 8 .7 jigi +j Rate Test (SSRT)

Worm g . r

Bending Test dl 3Pxj

ji & L6 cjdl &=+ $1 01>l JA +l..- + fi qL- jb dli.

c 5 f - U "I?! $31 ijL ;, + 3 A+ 4' IL, A- .p iLC ') ,! sl+l ')

d Hardness Tests I 3 U l dbyj

j d l L!& uij 3-d-1 db4 & o b d l i" t \y' f ;& ib

10-1 L j I ? 8, (+& d > L ) i > u l dJF d & c . u >lJ\ .. dU1 jhj ((1 9 OuI jh &- + Mohler Test hy LLb ,

, . .__I 7' .

dlrlgr% illjL( +lull 4 ~ ~ 1 $ 1 I;I)C.~I

Steel Heat Treatment & Stress Relief

dlj! d~ a d 1 @-J +Jl&l o%UIJ o&UI 3 &+

Hardening 4 L . 3

- 1 4 J\ ou, J+ 5 - lo(;n J-a9 - k U &L+ C+l>+ ...

L i ~ p ) l > a J$ I&\) 4 i Y > , 3, Ferrite

. ? . A - ,(+ J& s;Y,~I, &-U\

iaby 41 I

> Ul & &+Jl $LJ\ ,/ .)>dl & Uk iWl .in $9 u rj-,. J

,191 L7.0.6-0.3 2 iJ1,Ji b12 L d,d Recrystallisation iJ$I ;>LC! - I -L1 LJ> +-& cjJ, - - Q ~ \ L!~al -*! ' J J

Annealing &t13 +I b

-:&- L J IGS CJUUI, &Jl)-l awl 3 &+

. d d LYAI p-.i . - ." -\.-ul Glj &.+

I .Residual Stress 01+tl il l j! .~

.~,JGI ?b, +J-d( Strain L=31kll)ilffll i, ;>4j.t, kdJ4-+-Jl &i +I 291 ++, j&f ;+ 41 + + PJ JLC 3 ~ L J I @ $1 d * n L i pPi 0 1 ~ i y 9 1 ii~j!

/b Oven d d @ LLLll iLr ,Ip! >I$ i d . 1 ,li-i ,i i d 1 JL-+

f u 1 Jy- Heater Or Coil E& LJ ,f(i-r-~~ $a QL

+J' eJj &a' a i d -4 I - 2 9u1, .3bL O-kJ &)dl o& GUIJ 350- 650c0&

-3 &$.. -441 ?650c0 i i G l +I i-;> ii. ~i k - y

$2Ju' j y d w4 Gu4 $p &j> 5 - l o c o ( & I j j j

.jy-.dl dL'L, j U i_14 Luk $9 LJ> 20 - 60C0 ~ C x b o ~ Steel

oJ-4 "ik,u 4j$I L$ )J Y! C1 iJLY!. ,* &I/! L'J' JJ L' ,LL dl>+$ ~j J .,& J.+&J &, J I

. + I J#fL e- u #J,SL! jiy

-1,j G.J,&C C-M ...+ pU- I i j J 1 4 >QJ u ~ > V I i l ' I j L ~ J J - 1 - ,i d , j ~ il, I;I+ r ~ - i i i G i (&I + 2 UI 4)

.@I 3 J.L- jb ,if& Oxygen Scavenger d 3 L l alj& -. $2

'\I _-A $, ~ i i dwT - 4Jd1 dl31 0yU-1 pku &Si)l+.4 $ IU ,fill +I 2 PI ty s i-Ju-jl &-&I +L p >Iy -4

o,L, iX;Ql &#lp &LI 2 -1ll d*Jl ,l;iC r& +li ++UI

:i; ,&i, jkA.~ u p++ GJI d d i LLAC~LS,W!II >J>J&J J.Cii +j$Ge-&k I, L++- ;dl &- ilw ,i Z&.&IJI$I j d l

.Js--iCril

9

Wall Thickness jl&l &

"k A> y; I : J . ~ > j'+J JI-&l & 2 jj; + 9 XLJl a L l + l V- u j w1 J U -1,9&9 Allowances

y i l k ; + >+\I u i ihcj &4..%.JI 4.b ;Jw,'ii~Ll,

.+ a~,)J\ di, i+ id j'+- di b> > ob ;> J> C I

GI) &I+- ;+ jw JM.& d d ~ M di +- ~ . ~ i ~ r i \ -y 8

.A b e "+- J,M J>L ,i &I J b - 9 1 4 . 4

.,?ir&C-~ 3,- 'jw + Q

,' JZ +!I +Ij tib$ J ~ I ~ L C Y I 4 . 5 y J j 1 ~ I

L & d a + d U L-b. iilb * >\,A Jr g,UI &I (,f) , Sjb ti., . I*

+JLkll o&Jl "Lb r ~ v ' j S-.b & d l j 2 J.6

.fldl, $I+ Impingement Effect

.-LA1 L+dJ LTCCIAl 3 d l j)I ;r. dQ1.7 >+ &I L~I)-I irK.LIIj jL&Jl i;';il3 c~L&JI w . 8

.id1 J% d d l U

p ~+,.AI -I ,! LJUI O L ~ , QUI,.~I r~&i &-.g

.irL&I e- JS t l . .DIN'ASTM

.b J,I~I +&i, ; d l JL Z L ~ 4 2 4, & &.. 1 o

I + J - A ~ ~ - I J . I ~ - ~ ; E U I ; . L , + . . . ~ ~ , ~ ; ~ I ~ ~ P ~ ~ , ~ f qbG.ll

+ 3W J kL-9 s ~ l s k ! ?LC 4 Hydraulic Test .!&dl

fu 4, u . . d > b y l 1 ~41: Ful3% ~ l - ? y l

& - .LCYI 6 . . & > b y 1 y L . JW --+I +if;l; AS SS d > L d p

.Stress-Corrosion Cracking

.Scheduled Shut Downs Qd i d d l i .bJdl dl> 4 s . 1 2

L ~ + I c~F$! ;J+CJI ~.I&JJI &kJ z,) 2 4 : 41 & 4.1 3

*I, 41 u hJ1,4l d y 2 U J, LA L&.-. ,i qJ,> zr# .L

*.5 JLL iJl& ej J r u ,i iJk LG J+ JLLZ~ 4 . 1 4

.&+Ll p1 3W 3JIfI oY>U1 p-d-

Design Rules &,+dl Aclgrifl

,f IAJLZI di p u ~ ty -1 ;r. k+ ~b

j r ~ i p ~ J i b d d + l i ) ~ + i ~ i ~ j & - l ~ I . i . ~

. (i+

Crevice Corr. j;ll K L JW ?L.i,JI J+ ?lJJl ? l ~ i ; i . 1

&'-Ql &&I * &- J . 5 5 d%Lll, a&,&\, &ls>+l v- .2

0

dy_k;j.irl. ?Iy J iilu J- Uj, 91 +,'U&+

~--&-l~ A-JI d i . o U l & - oG& -b J+ Q I ~ LC\>

jY- &'-Q ,441 &50, & ; l i l &iJ. i i p y >,*i ?,L

,*-I A; p 4$,, ,A yulil',+* u Ll& cL&,

+- Y, i j ~ l g 1 ; l l Li - ~ t , +$ + c ~ + ~ "L-IJ

.&,$I 013 'j p 2 d I I d FLJI iGJd >l>;5 L+Jl ~ l $ l . CI

# $--ii1 kF p l Jl+i >G- L.+ ;&$I ,i JAI ;J- w-.3

iJ+- d L > I-I,! GGLG Jbi JI GUI a,+ J r p--J' J-?uil iLc j, Ply. i . U l ?,A 7- d.l> &,'ijb

.olJL.+ll 2 ~ ~ I ~ L eL4 x u 2) ,591 u9 uj, ly-Jl,

- 346 -

Inhibitors irwl 3.8

organ0 +& L.+ Ji k-9 Y ,i 5 9 >I,,. &lk;ll ,i

Ful LW & J1 +>$, JCYl -1 JI &L&! && MetaIlic

' J - d l ~ +I J y J-! & &- @.~. r i i l? ,~JIJI &, &C;, i-"'! &Q k,C\ 3 X U ; ,+&I 2 &I ,i ,jd\ y ?, ,i 4.>;al aHri4;11 a&& g ~ ; $ dQ,. J+~I ,i 4,~~

+a+- G - G Ji ;& &.b ,$I,& uL&! dij +I & $>j'i,, *d-- L4 + b ~ 2' t l j v L /LL tr y. 42: Lk <+ -L+JJ b+c .+I A;, +I j. ~;l SU; i. ,i y u b l

1

+-@--Jl& 4LJ.I + j~ dl i-G- ih, iuj 3~

'2-k Fu' ky & -1 &- ~ d \ ( & d \ Jb)-- k, awl sGS

.Lus

Fe -+ ~ e + ~ + 2e +$I, ~ l c JCL ...................... (1)

~ e " + 0, + H20 + ~ e + l + OH- &,% & J ~ I .b&\ 4 &=G ....( 2)

Fef3 + e- + ~ e + ~ J$L~I ~ l c JCG ..................... (3)

Comp1e.r Compou;id S- avy -- d [ I+& $1 &,..Q,

u - ~ I p &LL j sY? l ari, _iju~ jri FUI dl+ j. iSli~l

*g, 3 J-GL Complex Ions id1 ~L$,I a&- + di ,

-~UI b ~ > V l j $@I 4 FLU +z + J & l . ~ i jrlu u, .#I, g & J l j r U I ~93. U," u; u,

Kinds Of Inhibitor dLQdl tlji

P- '& G >I+' + GGLG '& + a l ' g l b-

*'FU' ,, Atmospheric Inhibitor &+I

-1, ;/5'13 al jbJ13 41 ~ U I +- >lY o~

d 9: d L 3 J ~ 5 1 G,i $6, ~ , V I O I ~ G & i c ~ i 3(-~ a -

+ d ~ - & $- J y 9 OL & U T . ~ +d&>~ JFr -,I dL~3 ji cG) Jb ~ 5 ~ @ 1Ub a1i q&7 >Iy rl-l sJ&~ -1 . -

a13d13 &*>IJ j#IJ t, .dJIe& (4 db iili- a

i, j- L? Je+d L b LA d>a \ &$b &,vl 3 G& J

+ Active Pr\ i i \ t Transmission Metal Jyd-I dL- 3 d h j l dLA dC

;,L,~ ZJL 2 > -3 si Y di ~&iy,.&,

b d~i, 3 a\$\ p= dv dj I A J ~ J-J 4 b ad "

-:3cr11 ~>LL I +.,=-j w-p~~

2NaN02 + O2 l.x.t\'Oj

~ J H Scales N i - Y, iU1 3 qli Uv (Jrljl) 3

&-dl: (-L$'I &I&) a-I "LG Ak de4 ."",I a ' GJi ; d j ! I l j, &z-d Jpi &, Dosing Pump

L* aL-iQl & Cathodic Inhibiton $>JGu~ ~l&dl i j jlli

jL dil H@+ fsu-iil d3! *, ill + b 9 1 al jy dl2 $ @

Hydrogen Scavenger mJJ&&l c,- &! & by @- ,i G~JUI OSLJI >GI -' 3;

Ld P- ,i yi-1 dG-! 'j ',A JJ! iiq.3 i.j91 &*Wl

i i , d Y GJI j u l kt1 ,i +.&I &&I 2 $3 JUI &*LJI +tUy d

y j!(*j,-GI Jij djr-i J l + p ~ILQ.. ,i &

J-6, ~ 1 ~ 9 1 ~ L J I J- 3 $a1 dl JY$1 3 f,~, J * j l ii3i

JJLQI uL~ ,& ~ i - 2 1 >Jccli + 2 j, d~,+Qv~ . j s - i i l Jj JIA,

w. r l h L ,+ di ;,&- >;&I J! .,- d, ,, ,GI a ~ ~ ~ i J,&, O- J C

24wi kul & &- + d ~ Y j i $+LC ~l,,.. 2 2 ;F,J*jl a L K

e~ $3 -.-$'I, FJjl i.qy Jhi, >;UI j! J,, 3 i"2,J*lb' 1

I i

a141 'j Q+I J b i +- L+ +IJI 'j .L.J +- LJ>cJI d ~ f & ++ a'-$~ cU1 J,l >jljGl >LU, ( ~ l d l ~ ~ l > J l )

J,I J+- Q L + ~ I &@I iii cy QL+; ?~&i + y, + L ~ I

e3i $ti dlj; di, d 3 J U ~ 4,: d C MI 2 J.-- ~.. i

4 U +JI 2 aLiY J ~ Q ~ +-; J l s i #I y- j3 J ~ 6 ~

JG )G- fL; d& + (Scale ,LA\) *b oQ\ aLIy

r" -i 2G-,.ed~ 'j ~ I J I L+?I Q L , ~ ~ S >jIJQl a,. J~~ +.s,i

wjlJ-Qi d i Y! fUl .. + Jd >jlJ*jI aL,d ,i >jiJ*jc

~ L ~ I 24 2 >jIjQI rl"i"i &-, i lL>W\ +I& Lbi

- : iJU1

. (Sreco Metrical Quaniity %prul) a

& -9 S ~ O , d&&Jl +SJi 2 J-,+C Jb i ,i r&~, 1

-:L=Ju\ Q Y > U \ j L A & L=JLl\ iJ\& oLJ+, ci-1 el j

Na2Si03 + 2H+ H2Si03 +2Na+ Ib

HzSiO3 -+ Si02 + H20 Heat

- t Mechanism Of Anionic Inhibitors ?Ul Jd b X j Q 1 i

I

L.&<E& ALWJLG LAC + ~i L+- c d L ! 1

y d y 5 l jdl &L,J+ L x b >+- aI&Ll o h p -.A &,+I

J,! Jw +*iI j,+*ci +f,j+ & d d l , sUi ;i3L1 "L.

0- +L+ ( j ~ j ~ v ~ -1 1114 ;L- j4,ili ~ ? j ) C ~ ~ A J - I gjJ+

. b w L k i +I & iou isa $\ay ;ib F ~ , O ~

; 4 c i J-9 l i b y b +AI + & h a ~ , p ~ 4 ~ ~ f

.--.- IL, & d l + 2 Jii db *gr ,j r j y 5 ~ dL' j,+AJ-I gjJ+ 3

>;LCC + 21, Jy 21 a& jg i J 4 >j% i i

@,is=; biJFyLL7 ,$I$, +IJJ L ~ L L r,p~x~w- ~i.,

&$I a l l ju ( ~ O I &jcL+ cj .alQy, aL>

Lki y Anodic Inhibitors '..>jvl am4 r l j l 4 awl o h

+ ~6 ~G..+u OL &,~-..kij > ~ L I 2 A, +I JS > + ,

IL y,ia~+1$3~, a~+~@tkli f194 ~;14-+ui a ~ , ~ i J~~ i * r i l ~ j

aidJ1 > r r +,&51++ dUI &$I $%I isir .. j 4-G 2lkCi J-4

.+j&61 & G j b & 13 4 j

by 4 G>bj -- ,L a+\ OA d,JdI + J b 9 1 di L J

0~-; klJ +I 3 G y ? +b p- 0 &b au >y?, d b 2''p'i'l 4 $301 by G > & j J,! &>3 U && ;MI 2 &>91 LUI J I i~ j L

*, L ilb JI d*,il ji! A ;&I ,? ;,J au J h i ck,'bL;ll~ OL a

-IJ> >+. IL hj ty j. +> u Trans passive Zone 4Ul

.JS%U ,, $i J! QpJ aii,rli ;S $2 ZAG $2, j W @ &I

- 358 -

6 ~,*il JJ&I 3 Ldj $1 dJJ l 3 &i Electro Negativity

"L 6.ill 4 +jJ+ Q J ~ & 6 9 GUI Gi, d[i *-I;JJ@! iik

h 3 bdJ *L &Ji >y, p.) Z J i & u j J @ I i ' . . , . . . ,.

2,' (&,&J! Q& Z J i 2 y j j $U m& &,PI

.t I...&

&I 3 LiL;ij 2 3 d d l + 3 iJ+I +A\ i iLrL l @ &c 4

2 LY I + - 3 I 1 I F L dK ,J I

r ,! (JL &i + O I ~ + K ~ I p-) 3 * r ~ ~ ~ l i i ; l ~ + i t j i) i t

-6i +, 7.8 3.Q1.5 3 OL+A G,QI j2ui +Ki 4b I t F

'kc31 &i y,+0~1 GLQI .ir a+ c.1 g+., &I>; &*I! & ,i ,

, L L . ~ , ~ ~ ~ , , ~ L ; , . $ , ~ I ~ L ~ ~ I Jt. QSJI j I .rUi -' ' . . .-,... ' ' . -. , . '7 - . - i . - .

- .

- :R{N:, R i f i H , R R H ~ , R ~ S , R ~ H , R ~ C O : ,RCHO: '

?gJvl ,: j1?91* & aJ++ll Q \ J ~ \ & ~ j $ J ~ ~ ~ &

--sJ,+ oL, & $,&I @&I ;r. &,ii

I;,&?/' & L ~ I J! yj$'$1 ~ i i v l d 3 c?$ 2 . s J j 3 &iJ *,&I iJi & k &i +,(il iJj

*- ,! dU1 iJJI & %,+QYI GLQI i ~ b j 4 v; ( R ) D!

-K Electron Donator SL,+SJY -1, ir+ ( R ) d6

s;.! a-I OL ;~j*.i dl;i, (s,N,o) ~ L L C I iJIil\ & ~b -,jJyl

t~ectron aLjFSIy -L &+ R ) d K 1i1 L.! +I & LylJ s *

.&G cjJI p r a b Acceptor r 5

'"2 J ~ I & Oh QW & jjj &lp dl. t

&ij & bjljL! ZL>, &+I 4 GI~JI --; i&,bjtd&JI

,l&&&J\ 3 -- $1, ;lj*.q\ a+ +-,ii-,, * fl y *

-C dg &*rb d,l-dI b ~ ~ v l 3 Organic Inhibitors

j ;jI,A-I i- ,> t ~ J ! &+ + i J \+ I i+ jb ibl;Jlj 5; &- a

- 363 -

X- MX- 0

4- OH2

0 ---+ x /

t Mx- Mex \ ? x- X- OH2 0

X ' O hs x- MX- . . 0 '0

Adsorption Inhibition &b*.Q\ qc &d $1

@, $ - T i \ ky $2 2 f&i ~ & A I OL 9-

.LilcyZJLLI (k-C 2 JF-, a d 1 $z.+ 2 jj*i &* Y 4 &+ >I*

L lALJI 3- r -i L+ + ri~ ~ $ 1 L ob a ~ i

3- j, +- ; d l a l ,Y$I 2 JL+l& &LJI aIJW 4,L;'I > l J l j

*\,!-I 6 3 - L ~ I 2 j I j ~ j U &LUI 'L ~ j* G'LI 3 '&&dl

I , , I I I k _ ~ ;F 4 ; i j &\*'I 3 I

.$+I ,I$&, ~ L W & iJj/ Orgnometalic Compound W A ~ &,dl

2.Thio uzea

'bl -+ j & L*, dl,& LA &ljc~rganonlc~lic Compound G - b 1 S

~-3% G+-I dJ 6 4 1 ~ L + L I &WJ iJ\+I bJ> A -G ,i &

..riJE,J

log = F(+) ( ( 4 4 1 olkJ1 i i k 4)

log = F T (+>>m\ oL&& dL- 3)

. w J &L= c ;)>I)-\ b j > = ~ C c j G = ~ -:+- a

h1~*1.11 E t i v i r o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c n [ Inhibitor idt111r;111! Amn1oni~.5";* 0.5%Hydrofluoric Acid - idn111.11[! Sociiurn Hj~l1o.tiJe.4 Be 0.6moles H2S per mole NaOH

Acid Hydro~-llloric.4N 0.003M a Phenylacridine. ilun1111uln

Lluminuril ,luminum .luminunr luminum luminum luminum luminum luminum luminum luminum luminum luminum luminum luminum uminum uminum uminum

uminum uminum uminum uminum

uminum uminum minum ~minum ~minum

minum minum minum minum minum minum

Acid Nitric,2-5% Acid Nitric, 10% Acid Nihic. 10% Acid Nitric, 20% Acid Phosphoric ,

Acid Phosphoric,20% - Acid Phosphoric,20-80% Acid Sulphuric. Conc. Alcohol Anti-Freeze Bromine Water Bromoform Carbon Ternchloride Chlorinated Aromatics Chorine Water Calcium Chloride *

Ethanol. Hot Ethanol. Commercial

Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Glycol Ethylene6lycol Hydroge Hydroxide, Alkdin Hydroge Hydroxide Hydroge Hydroxide Methyl Alcohol

, Methyl Chloride Polyoxyalkene Glycol Fluids

Seawater Sodium Carbonate,Dilute Sodium Hydroxide, 1 % Sodium Hydroxide, 1 % Sodium Hydroxide,4% - Sodium Hypochlorite Contained In Bleaches

p Naphthoquinone,Acridine. Thiourea Or 2-Phenylquinoline

O.OS%Hexamethylene Tetramine . . . 0. l%Hexamethylene Tetramine , ;!? 2.

,,k; < 0.1 %Alkali Chromate 0.5 Hexamethylene Tetramine J ~ ~ : " ~ ~ & , ~ Hexamethylene Tetramines 0.5% Sodium Chromate -% 1 .O% Sodium Chromate t p"'t ,+ls 5.0% Sodium Chromate

3 $

Sodium Nitrite & Sodium Molybdate . , ,.<. Sodium Silicate

\ , Amines O.O5%Formamide . - . 0. I-2.0%Nitrochlorobenzene Sodium Silicate Alkali Silicate Potassium Dichromate 0.03%Alkali Carbonates.Lactates. Acetates Or Borates ? Sodium Tungstate Or Sodium Molybdate Alkali Borates & Phosphates I

0.0 1- 1 .O% Sodium Nitrate j

Sodium Silicate

Alkali Metal Nitrates Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Chlorate PlusSodium Nitrate Water 2 Dimer Acid (Dilinoleic Acid), 1.25% N(CHMe2),, 0.05-0.2% Mercaptobenzothiazole 0.75%Sec. Amly Stearate Sodium Fluo Silicate Alkali Silicate 3-4%Potassium Permanganate 18%Glucose Sodium Silicate

p-', *\ > p $1 alp41 916. J '+ q*L\ dL-li*il p, . Inter Face ,Inter Phase - ' ~ r

d$! JLi & MI ib steel I :J mcthanol-wat

i ; Steel

Steel

Steel

Steel Steel

Steel Steel

Steel Steel

Stcel

Steel Tin Tin Tinned copper

Tin plate Tin plate

Tin plate Tin plate Titanium

.. Titanium Zinc

Nitrogen fertilizer solutions Phosphoric acid, conc.

Polyoxyalklene glycol fluids

4'

Sodium chloride, 0.05% 50% Sodium trichloracetate soln ~ s

Sulfide containing brine Tetrrahydrofurfuryl alcohole Water Water for flooding operations Water saturated

T o 4 l . water& 11. methanol add lg. pyridinc & 0.05g. pyragallol 0.1% ammonium thiocyandtc 0.01-0.5% dodecylamine or 2 amno bicyclohexyl & 0.001% potassium.iodide, potassium iodate or iodacetic acid 2 dilinoleic acid) 1.25% N(CHMe2), 0.05-0.2% mercaptobenzothiazole 0.2% Sodium nitrite 0.5% Sodium dichromate

Formaldehyde 1% Sodium nitrate or 0.3% Sodium chromate

Benzoic acid Rosin axnine

Sodium nitrite hydrocarbons Water, distilled Carbon tetrachloride, wet Chlorinated aromatics Sodium hypochlorite Contained Bleaches Alkaline soap Alkali cleaning agents as trisodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, etc. Carbon tetrachloride sodium chloride 0.05% Hydrochloric acid

Sulfuric acid Distilled Water

Aerosol(an ionic wetting agent) 0.001-0.1% aniline 0.1-2.0% nitrochlorobenzene Sodium silicate

0.1% Sodium nitrite Diethylene diaminocobaltic nitrate

2570 nmsityl oxide, 0.001 diphenylamiilc 0.2% Sodium nitrite Oxidizing agents as chromic acid or copper sulfates

- Oxidizing agents or inorganic sulfates 15 ppm. mixture calcium & metaphosphates

Corrosion Inhibitor Check List - Chem. Eng. Maxy Brooke -Dec. 1954

I ' i . . wcul JQ log i J@l ii6

l

f Ecorr I b,

- E corr Ecorr . -- Ecorr -- ---- I I

1 1 i I

- i-corr i corr i corr - i corr ' I

i corr i corr 1

L i c o n - i corr - i corr i c o n

i corr i corr 1

Cathodic Control

3

Ecorr - - Ecorr - I

1 i i E-co I I - i corr - i corr i corr i corr

i corr i corr

Mix Control

+tij >y3 3&1 J L ~ ! 3 41 10.8

Cathodic Protection ;4ay 'd l ;i?b&l I

1824 VI ~ 4 1 4 L LA LJ- Q ~ J J I_CI U.dI G L l i j& j. 9

~ F - J I 4 Humphrey Dave y + b 3 @&!I OL &i

p-?, -7 +-- bJJl+ J.- 'JS -- L $ d l ;rG'%&yl

-:&Ul &&$'I LL G ~ ~ I oh ;&

i A& ZAU, Primary Protection Potential 4 G i 414 + EPP

. Trans Passive Protection ETp +&I -+ -. .

& @-I d$ &>f iy -+L F L b - -I>\ w 1 . 4

Cathodic And Anodic Protection ;4ay(iLlj &kCl

i I t p,91 LS* >JVl'S+ 9.

Mi3 Mg

Fe

' 1 -

L.8

&I2 +y'ij +b 13.8 W l

(+I 2+iV1) +;LO\ &i JLG~ 12.8

Impressed Current 5~ >+$I p + by< i . 4 4 i i \ 2 Js + -9 f , 4 1 &~~L+,'~;GJ\ +A\ +..A d y G , ' ~ ~ .

?i j-d +L- d,;d~ ++VI ,i d 4 1 + J- A- +\ 2 4 9 1 G& G ~ I 0-b +, 4*1\ 4, &\i\ *ibi 4 - 1

,i -,L) b j k J% j. rir J 4 L + kL; J% JJiJ J\p.l+ +iLl Ih &--L; &- +- J U I &'L, cib 2iJl LJ-dl$ k,> L+- (DC r j 2416 ,h

Cjy LJf +$?I dj + q L & ;$I> > y j + &.I a d . \ + - j i C~ +@I .d &W'+,LI 2 1 ~ ; . i J+ & L ~ I ~ ~ L I jr ii+

J+> a ! : + ~ + i AL +-: dGM; G j j j -J J,~$ Jl-i+

&-IJ C U ! , ~ L & j l 2 \ 9 1 i ~ b > ? , d j k d L . & J l > &$I

3 g i " l - 3 i.&&l ~ ~ l r > , d I & 4 1 i j \ i l kJ --& ~ $ 1 3 . S

& - I 2 ~ f u l I2U.I d. ju >Li. Jy ;JU-I air

.',pas1 &I, ~ 2 p . L l

- 378 -

r--rr yi? C6-e 197~ f12 ifif r>r T' +r T~ (V)

A \y?) .-WJ ,fc r,, ,C , ? +q" ff +? VyJ? 4 (fl r - i I -I f- I-? \fir 9-n CC* lh+~ r- [ryv [Ar (+

l+-n 2 +-*c 3 i . . rri.r IF., r.r" 1. 1~ lmc I+:: - 9:- I-

LAIR L r i

v ri ic T+ t""i' \fir Wr 3$ -qh ,jyp -T I - 1-i *

f4;7c ~frir r[rpri, yr>"-- 37 S'O- I '0 -

'O l I

?T(?%Q 166) al!d 7' I+ J3 IT :,<' 8-9

L1-. +

Y? q5 7" T-CI? J$c ?+ E- I

75 JaIEM, qSaJd r-

Ip e 'I? 01-5

im9 qq I fir ~c ib+iP "j~ + i.j? p ~p-"!,) 9- E-I

I$I- p (44 n49 T~.D fix \ijffl T$ *OSiH 72 3- OOOOS

\r;i+ Ib~f'~-+ 97 TC~ ~~JJS 3.'~ f nc fl \$I""? . -=?>

[To TO I+$ j-hv y? I. I~F-. Ifla' CC J4 54 r" 9Cr 8.V 99 ifif mrrcalh IT)$:? fl

I& 8.91 J-7.1~ mi lryfch j-4 wr - rr',

+J I*, 3 41 & ~ I J JLS- +&i jy J\a. 3&-. i .

Anod Selection jL+i t

d&- & (-0.8V) oil& + j! c& 41 cl. ,i i j b il. 3 Steel &bd

- ~ . , .&As JL L>;s

~ ~ ~ , / & ~ ) c ~ : c ~ s o , e"ll ,WI ccb; + JL yl I*, &L+

1- py 16.8 @I + ~ l 4 ,, +s ifi , ~ I ( ~ w I L, 4>$L51 + L d J isw 4 &-.6 d l I*, j * r j ~ d l

b j L i--r ;13 J3L- y IL &WI Lhj p qL+ +>v\ U J% j. gJ91 & ((o &GI >&I) &I y y + ' i j i s

I

emovoble rubber cc:

/ I +J " F - ' ~ $L,+I JGi ,$ dpi 4 1 2 ,i - ~ i 2 y ,

I d&gl ~2 L J L 5.8 Jj-&

+L1 * J ~ I JL;II L G j LUI iy*, ,L;$ ipu\ .L

CJ &I J ~ \ &.,I, &>;&I1 &LA\ +llji 4 jli 6.8 J J*- -19.8 @I 3 L A j >jL(ilir

lbtarnp-year AWL\ . Iblnrnp-year *I A-91

CU/CUSOJ JL 341

I I,++-+ QL,#~ iFj ?-LJ >+91 b,i3 $1 GUI ;;I> ;ir J ~ \ J~~ y/ki > jt-i bluf A ii?*r J ~ Y LJb

j b V \ + 3 ~ I ~ Q I ru.j.;*l JWI J! Scrap -+*I-\ ;>i- & "Y AJ & 4 j Induction &-L >j[S- &+ +,;vl

-+I C\FVl ') ,+ -~i)-,i l;_lWii L - L ~ /b>\ f--J(-.

.I+\&! JL!, d ~ d l ~b & ~3 6.8 J J ~ ~ J

Mg

9 - 18

-1.7

s-gi wh A-4b 2iJi +.$$ QL &L ~ j k G7$ r\l/Sn Zn

>l,Jl

+ l fC 0 2 ~

r,.r"i

41s dJkS&-Jl & -w-

u+=Lo~

&-Y& & r,4G

1

K-J~, +j ; > u ~ l LUUI 3 & pi SG ob &-ill J ; ~ ~ 0:

Y ~ > j V l dl &>+I c2 +,;L, ,, 31 ~ i - ) 4

+?+ bI,k +3ft;l

O + J I dl,@I $+J\ ~ I J L $

r ~ ~ 9 ~ L+

sL~+JJ j

s L t , x J l s L c + j

g2IE s L c + j

sLc+J s L c + j

,741 PL.

41 s L

i

6.5

16-20

-1.3

Iblarnp year

20

10-20

0.2.5-5

0.25-1

0.1-0.25

Nil

i i

23

25

-1.5 ,

DC j h . 1

i !

, 4 i .. . . . . . . . . . ,:. : : . . . : .. c c . f ; : : .. .. : : : ;i j ; ...' ; \ \ ,.' : : : :

. , , . + + :,:Ls-

B >4~v

..........................

.... 4

4 ..........................

";I

~~l

* 4

.

MPY F u I by ( c l d ~F)-UI LL-J~ t j / 1 1

"jl / ip'i.'

14 i

0.025 0

10 NaCl+l N HzS04 1 0.045 1

2.9 10 NaCl +lN HzSOa !

p,+ 1 1 .g &a\ ETP b & 4\11 + 3 j.jjiJ Eyp 4L-i\ 4\11

by c *&i.J\ i 6 LX "4 JLL + ~ i j L i

Passive ',la\ 5d j i)Ai &A:-) sG1 yC\ CjJ *, ;+ > ~3 jg el y dy< +c ETp Jlje EPP iE! 2&1 ~ J A & Zone

t i . a d \ q C L \ &AS-91 ir' & * i.W\ ;>A& +, &u\ +b J-Ij 623 E T ~ p $1 41 2~ a!

dc *. IL ir'66pi ; $ i i \ by >I+ +I & /LJJ~I

- - 2 \L ,+A\ Js iC\ A&\ + 'JG i,&.J\ L>*L\ tb 3 @l,,J\

J W ~ I LA &I a 2 a \ C. yl p y b+,Ld~ oh ah +- 3,

?,/-\, J--&1 & QUl dL- J\ LJ_SLjJI ;JL-

I I

&-. $551 I+ && kJ+GJ\ oh ah, A &.&, r$k$, &a\, ir

.~L&Q\ 2\91 d L I j 5

&,I=- j y p i l j . jlj. &>jv\ 4Ld-1 -k.k y y . 2 1.8 &u\ +&. ,y\ j\ f\+&& +\ J-G u\ +\ f? &?- &-p<Y

-$ A,(~\>I J + . d 1 4 ;jjj + c c U l ) j w \ 1-b 3 Potentiostat $ - - - J 1

& + U ~ I , +,$a\ ~ U I , L ] L 9.8 J,J$ iy,J I> & t l j ; , ~ u , & J A > L J I ~ . LLJ )@ iJ-5- 8.8 hA' - 3J\ p OJ\J j i \ bJ> J+\ ,J; +~,&CI $ U I $>,JLl $ U l 3hJ' m ~ ~ r ' J u \ GG

U H$O4

Active Passive + b / q ~

J ~ J ! * - $3 d! (~?(Y~)JsTI &I i j 7 kbl, 31.

4 l & 3 , " qb J! L p Lb- iJ$

&k!l.;.lr 4 &I, ;-b q1.

I I 5 400 Carpenter 20 7 5 %67 - p,? y, d A l I - $Ti + ;+I+ "c, +'-+JJ ?j$l ,LJI 4.G 6

-- >J$' i=$ * j & L A ' ,& d.LLq1

i 19000 38000 @>b >Y> 75 75 JvL--r 0.03 304 S S 180 115 & J , ! ' f 0.00014

,-!--Aid~Lb.o bL,+F2.c-,+ & A l l cj , ) 7 \ 9.4 4400 304 SS 75 NaOH 20% ,

>'-&A +jg\ j $2@\ & G I Ly &JG

00 1

y d+l F Y I @ 3 J b j ;;-* , I a & > j L i J &>$LO\ 4L.A

f bttj rWl 5.8 I

I k. l Y Y 1 -1 3 ~ J A I J> dJj, j . ~ d i j ++ ->ivI &a\ &-- >QJ +yL\ & a \ p b &> jd\ LU\ + i

9. J,&\'W\ cd.( rG &C &>$a\ 4 - & 4 Giih. qb ik-.l* oh WC++ ,i 4,- y xi L,L Jly y. LI;W eJ- .. .a\&\ 4U-' '141 2 J i ~ + ~ ~ ,\$I J=I~ ,i a\+. ,i j6&c.l

_lid' ('i?)JU4 jwl dL +b J\J\ & k J k r-J\ *y, JG Gy +&& ;A\ @ GLG~ &+L\ &a\ 'Yk 2

L

-+"I 'G a&- ~ Y U - I J+ 3 4,. Cladding dl ki,- ir., ,L +~cUI 3,; Y J u b j + + - . f

J, a b ~ -p,J 2 @ .$- Y Id 1-k- + +,up1 ~a -L- G>&JI 4 +i 09 L,= y, +L ,+, ul I -, . !JL,"~I~ +Ji ;L&I 3 +/ ils db.i~l jik. 1 bu -->;gJl -+uI -&&- L+ ~I d s l i 9 4 & \A-

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I

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.. Water As Corrosive Media 3(T E ~ I 4.9

a$ k j XUJ d d &G-I>~$I GLLYI e~,J\ 2 IA,L

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:,,I = -0.44 - O.O29[log[~e++] - 2 log [H']

:,\I = -0.44 - 0.029(10g Fe+' - 2pH)

;+ e1ji-j d j ch dl- j + G*. JI &,e; JWL; Jli~ is_.

.+~-J-l j <Ul , d j l i L.& uyQ dij +I

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0

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Fe" \ &" & - - - - - -

e Fe + ~ e & +2e 1 t Iron

..--.I C'nrhnrl

5 h ZQ% ,,

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.a

- 427 -

-:-

P [OH-] = - log[OH] = 14 - pH

HzO o H+.+ OH- .&=djljdl +L' a .............. (3)

e a

- 429 -

Total Disolve Solid T.D.S c%ql t,dSi

.-$I 4 sul 31 TDS @ 3

Total Alkalinity 4ul ~ ~ ~ 3 1 t#.+ oL,~ p 41 &I ii-Ji jL. ii-Ji ,y- 4 J L . ! ~ i i t Al.

Carbonat Hardness JI-01 i2-~ Calcic Hardness ry-A~U1

iJ?-*il -61 i 4 l j Non Carbonat Hardness d ~ , + 4 4 ~ r w i A l , f,.-:;*.\, f,&Ul e Y d l &I> ,9+

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W- qu1 a ~ 3 q ~ * A\; 2 i"i ,&j~ ~ I . L ~ ~ I 2 xi +- .-$I, 3(-Ul 'jy dl aLi3 +-

d$ > ij >$I Water Treatment Handbook +~g ~1~ a~&\ ij 4 4 '

.a&\ ~ ; ~ x >

log[~a++l- log [HCO;]

COZ + H 2 0 Q H + + HCOi KI=Jjl$l +L ............... (4)

HCOS o H+ + COT K2=Jjl$l -C ............... (5 ) CaC03 o caf+ + COT K~p=djl$l c+L' ............... (6)

F~ a w A I 3 i.ib3Ll 6 5 &,+q\ j?;i>iJ\ j

j. c u l VU U p;pi &>UI &b3 i)jl$ j

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& JU43 aliyJQIJ d b r J U ~ d y i >&I iC/ 6 4 1

d3,LQ1 gC

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+ + i l l Jv jU4, ( L J L ~ ~ L O I ayij our J~ JI a ~ r ,QI,

JLsl > k C 1 ~ b a K r d l d c--JQI diyi J+I i) b, 151 scale - .3(LJl

'2, C ~ G ' Q'~JLC, &- L+ ~ U I /I+ & i J l j l akJ2 j y

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L - 2 OXJ ~ Y J L J I LLI ,i W ~ I cul +- 2G -.

-:QLlI a y 2 u

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14 ........................... Ca(OH)2 + 2HC1+ CaC12 + 2H20

.................... ZCaCO3 + 2HC1+ Ca(HC03)z + CaC12

I - P &Jl LUldl P. Alkalinity 8.4

/ ' . Ca(HC03)2 + HCI + CaClz + CO2 + H20 ................. (3)

M 461 M. Alkalinity 1 4 . F '

'.i>FJl as*v1 J1;

41: a\ %'/I @- j?? ci;“L'" j, a&Wl&- >A, ' .

7%": -1 TDS - 21 ~l~~&u1 a ~ ~ ~ i ( j. I+,& L JI 21 --,.,LI; GL ~ J U I , aLdd13 i.l,.dll MjJ41 &

3 4 2 ' 4 1 6 - L a d l j j I g 6 L JI G U I 2

~1 +J\, QUI

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L- d j j J=A $ c , l.J.G>ul 0 - b +.GJ (y,d awl 3 k+

&b 0 i d . i Jd l o i b . rLJ13 105C0 i i * i i& a*-j j.

\ $9, yr c$9~ 0L.cUI l;s jr pJil l &J YL 4-k .(G(J\ &&'J\ 2 +lJ,\ r l J ) J,,+ $, $ ZJb ,i

bJ> 3 & $, iJIF & >> h &-.ZJ1$' iJ'.q

.GL $>k. dm $1, cul z J 1 ~

' c - Ph Meter /b jb du p ~ A l +.tp jJ4' 2 , ~ ' AT ,-

.cub r$,J&i ~ $ 2 "4j 91

I &LG\ DL*! G . a -& 4 ,, IL gU.1 2 "\dl r ,a\ + ." 4&G~ d G ~ Jr iLU

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Erochrorn Black T(EBT) 4 8% C j ~ j + - 9 1 r" ~ ~ 4 3 ( ~ ~ ~ ~ )

a t i ?*r j I Solution pH=lO Buffer i j c pH J e 3 * LS5

4 ?- JI J U b , +y a~3: &-Id & $>$ pH @

. ( & 9 9 \ L J L $ ~ I L b ~ 4 w l r l J ) w l

-1 i . ~ , e ~ l t+ &I &&ML &-.Total Alkalinity &*r-al.c

JGj L ~ L ~ ~ L Q I ~ d~ ,+~d\~ L ~ G ~ ~ G ' d-.! 2 zl"l

&L-,,X,,*i\ i;L.L- * & L j '!p l.2 Gal ii ie LJbL/

+&MI i_; L JfUU CClu JJ-+J/ 71-41

,i pH=8.4 i _ - i l i a ~ C U I IL J L+ P.Alka1inity 1: P.

h. ,iM, +*rU b b && JGJI &$ ?1-6

a

- 434 -

CaCO, j. e 0 . 2 7 i7=0.09 17+0.0943+0.0gs7

c.'c'O, d~~ & 4- A/,+& 271.7 PPM = I

i > ' ! @' L4 $ 1 2 ~ ~ $, 5 meqA J J , ~ PJ Franch Degree +pi\ irJ.dl. i

'-2' Lu a' 3' $1 3 $/2c 5 G ~ L Z +> L ~ > 31 Gi ' I[ I

' i Ld- I & G r S j r V 1 3/ $1 3 A/+ 10 PPM J>Li &-Ij i,j j

I

meq / 1 - F0 = ------ = I OPPM C&L(Il ,fl 5 I Na3P04 1 Na2C03 \ NaCl ( C~CO:, I 4 1

J J

f- Formula _. Molar Value In mgll *

)huric Acid .rochloric Acid ic Acid

H2SOJ HCI HN03

. .

Mass Of The Various Units

- Meqh Fr. Gem. CaCO3 PPm

1.Calcium and magnesium salts and oxides causing harness in water(degree of

lophosphoric Acid

ations - .. . ..\ ,

iurn nesium

hardness). Calcium Carbonate

Calcium Hydrogen Ca(HC03)~ 162 8 1 16. 28.9 1.62

Carbonate(Bi-Carbonate) 2

Calcium Sulphate CaS04 136 68 13. 24.3 1.36 6 / Calcium Chloride CaC12 111 55.5 11. 19.8 1 lent Iron

dent Iron linium

Calcium Nitrate Ca(N03h 164 82 16. 29.3 1.64

4

Quicklime CaO 56 28 5.6 10.0 0.56

Hydrated Lime Ca(OHh 74 37 7.4 13.2 0.74

Magnesium Carbonate M i 9 3 84 42 8.4 15.0 0.84 Magnesium Hydrogen Mg(HC03), 146 73 14. 26.1 1.46

CO

Carbonate(Bicarb0nate) 6

Magnesium Sulphate MgS04 120 60 12. 21.4 1.20 n

onium NH4 18 18 3.6 6.4 m Hydroxide NaOH 0.36

40 40 8.0 14.3 sium Hydroxide KOH 0.80

56 56 11. 20.0 1.12 '7

Magnesium Chloride MgClz 95 47.5 9.5 17.0 0.95 Magnesium Nitrate Mg(N03)2 148 74 14. 26.4 1.48 1 8

onia -ious Salts

.. MgO 40 20 4.0 7.1 0.40 - Mg(OH)2 58 29 5.8 10.3 0.58 I Magnesia m . NaHC03 84 84 16. 30

)onate(Hydrogen 8 nate)

l 6 ' I 1 2- Anion - Carbonate Ion Hydrogen Carbonate(Bicarbonate)Ion Sulphate Ion Sulphate Ion Chloride Ion Nitrate Ion

m Carbonate Nn2C03 106 53 10. 18.9 1.06 . n Sulphate 6

Na?SO, 142 7 1 14. 25.3 1.42 2

n Chloride NaCI 58.5 58.5 I I . 20.9 1.17 7

n Ortnopnosphnte Na3P04 164 54.7 10. 19.5 1.09

I Silicate 9 N+Si03 122 61 12. 21.8 1.22

2 138

d' um Carbonate K2C03 69 13. 24.6 1.38 ";

.,+ 1'; f

Nitrite Ion Orthophosphate Ion

TDS=210 mgn GlJl h , c ~ v ~ 8 Potnssiutn KHCO, 100 190 20 35.7 Bicarbonatc(Hydrogen

2.00 Ca++=120 mgll r d L ( j l dy-i A j Carbonate)

Potassium Sulphate K2S04 174 87 17. 31.1 1.14

4 Potassium Chloride

Temp.=49C $dl gJIF L,> ~ KC1 74.5 74.5 14. 26.6 1.49 9

Potassium Ortnopnosphate K,pO4 212.3 ' 70.8 14. 25.2 1.41 i 1

Ferrous Sulphate !+I & +%i -9 ?i xu ,, ,UI J. ,

FeSO, 152 76 15. 27.1 1.52 2

Ferric Sulphate Fe2(SO4I3 400 66.6 13. 23.8 -_ . , *-

1.33 3

Ferric Chloride FeC13 162.5 54.2 10. 19.3 1.08 y W j L j (pHs) tJk-li pH - +L 2;;- cul ,I+ ..+d >,,J

8 Aluminium Sulphate A12(S04)3 342 57 11. 20.3 1.14

4

@ p[Ca*]j 1.7 cU1 49C0 b J+ TDS

-:@ ('$1, pHs UU ;~~~1(5)d>l~.l,l 3

pHs=P[TDSl+P[Ca"]+P[M.alk] ' pHs = PK.2 - PKsp + P[Ca++] + P [HCO;] =1.7+2.92+2.7=7.32 + 1 \ 4 4 W J>(_ L +*) Q+..-, i - i - l ; j~ ,

i 1

!+I& +%i -9 ?i xu ,, ,UI J. , Ferrous Sulphate FeSO, 152 76 15. 27.1 1.52

2 Ferric Sulphate

-_ . , *- . - - . --:#I Fe2(so4)3 400 66.6 13. 23.8 1.33 3

8 p pH meter i?-Jl j $ 4 +&I ~ u l pH -:&a1 Jj (@+$I $-I pHs = P[M.alkalinity] + P[TDS] +P[Caf+]

-:+,t; &Y JAb - 3 1 p- aLl-Jl &+-JJL+-~E$ a~>+ @ osy d 2 ~ \ a~>+

Is = pH - pHs &+ q = 8 - 7.32 = 0.68

"JBS huI 4 6 f"5i *ij. 5.9 J-UI & L, qJti$ psi j. 4~I ; ' J~> jG>~j i+ -~L i ; ; i i ,G~~~& L-

4 6 ~ a w . JLLLI ,i am~ r L c j ' i J l j l a ~ - ~ ~ A ;sSalk

IR = ? p ~ s - PH @ J 2$j.Wcz!1 el l1 &I*, +L 'j .;;.-> d ~ i / ~1 J! i; = 2 (7.32) - 8 = 6.64

-:JUl JUI l a 5.9 $&.!I 'j JiQQi r~*\

- : ( I ) Jb -:gUl iJl&l e l l \ 4 IjL

0 D

-:d $UI Q C ~ ~ I ~ d i 2 2 & r95 bJ+.cr'

* a

-441 - - 440 -

- L-+-L&% 4 [PKspI- &$.I P[TDS] p ,++ $dl j(Jj L - ~ > L J jd -3 1 . 1 1 95C0 Lj+j 2.721 s U ~ 5C0 Lj+ P[TDS]

Saturation Index @I $9 u u J&<Y IS = pH - pHs

= 8 - (2.72 + 2.92 + 2.7) = - 0.341

,.. - ,- -. Rezenar ~ n d e x ( ~ ~ ) )I;>~ $9 +L u LJi j ~ j ? j GQ=~ IR= 2pHs - pH = 16.68 - 8 = 8.68

4 9 izi dL 5c0 i-,& .sf ~ j l e p ~ ~ t j ~ IL

.7 3 61 J>L j L > j 29 d v j qL e l

+p dL dub, 1.11 4 , ~ d Y L P(TDS) dL 95c0 i- ,+ ~i

a-14~ di ~ i . (+1.27) d& @I j p , 1 ~ = 5 . 4 6 df-C j~),

, . d (395 LJ+ o%i

dy< L b 1 6 c 0 b j + -!& $%I Y j 41 -- Y 0%: d L l $ & g.uI

k .-! &L 4 L i U l & isWl 4.2.38 i / i L,L-. P(TDS)

"Jij! L-G di Corrosionside xu '& &- 3 +i Scale Side

&k Y - L ~ I j r v , i i ~ hi qw ,i &S+LS& _C,L

.+Js,;Ll J2-Q Y j

-- & 4 5 L+- , /I+ ,+LS=-L!I >G- .& *- o%i ?&- IL

+ tJ+jJ+~ dJqi g; ,+ J= ig~ k. I+. 3 , ~ ;+ 91 ,i XII

2 4 1 igr i 3 j/ Cooling Towers 4 4 1 C13i 3 &9!+ dl&!, dlp

A +JLCI -li91 JS, G, i+\ + J \ ru iSli~~

J u g a\w 4 +- L~G,. $41 ,i J~~ 0~ ~$(uI

~L-41 L F b +, j. ui JI L, I&\, +JJI,

i+Q' 4 c U I ~ SUI d b r ky @-, i i J 1 7 Jjr j. CaCOl &+%I

.J~;"II LS er 3(~ -- Lt l& %IqNI

$ 1 a ~L - j ,UI + ~ l j i J1 EL; * ' 191, "

(ind Of Hardness Which Cause Scale l p l j i j -+I -I 5 4 1 8.9 I

-9 L, ,ill JJ- &>l 41 p .ill 3 ~ W I , +1*11 c ~ v ~ 3 A i - \ ( U l C l L y u +"i&i L+& #, CkJl JS Jr;411 Lrdness ;iJq , i. id+ p-2 L& e- &I & ,!,I&- a*

Chemical Structure Of Scales ~ 1 ~ 9 j k U l 4 9 1 7 . 9

Y b?L- L~b -I& aYL-LI + if j k O l &+I

y ' . r ~ d ~ &$ d3~-91+ Up6~*L~ +~i, l,dlU~ a ~ r J ~

L 16 Qb -. & ,UI ~ P I I ~ I +JAI +&i, oc3J&~

U u l ,cVi JS, qLk.41 i ~ 9 1 &L if r,.+,~~ ak,

~ a l 9+-y+,i-JI 0 ~ ~ ; 3, o'i.1 .IrL ;~J I ,LPI 4 +I $14

4- L, - c&Jl & j. Wlj! d9 U A L ak&J cU~ fhj

. a & + ~ o S g G ~ ~ t j

Film d%- -- + d l +KT, a ~ ~ ~ a ~ l,&

PH +, d , 9 1 3 U S aw 3, $,L- 0 4 3 &VL J,'2 &I,

1 j 1 L _ ? ~ I KG.$ +K ~ L Z L+ o h j$ A, 7-8.5 c,\g

ji &-+dl +d Jkj i r l i r J d l +si ss

-:&Ul Lj+.JI ,i$ +&I J+iI\ + d,+ *-,.u-ul - d j ') 41L pJ/+5-4 & cfl$ # ~ i , ,UI 3 &,i JY, .i

.LU> $7

LC; & r+iUl cI -9 ifK y- &,i gG jL >y,." - .p.-.JLQl aLi3 JK

J1 UJ 1 ; -?ddi -$ Y g HCOl ~ G , + ~ , L ! I Le a u ,,*,.a

. a L y jK

.pH>7 j. $i *JJ&!J &91 +.a

L,IJJI -41, ~JUI ~ L , ~ L I y , d p. TDS 41 ~ * I I ;%LI t ~ j i

..iu; u,, '+ L5 All +; +L.& &LL. $1, GUi $

z-+%\, $41 WI >I41 f-+ p. TSS d W I wl )I$ c+.+ j f Ujj +bj 0 - L e2 4, $114 U L J l k -& l l

I

.+ >Ir 3 &- L. e L - 3 G ~ I 3 f_SJLI 3 j j

r&d~ j+ $. Total Hardness(TH) -41 o

LA-6 CCJI+~Y c o \ + . . S J J ~ c%v\ e..b dySi -6 r9&~, L+ $111 4 &I, c ~ i JLG~ ,! I,L~,L& CJL~ ,L~

.EDTA ;S Jp r ~ ~ q l e 3 ~ - i $. Cvlcic Hnrdness(Co1cicTH) .&

.h;; $111 3 qlji l l

a ~ ~ , & l c$i f-+ JS. c arbonic Hardness G~JGI i&l .c ~ L U J ~ I -2 4, J>u pj C $ & 1 3 Z ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ a l ~

.&&G * ;S

2 ~ ~ ~ 2 "1 i j l r l l &?I r l J { TH>TAC i.6 ii! TAC =h; - J. Q,KJI ;&I

~ ~ c c 2 i d d l gU-?l &VI r I J ( TAC > TH 66 lj! TH =kJyJul ;&I

c ~ i t+ $. Non Carbonat Hardness qriS , d l

~ L ~ ~ L I I a ~ $ i LLL L LJUI ~ L ~ V I jSl rJq&~, .(A - -A=,) 2 ,Id1 3 4 ,Id1 c> 3 4, ~L,+~L&JI,

i . C p V ~ t 4 w. P.alkalinity Or TA. Or P.value P G ~ I ~ b M 1 . t

G- Lj ,;?LL - ~ b FUl w. +, 4L.J

OH-&,~_~~(I aL3 f j;i p, d l 5 5 JLLii J ~ I ? l i i j L ,

.QL$,dl +5-

+$I r b +c $ > I y GC?! + $,&I G ~ $ I pis ;* @, I Biological Scale(Slirne O r Slug) 4 9 1 j @ I p 9.0

++ -,& y ily d-1 Biocider ~ ~ - 9 1 $& 2\41 0 . b - wj 8

~ y . ~ + p J I dl~3.i*L.j J4' d j ! , J$I L+ bpi, *i -

.dJj,LJ Br2 r f i j l *. &*rJ 4141 & C12,C102.NaOCI

bi&Cl2 j+jlJ C U S O ~ & +uI du$iJ ~ ~ 9 1 irgy -+& I

3rgano metalic Compound it;& ;4+ aqy clJ&> $u : i."M.c., (C4H9)3 SnOSn (CPB), 4L-(,i ;j JJ+ j

A\-@ uy 331 j $ j t s k - $ Ju NCSCHzSCN JI. Organo sulfur Compound . $& . 2%

u i y, .GI + A, j.i &= j k c ,'i- u qk-9 *;

' I

.gJ1&L OX+\ L+..& 39 GI ,I y

@l;s gl~v ?&I a@,\ &b 10.9

Raw Water Treatment For Industerial Purpose

o@,I J 2 b

GL&, b , ~ b b$ j d L ' & I

- ,Si02 ,SOT, COT, Mg" , ~ a " + , ~ a + j 4 9 >ly 1-1000 PPM ;du, &c$\

)H),,F-,NOS,NH3 0.1-10 PPM 4 3 ~ 1 ac$\ D

, Li, Pb, Bn, Zn, Al, As, PO;, Br- ,Cu 0.0 1-0.1 PPM a c , ~ ~

e" >p -L& 3 )LG, + &!y&+1 G ~ V I jU .& GUI

y J4 j J+-d~~+j,+J~'&39~'+ J ~ ~ ' ~ 3 J G ~ ..

zJI+l bJ> Ui JI k&i JAOLJI 2 i>Fy ,&JI oh F , ~ ~ I

4-1 4 j U J+ j+ 41 ui 3 gJ F\+\J -\111

>,-MI 3,s:-.i G ~ ~ ~ J &I ai +& L~'+!I ~+QI, ,I$\,

LA' c L 2 51 '$1 L+L-l $&I G \ . 2 9 \ 3 &LJ G\p%\ L;(?I 4 .+ &I

++I iwi OeG & i& byal $&I Gb$~ j >3

- : L a J b 'y, ~ ~ 1 ,

+ L I ?I . - Fi>(Gl-iJl al jLII L + ~ ~ L-9 C ~ G & & ~9 CISL.$\ OL 31 5 ~ 7 ~

:I 2-41 + j :i 41 *lJ9l 2 iJ+1 ,,- J .XI 9 6 41 04 a&ly w,cO-~_1& d Y k 3 f-- c ~ 1 d!.oJ-Lac: sU1 9; & -ks; W3

3 iL: --11 oLJ.1 ~ L i p l 9 . L;- y +.dl i W c i ~ ~ l i s l y Jl c& J&

oql &&I$ df &'C&Y1 0 b J/ ~ b n O ~ I .~-t;y bJ J4 O ~ I 0 - b J b~ J>I # i

- , " . - Industerial Water &UI 4 1 ~ 1 L~)-J/ ~b 3 +>w\ o ~ o j

3 jb 2 A QLJJ

E ~ V LjN' U l j 441 G-LII b d i oqj =+ul oq,+ + $'

4 LJ Ji q j i >la, &Id1 O ~ I , .+I$\ -1 a l j +,wI &-I$ a b l y

b ~ ~ o u o ~ d & - d f & - -:w j? ,h j. rLLI .GI JL . ' ' cl ks 6.5 'I 4 ; L IR J~;> j j p d ji &. d>L;. ,i ~ 1 9 6 >LJ\ OI+ ju. .al+lj Jt i9~3 JLJI OI+ oql +i

u ' ~ , ; d , j Ei"*~&,i+ JIC,LI~&I ji. JI ,-I 3 c3i__.vi &- q1JI o l j W l , c ~ ? l 3 Qls

i. r'l iCL ;, '~61' J@I illj!, &&+,A1 ~;LL y~i. iI_,"k ;J- f I*i jyl 3 hj o Q ~ o h 3 A/+ 4 x 1 0 ' ~ ~ ~ >,*- I

Y I 2 c~ i . 4' c ~ 9 1 dIjb GUI ou l +, 4 O-i 4-.L &- ,i c%9~ O& dIjlj41 ii&

Raw Water cY-I Jr G f i r k SL p Soft Water i7G & ~ks; 41 OI, U a91 j$I &,i, +!.",PG * -

" ~ P O G ~ j C ~ - 4 ~ ,- ++, i 2 ~ -- -LI~, ;;UI e 9 1 & ~ i C~IE. ,i (+C) L,+- OQI *- ~ ~ I O U I ;I *y+.Ql

L ijL! @ ,i Blending Process UI + .I--+ ~ ; i c ~ i 2 ygj i,- ~ ; i JLijli 0 4 . y - d i l y ~ l

-91 &+ c ~ - r 2 ~ - ou y cj~jJ 41 04 2 ,d u ; J I~ & 15-2 Wj i*]i ."k dl,=::; J l l r i , a ~ l k l LI - . J1 -+I u1 JL6\~ U L $ /~L~OOPPM JULl 04 j c%Ll +J- 4 9 c%i ,i + ;,+y

i J3-: +. SU/ + j, S ~ > J I i J q ,J/+ZSOOPPM >J*-

<%?, "(f,& ruL && 2,s 9 L. 9 2 , j L j ""1 ti. jk 3 L,L,

OUI tpY,jl

nz I

dl41 ~ - Y J ,& J?ij -L&s Flocculation & Coagulation &Ij @ I . +

.Wj i 2 q - S &- dJA

J i Sedimentation @&I &Iy *Ul 3 i h l l ,\$ @-a .Strainer 4LdG Filteration e$l Flotation

4

.b;. 9 1 a& p?J,JU=I\, a ~ y J a ~ -2, *.a

/ +,, -9, -- '$1 & L ~ L I & & q d l o L 4 p-i ~ $ 9 1 OY>U\.~ I I 1 3 i ++I c - ~ Y CII. +L U.S 3

-:& Q+ dL&h ++ A- JG

q-&J~ yu\ Dialysis ;&-dl G-h ~ V I

G ~ L G j +iJ a ~ $ v 1 p- d\;1 La p-i L+- Reverse Osmosis

. d,,5<b0. 1 ,y JJr o+

ju: qLs*.~iaijWI 4IjI & gi l l irL.oly iiyi CI+.~

OLJ~ Q L I ~ &'%&I c ~ L ~ , &@I & ;ib,Jl,~.&~

.-$I ,i ~s7Ld1 ' ~ b

I

112 +If ib KSP d&,Ul i ~ j b~.i d t CyJ - G3Y i.Y>U& -- ;*i 3 "UI, +JI a ~ r & illj! j i

- 3 ~ 3 ' au3L t I.. . s rq2 , Mg", Ca'2 +$I a l j y V \ J l + l p;!

>i;3yi J1*il, Cationic Ion Exchanger +$I +,+&I a Y i & L l 3 f3i,.,J1

4 GjJ+1 i. h J 3 t' ... pO;,SO;,CO; LJWl

.Anionic Ion Exchanger ,;

* - -

;, j j i ,L&l o C L 2 g* Semipermable Memberane i&L Lj

, +2 FeR

R ~ N R + N ~ O H + R R N R ( O H ) - + ~ a + ( - =I+

21. :* - :&kJi Lbui ,j NaOH j. (,,A jp &+.I3 dj)I lb kj-, ,&.

AS@ $2 + NaOH + A(OH)2 +

A ( H s ~ o ~ ) ~ +&. 1 a

P b .- (i+

J l d j > i > y - j e&l + J% sU1 c j GUI +I+I dj

d l J -41, ?UI ~ $ 9 1 ~ Y > U I cJ&~ G U ~ a i ;/ LUI

~ J J J ~ % J a 4 L > ~ I J Jks xu - GL fi GL soft Water

c u i d u l y & J d i, +-.+ J L,&- + o u l oh Jb + J-&J G L J& ,A %>91 dY>&Ll L G t i d~c+J+Ql & L d +LJl

yU1 &&-! - qji J ~ . ~ $ , - ~ ~ J L ~ I 4 OL.*~I

-:&J &-Iy ji &- ii.,.ii~ ay>ui J5-5 i+=

Ld $j-+vl J J U l & GU.~ )Iff U $3 Operation &.d{ &-/. 1

8 ;-LA WI ii;~ i.b>vI 3 rUI 4 L;r +J c b v ~ JI &=VI ++I db3v l @) sUI &&IyJ d j j l iGW +-.=-, $i ,i abL

.b &I +J&JI plsll j. c+I SUI

- 459 -

0- C-ti 2ly &j Corrosion Inhibitors F~I ukL

d b - -,Iy Scale lnhibitoi #I rsLiL, 2.8 ;$I 3 l L W J L .

'"91 j j q Ck, & 3 frJ-'iul $ O U I

6, ~"91, Jk!dlj L+OI &d 4 >4Biocide

+j +"Jl o U l okly 3 yl* i jg~ iu.C. Jljiy, +@I

I

Zlosed u l - + d l J W d l &LJkl L; WJJ u b i r U !:lj

~ Q I , -G -f + 04 -. ~=JU bOj Circiut

.G lA l ;izf~.,(Jl>lgell QLJI

4 '_;$ _ci- 04iii1 L ;. 14 L+ +-cr c i J ~ i B L P . ~

bi G~'J-1 Jl ijLiJ1 Jk GL G b b 441 c ~ 3 T OI+ oLlY & A'--) G b 9 1 $L, *I, p bill1 >l>l, c%gl !:q & -3 G~LLJI YC .Q. OUI j. a- L +-+i &L

J1 tG Zero Blow Down ,i oUI dJ r - ~ . Li,& i;.iJl ui 4

L >A, ,J~,JI + da J..G$'I JI &$I 2 ?&I 'UI e2 LP +

d j 4 1 W I dj]I + + & p- d&$lJ, $191 4-6 &> d+ w\3'~2u\ &!d-!

J9 ,I-! i?-JI 0 - b e" ~e~ene i a t i on (wl) $4 i L s . 3

;>hi 2- &VI JI &91 d j11 + j ++ GJSL ,i +L ,i & aj>\ gGM & G- G> J& d~~dGJ1 qL+$J l Jl djJ1

10-30 @ c,lp iJ,e C C ~ J w' '+> wrr

.J& d, c~ k9 h k aj>l d K

6-4 k;+ ?L- 'L 24 &>I o h J Fast Wash & - J l L y . 4

L-L~ -3 i>L 3 a j j \ & +t\ jr Y-

3 3 j r ~ 1 I+ -\($'&> 3+- @I o~~~~ L+ JGG

.J" rL' 'L j+i JI & dyG3 -y

Chemical Treatment For Inclusterial Water

L + I ~ T ~ u ~ ~ . L L I ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ + I j41d

kiOOC CH: C1-I2 COOH \ \ /

HOOC CH2 /NCH2 - CH2N \CHI COOH

LJJ~ 1 4 e j Phosphonate L- - - ~~~~1 ,f % ' , + & ' , - .-I H .- "+>i tjiy )AMP J-b 100CO d&

4 J . - 4 , . & L l . A 9 b " . v , ( Tri Phosphonic Methylene Amino Acid

N [ CH2 Po3 H2 13 . osphonic ( s a I &j J*P +G juL) HEDP ,f

Hydroxy Ethylidene

dl $ 2 9 Dispersants i.Ul --, +I 9 ypi rly d b

*-- &l j i Sodium Tannat (-L rr>p)l;iLL;WI Jbi 3 +WI '

i h - 6 i.u&Jl, i + I 2\91 &= J--- i,cL i>L 8, &XI ~ J J I J ! PoIy acrylate &-J\ ~ , J I J L ~ $ --A3 2 1 ~

-I a ~ ; > V l & ?+-J Poly acryl amide

~ ~ L O I a L j r J K JI$ +,L-. a ~ + l Q l 3 ji, di6 \

u Scale Inhibitors $dl i rkb # i

(. . . .S<~,M~* ' ,C~+~) ip jL\ a h 9 1 aL;%i j$ L u &.& ,.&dl 4

_-H!dm Pl~ohic IU ,+ , S ~ I >)dlJ ,UL jqj-il.l &l,j Philie

u4d "L.LLI +Jl ;j ;)&I ++ OL &y.sUL d&$J &U

4-3 3 4 +ii, ;/ s u &\ d4I .?iA k (-NH2) &$'I

(a& j. rj* 20-2 PPM) ~ ~ ~ ~ i j ~ A 1 $ 3 ylji$l cUl Corrosion Inhibitor J(iul dkib

~ u l ~ NaN02 i ;. l .$lj Na2S03 w-&i3 NZH4 ;r?jlJ-Lal & (&,PI +--+ r w - , J.CLJ1 ~b b f &,$'I d\jL JS &i r3>j.A\ -Li

aL&L & L + Y \ , a&,jJl &jl f&G.+ L A + >,,la, -k+

6.5 2,- pH @ * 2 c ~ C 3; Ploy Phoysphat aLfJl i~u.$-ll. .+JJ@l d 3 9 &>>&I a % u l ~ b 9 &J+K

>'-'j-;> 3 s j - 50-5 PPM j l i , ~&c-j d h iJIF a&,*,

9 . j pH 3 ~ J [ & I dkJ-+ O$ 1-b 3,L ,ul 2+ ,5+\A\ +k y Silicates ii&!=Al.--&l ,I+-~I , .I&

. i j J 1 I_l,k;! Scale & Corrosion Inhibitors it&-, 3(-u

;-LC JJL-C L; ;,6 LJ r h - .L. ,i (Jti$'~) O U I isJb

>:.L_! ;lu\ + ;b -- Compound Inhibitors ;L(iJ c;lUl.i,

I- q +:d-i p ~ + L L>L ~ $ 1 bJ\+r rb, +Ja\ -:+"I t\jj'~ 3 &I, 4 ~(-LII " d - ;Lk, I' JAS *ijLi( iLC iul, > l r J t+ rm ~LJP' j. kL r - . ~ , +LI JU, +lJ xi\

0

Fatty Aminel o~;z$'I o h j-~$%h LbiJ

- 464 -

Detergent dJ-r*llj CL,$ +,L3 & kL, J l i jL*Yb i k $ l

J r i Q l a L s j y Q ~ L I r ~ ~ i uk ~ Y U - I 6, Action

. c k j U $5, W ,I JS JpJJ *$ :'d % d l ++-dl OGJI? is+ tcCL dl +&I oGJl.ij1.3

j ~ . ~ i p ; i l *Cii ,i (&9) 9 ~ 9 ,i ~6 OL,,.

*

- 467 -

20-2 y al.jra~ 3 dj& 3 c p 5-2 c# t# Closed Circut d l

i4ij jlj*U L.i.i+J\ i,jI OW q $ l 3 d_tL jr i~

+LL b-ki 6 d i ~ b f ~ i&= d b Closed Closed Circuit

OL,A, OL,$I LJS ial ~ C L I ,L p,.ir~&~ ,l;ii

j-. ip i0-30 sp, 6.5 2 j - G pH ,4 f-"1 Chrornates-Phosphates

p& d& 2 ,;, 60- 12 ,+/ &$I C I L > . C Q ;lc d&

+ JS i f . u ' , ~ >, +LI OL. Y i i u k 3 7-6.5 p~ - Y L , ( . ~ J \ LS>yi, $ 3 9 5 + p, +&I e ~ L ~

pH i;r--tj CrO, d& 3 ~ 9 1 0 - 6 j3, ij.. ~j . . 40-25 t,$

Open System t,d~ + J I . i 'L >i Jbi ji

0 b ) G>k J a l

iL i! ful 4-43 Heat Exchanger OY~UI Jr+, (&I .

3' & -1 cj, d& L b j 2 0 - 30c0 >>*c ;)IZ. c~ $1 OLWI. ' ,

.-b,dI \in y j* j U I J*-'l +) ;

$.,>. . .-* 8 " - < * -

1 hot fluid f

3- i+ Continuous Treatment tJ bf r ~ , - v l jib jr&i

Shock Treatment t&l 31 4 4 c k - 9 Y GL

*-I, t-j J b i CAG, l ~ L ~ $6 3" 4 d y a ~ &, i j b

r b v ~ t~,-i-'i ebi3 '~L-L & $ ~ L I 2 , i J b i c-il )I-&

. L , L l l

Close System i&d) fU1.3 Semi Open System c j d l ej .+

c l , ~ i 4 u , , -.- ;! ;.A - j . d l ,UI 43 + r&JI i u j ,i &I+\ d a>A\ J.. ,+ LI,~ rd~ ,UI >* r W ~ IL J - \

+ I C1 ; fl ;. Cooling Tower 441 c~di & Lk ,I;?\ oh 2 219 ,& 24 ;T'*(.~LLI +-- & GL J~ i i k - 1 3

U- i 2 1 ~ ~ ~ : J u c ~ ~ d ~ ~ U ~ ~ F & ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , c ~ ~ , JI "J jF -L;[, I i i ~ . & > o& ~ J I GU\. 4.9 91 d L J

L13 >+! L -a 3- 3 +,dl ~3 JUT Q sLLI @ ',dl : c t Y A&

" v - . tr: JI dj -k 2% i 42:_i Le t ' k . Y \ gsJ +Jl$l aY>UI Jl Q ~ , L

-__f, e x p - ~

.LEG, I LJ+, 2,*, 3L-J '$,+I &,JI - - - - 7 unk - m,*a%*r ,

@ 6' -

o a x r s c m hut &--E(g '-3 ..-+ 2 exchangep A? exchanpr

ftuld n 4r & -- - - 3 E

-,GT - E = a ;:,

CLOSED $! *ti * =

(Zi2-g puma

CIRCUIT cold water - -

F----- i'"l F=-=-=& - 4 P r=-5 """

;iil; L+ 4.9 @I 0

fig 463 - E Y F - Y C ),7

++LC oJl& OL ;, 2 ~ - + (4;2,$) dJ17 ir. OJLLYI

i~ i *;: ;,& 5.9 JS~JI 1-i- L+66,d G ,. +-..dl ~IL-, JI G ~ I ~ LLYI -I+ ~ F , L ~

.. - u! 4 4 @i 3-c; Y, GL iJ,> J, - ~ i 3 ;y. d l F. c* ,41j ($Jl$l &*;:- , ! L- 'F $-,> ;JJ> 2 cU1 db u-il3

/ . G ~ I 6 9 J jw ,- +i &a& Y j Leakages i.k,-dI - & >j-'d J- 4 ol-I - - G-L Jf i db, ( 4 4 1 c j $1 el$ JI

J,?I W I L O U I OL +,i JS SJQI aG- L-!d&;iaeL& 3 Lu Blow Dou: _i_-; ;A ~ j - &.-Z ;i&c 4, Evaporation

~ U l 3 ( - I ; I l @L. J, bL. LJLi91y. c L *- +- tdU . Leakage ;i, -;. 2iS JI - b ~ pi , J J L"-, G F 4,'c%91 a- +I r u \ a w . c k ? \ 3 JL, C6Y 1 ~ 1 iirGJ -21 e~ . ,

clkj JK, J& :_ti, 3 /& y au 1119 j L ,+- I h j. .tLu c k . Cja?,i ,.& QG+ L+

dl - L&l &I> &l ;Iucc " -5 ++I + 3!.&LCI o l g . +-+ 241 d ++ ,dl cC! 2; -a L L > c ~ A v l 3 Jk &L c L 9 +l>sLLl

'2 -

,-. - -

.Jb -i # \ ,;I , r 4 + A b . o u +,A\ +U LS+-+,i +.-i L '

2L-i.Jde t.d , r Ir $$ 6u1 3 - b Leakage ,f $ 2 ~

klake Up Water L- I\ A\ r b . - &L/& p A M3'h bJ\J& Lob

-:a,& ai 4 iJJdI 2 G u ~ GF &G $,

dij. Skin Temp. d l iJIF i. ,i Fl > illi-

Power Of Cooler W kkcallh '+$ i3 f! iiw &,dl

-: J 3 L i

W = 1000 QAT.

+ c ~ V l Lwl p &L GL &L (Q r p ) GUI +- dl

; 3 4 j JL~-7 $A L ~ ~ L I L+\ G~ 3 z - = d ,-$ +- v -+I

dll- & a-91 ,i c b 9 ~ + -9 &I > , d l JI

Jl Blow Down 5Jal C,kll 1?, i>,UI 0-1 glri 3 - L ~ I

J! ?L*A 4 J l G j L B df k~1-5 9 B ~ ~ / h J 1 ~ . j

540xlOOQxE-1000QxAT , QAT E=- 530

2QAT QAt A=- %-

540 250

JQ 50 gi 50 PPM P jGY --&.!.I i i$ I (i;j ;I+.) - J

L c L J,&J aby- &j Dosing Pump tj-1 jk, ik-ly 01 a h

TDS Water In System c=---- TDS Make Up Water

4 5 1 j; Y Y ~ > [ >I L.+i ,i -,A1 ++ &L $- ,i ~ W L

y'-b @ r & & +I LCd- iru, ~ 5 l s L l (I/, 3Sp.h cjr

& c ~ m oul C-,b djl! a L w i LkL Cu 61 Zero Blow Down(ZBD)

s t Ui, j, LC ,CAI IL i f i a y ~ C ; i A L ~ 'Q, ~l~~ D~~~

Y!, p I~ ICC~ A\ + JS LI-~ -- t+~ +i r w ~ a + JI.14, k.Ml4 c%Li ,$j 4 i>Gj +- IL, c L U 4 3 +- U

#

+I >&. i4& ,UjLrU;;U i;,C11 , ~ L I c+ JS ,i J ~ ~ I 241 &-I>

3-( ~ j -9 Jk GL. ij;L s k . >&,+I ++ c ;(A\ ;>~_ j

'G iL 4 1 y (&I ~ L - d l G,& Le iL) R.O.warer & C % L ~ u ; L L L . ~ ) L L I ,$,; cLJl LL $ &, i.w\lil -3

U L ; 2,qI >+I IL. > $2) d 4 L $IP!, idLxjl L&k l+L

~ L U ~ I , rd~ L.P-s-kI~ s& si LvG, 2LJl UJf ;WL di I

.&Qti,i L& &.+ %MI GL., J f i i WL, kL-G q u ;& ,i >MI LL &,

jlH 9 & ,.k Y, iJl)-1 irkJ> & ;+, 4 4 ,% y -9 - *

-:QUI bj+I $ J & *ij z . B . ~ i ,G tV: CIA i+

.., .- - . --. - ., ".. * -- **." ., .Liquid Detergent % . - 3J'L.h

& %&,!\ 9 j J 26 j A.d 3 jF &5 c;L +Jr51 eL&l,, d: %lo-5

I

? a- L. lJ~L3 HNOl i HCl & j F j j * b l +& r--3

ga' 2 d 1 Qj & -UI @&I j b l d1.&-&1 ,,&b

d Y > L & I u C4-jF3j+Ll +L (1-4 F- 5(j C. id1 L

Y - k r-; Stainless Steel(SS) ib- Y y J I i Y A l qJl f I

4 J 1 j 1 i l Y ~ L l 1 b!&jFjJ*bl ,,&& r&L+ & &-A\ ,,&L 0

&&Id+ +xi-; I L L . ~ l j i d % ~ +dl, @IJI, &MI L+ -41

Tartaric d - : j L J W l +Lj Citric Acid &&I +L Jbi j. ;i..r;l~. .

d- ~ ~ - 1 +~+l C I _ ~ Z ~ I ai.r&V~ /Lk j 2 ~ l 1 JY Acid

bij ijJ- $,&I +lJ& 3i &li &i A, J&i + &, Y

Y ,i $9 yr ,.--I gbi JI dk-.++N~ +\+I j. ijlj

1 I u ,- & vjlJ-1 b31 ti- 'y & k J l d~ --+G - wG dW1 oh j. ;& L j L i db, al&.&Jl a L . .

0 ' 4 b " 1 1 4 i kJJ J-dJ r d I +i.Li +jJ 3d.l i_*j

' . l L Y

CaSOj Or SrSO, + NaCl + Na2S04 +CaCL* Or SrC12

. 'I, ;*__; b$& . Cleaning During Operation W I JX, .4

')J-" $ & 3 j.L+$l ;clj J Y i i I j j + +-CL IZ JI QL,

I =-&' OW Lj Ci,.U U yr i b $1 4~ ru

+- 6 i JJLs +- $1 &\Jl eL4 4 - 1 , o y ~ 1

*iJ1 3 ou pH + dl, ipl- oi. alb.19. &l j l g . + r ~ O

dL' 4 3 >k;i, k 3 pH=IO-13 j l GS- &, &&I3

@I & -9 * 21, c d ' o ' a L 3 i &- ,i $1)~ ~f H,~+AI

rd?i>y $ &S-Lj &\ &LA - I > &I 6 1 2 &I EDTA ;>L GLbk di,

IL k- G- [Na2EDTAl (-U 1s &\ $1> &I rd.>4dl JG)

"-10 * cjl$ pH GS a</ d-,.G & rd&KJI p JJI

jfu 3 dl, [C~EDTA].@I Js +$ i;LJ i I j . 1 3 Vlj

Blow r u $91 &,.dl ;iLr JK, l+. &I p;? EDTA CT'

& 2, i& 8, Down -

(2- (J , j yU +y-2) >i +&I j*, C, iiP~ ULOI s l j

b&(I1 uUl ;,5.rd?lj &dli 4-d-1 y Mercupto Thiozol) i/ --'& 2 %lo 2 2 &L f u - ' - - A \ >lJ' &A '.+ --

I I i A$\ +, ,\+.a& 0 s ; && ++1,>1 y &L ~J“)-.uJl , i

, -41 ,i 4, JU- &.. 3 ~ k ~ " - , iy~l,ijJ s&,j + ckj J I

bLeJ$ J l r j . & J - - ' ' * & J % , + ~ l ~ ~ J & ( + ~ r ' ~ I

L*(.,CIJI + sj >i;u a J t j j i.l+ "2 a 41 4 J U J %

L+- 3-J' +L- 3 r&cO~ L=-L $=a dj, pi > h i A, csj9jcCkJ1 Js ccL+ i d b (12 L j y u I 4 rAd~ &> - j dj irs +ijYi jrJ 4 +&I &fi L b J$I j ;>&$I J! 41

;,IF L,+ ~YGi j J i3 &-.J_rlI + ~i L-I+J\ >+-, %lo *b t~ +L,~OC~ >,*c

-4 $*k;, ~uli Q L ~ j i +I)I iiy, L,+@, OL.-$I j. i;i e

?j%\ +a\ Jy3 -4 4 d +I & a'+$\

j u &L +;A r&J$\J ?+&I d L d V J 6 d].i-'&$l

i a b - 6 L+ d5 4 L! 2b-91 4 3 r>- ;- is 3 + y- +- A'i+o L+LA& L p \ $ + 3L r2$.&,41

,I,=! ,i j;i~ +i- j i HF ,+L- GL*! ;I;. glri

&A &=- j.L+,.d ~ ~ 4 1 &,dl 4 NaCl Iu( J2k, jJi

iss-A ,y L&L ylj agy >*C. & Cr>ddl a L 3 i

;A, & u- 1-h J,al J>g Jd- b.rJd~l ji

U j & j j;' & $,'L J-4 Y, *IJ&QJUI, r r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j i i

A O ?

, . , " , > , . . * , " , , " " . .----.I --- --.------.-.-"-A.,---- --- -- ----

$, ;.lip91 3 fi JAG & >. EDTA dl WI 0 - b ~ 1 %

~ P J Q 8% La @l, > , + * T G ~ H + & j 3 y P j p ~ j . i 4 ~ a%!$

A1j - l . i j L . 3 iiXs U mb & Jl iJU! WI I& 3 >J,j . ~ I J + ~ A I & ~ L ~ ! & ~ Y ~ & ~ + ~ + ~ & ; ~

'Uj,+-Ql i_lw +Jkile9\ y_j; dl* ~ i / J J j l p \ # - , + $ , , 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 i ~ + + ~ ~ J - J ~ ~ b &

~ - + 9 \ ~ Y ~ U I dJ& &riil LA., ... +>$&I i)LJh u, 2 .(d+j d+ i

.4"-!J G,Lf3>d1 wj hj j~&Jl ,WI P &I sb, .

Electro Plating jQ#l r%!l 1.10 .

L L b , i i l j i s p / d > ~ & & ~ J i & b a l u ~ + p j ~ &

I

I

Nature Of Electrods + ~ L I &&.i $=-.- & L u A

-2 ;)3-$ d41 ~f;, GJ& &~> j +JI$( J&$IJ ~ 3 ,

d&- d > ~ G~~ + di ~.+cL+ &I, &I +91 xi GU,

-\"-'I LLL dl ;)>L QLL d3+, &.L +LC b j y &5Ql L J I > ~ ~ I r/- . I .

Nature Of Electrolyte dg$91 ;L--b.+

d-51 -31 J>ldI $91 p Anions qL dyi J j ~ d

+L c4 li JL& 2 ,.Ad1 p &2,&&5-- vp\ u2.

J." 4 04~G1 OC,L \ ,~-i f~ia;.l;?fi~

'L--;L LiJ2 c~~ + &j Y dl y.3 Jj & j91 +I.=-

'-' $ J1 ?;AQ1 J,@ j 3 @ >;GI h ~L,$I- G,~Q~ -+J$ ji SiF4 dzcL, I1' 4 J$ j. ,@ & 6 jui Jiul k?. dLz)

A ~ J - dJ& d' 2d&J ' ! L A dL dl2JJl J p 9 ~7 dy J U ~ , .&bj b c &jJ& /bJ BF3 dJJ,4I

l l I ' ( w j &c --L + W l ydy c r 3 . r k L rjTQl -2 +...,, Gs +L>I /L>I ~ L J & ++- J+I -$I db>b -$I

9 ~ 5 1 $Lb /LoJ & y+ + 3 +..,$I 4LIJll 4 L&

.pL d&-

- 489 - -488 -

i_?Lr dD (Diffusion Current) I, -&3 Jl+lI i-lg a i l ~ ~ i I;! ~ i ' i ~ l i , ! I

!

-:+&I d,*$ J ~ 9 ~ JG G 6 9 C% I

1

DnF (

d=-a r6

Conceurteration Of Electrolyte +JJ$$i $ 2 . 4

Current Density J@l G g . 2

by ai k, Jgj i.=+ +LQI \h J - J I 2 IJ,L

2 Ja~ J&d~ 5 6 LK I;! G. i;*C >;LQI u a ~ r [ J~L,

d J b JI J+ J~L-QI li dUJ\ d d I 0 6 ~ i JJLG ~ 6 ; ~ i jIdI

&& dz.L' * i-b-13' &$I oh L w, LJfL ijj $2 ps4, F L

i d d d b L J A ~ I ~y dL Jl+l~ ~g + ~ 2 1 j I j I L I ' ~ L - . ~ + ~>,d 9 p- k LL"J1 3 id d y L alJ$JI dp6 kiir JLdk j

~ d b i.i i G ' - k LG 3 pi 9, bWi c+ 3

+>--.i j-Cs ii $1 iiL;Li o i dyC d j i r ~ + r t U 4, J-

.\a;ilji &-+ & /LP_c.LI hd~11;1

W *

P , r

Colloidal Material hj$ Gaul. l $3, - % 1 ri t

I i

, 1 - J+A 23 A S b! &z3 +.5- G& &I>\ ~ L J & &S $.<: 1 1

f Active Carbon J U l ~ ~ J ~ q 1 . 2

.WI, iy" + -6- k.'d,i 0.2 JI 6 , ~ ,i ,.d alp1 ~ ~ ~ . 4 ~ ~ Q ~ , i=z q . ~ a y G ~ & +- $uI + '- 4 1 4 1 & i.2 -0.4.0.32.0.79 ~L.J% ig- d9 d ~ + + ry2m13 $1 ir5lrkJl j. 41ril J? JL ji d& P- L_;II ji L-. iJky j. J.Y, ya>iUi ip~, ,UI i ?j WI <$@I L-* dl Q +$/ ,+ d&- & &+$, &lpl,

1 ,UYI ,4. s. ~ i i &- df 4 -c; $ J ~ I o,!,I 4 ,a\ Jb 2-1 \+di 4 ;& OI,+ j. 6pL~ JL J+AI

i".b p l - 3 ~J~GWNJI J* ab ly , i3G ;A kciwl

! - i l l 1 L;*?~+-I, &I $.A + dj& LC ,d .,,ilP] ++$I + &,I- ~i r l i - j k Uj ~ ~ t p p ?-N j+- 21 i r ~ ~ ~ aljy 4 ~ '

- , + + ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ , ~ + A I + + U &=& is! $ 4 ~ ~ ~ . o ~ ; i i l 4 ~ ~ k rp? ciiil JUI I),,~IUI ?;$p A+ tic k ; ~ c r - i LA L;*?~>LCI~L j V \ >,,,UI * h + ~ ! L) ~l-4 jBJal au d i i - . G ~ ~ , j+ i 2 ~ 49 Jy9~ ,j

- ~ J J Q - 4 1 j j 3 > * Y I ? - J J ~ O ~ ~ O ~ - ~ J + P r L , JJ-@I @i Shock Treatment i.&L GLll +&L ispi, i;. ,i JJ& I

-A -4 uK &>-dl o d &dl L&s i l F j irG d&, p 0 jJ+

1 .a'+\ 'p-- ,y r?-L;, Ui,, @lt l l+ - d Y G u J,.L-l! _ I J ~ I itb~ L+- jr A~~JI , &UI

I

-5 'p 3yp-J 3 k Y , dL;II J l p l + ;r. & LC &a1 rCI;& I

. UIi A p , &y$I JUL, LJ_ckJl

:ntio Stat $--h jCgz i b k . La@ A- oh

a

.Mars G.fontana-Corrosion Engineering-Mc.Graw Hill 3edition 1987.

.U.R.Evans-The Corrosion &Oxidation Of Metals-Arnoled Londonl960.

.H.H.Uhling- Corrosion & Corrosion Control-Wiley Newyorkl971.

.I.L.Rozenfeld- Corrosion Inhibitor- Mc.Graw Hill NewyorkI981.

.L.L.Shrier- Corrosion-Newnes-Butter Works Boston Mass1976.

.FoFontana Advance In Corrosion Science & Technology Plenum Press ewyork 1971.

blilos Milinkouic Korozia Za'stita Tenhinicka King a' Beograd 1970.

Ivanka ~ackouic ' Korozi Novinsko Izdavacko Preduzce Tenhinikka ffing

:ograd 1966. I Rosenfeld Corrosion Inhibitor- Mc.Graw Hill Inc. Newyork. I. .Moore Phy ical Chemistry 1972. .Degrement. Water Treatment Hand Book-Halsted Newyorkl979. .xalco The Nalco Water Hand Book Mc.Graw Hi111972. Periodic Table Sargent-Welch Scientific Comp. 1974.

I - 497 -

I I /

- -_ --_-- ' _ _ ( _ - - " __ ,_____ , , * .>&.*- d -. - - - - - - " - - --- --------"-- - - - -- -- - . - - - - - - - --*--

Bulk Concenteration

Calorie

Calomel Electrod

Cation

Catolyte

Carbide

Carbonic Hardness

Calcite Hardness Cathod

Cementit

Cell

Cell Potential Charge

Ceramic

Chelating Agent

Chemistorption

Chemical Corrosion

Chiller

Clarifier

Clading

Coagulation

Zoating

Zoefficent

:oil

Clolloidal Solution

Clollision Thzo.

Zombined Potential

Zommon Ion

2ompressive Stress

Zoncenteration Polarization

lonductivity

:onta mination

Absorpation Active-Passive Transion

Active Polarization

Active State

Active Complex

Activity

Adsorption

Adhesive Material

Agresive

Alloy

Amorphous

Anion

Annealing

Anolite

Anod

ASTM Atomic Weight

Atmospher

Austenite

Auto Catalite Auxiliary Electrod

B.C.C

Blistering

Biocide Bivalent Metal

Biological Corrosion

Blending Unit

Bond

Bonding Energy

Brass

Bronze

IectroAffinity

lcctro Chemistry

.lectrical Double Layer

lectrlite

llectro Dialysis

3ectron

llectro Negativity

llectro Platting

ilectro Coffiguration

:lliptical Shap

3mbrittlement

3nameling

hviroment

kergy iquilibrium Constant

zquivelant Weight

3rrosion

:van Digrams

3xothermic Reaction

:araday

:atigue

:enite

:.c.c

"liform Corrosion

Law

Filed Test

Filteration

Flanges

Flam Spraying

~loccdation

Fresh Surface

Cooling Tower

Coordinated Bond

Corrosion

Covelant Bond

Corrosivity

Crystal

' revic ice Consion

Critical

Current Density

Danial Cell

De Carbonization

De Chrornization

De Ionized Water

Deffect

Degree Of Polymerization

Degree Of Freedom

Density

Dpplated Zone

De Zink

Dialysis

Dielectrical Constant Diffusion

DIN

Discount Cash Flow

Distructive Inpection

Dosing Pump

Earation

Econamic

Edge Dislocation

Elbow

Electrod

Ionizarion Encrgy

Ions

IRR Irreversable

Kienetics

Killed Steel

Labratory Test

Langliar Index

Latent Heat Leaching Lechatlay

LDP

Linear Polarization Limit Current Density Liquid

Local Corrosion

London Force

M.Value

Mano Meter Material Malleable Steel

Magnitite Mechanism

h~letalic Bond

Metal

Metaphosphat Metric System

Molecular Weight .i

~'olecules

Galvanic

Galvano Meter

Gibbis Free Energy Grain

Grain Boundary Grinding

~ r i ~ Iron

Ground Stat

FI::?log-n

Hardening Hardness

Hastelloy

Heat Tretment Hemitite H.D.P

Hot Dripping Hot Rolling Hydrolic Test

I Hydronium Ion Hydrogen Bond

(M) *SJl &&WI

1 Ideal Gas

Inconel Induction Industerial process'

Inhibitor

Inter Granual Distance

Inserted Atom

Ion Exchanger

Ionic Bond

Pilot Plant

Plaririg

Planned Interval Test

Polograph Polishing

Puiari~ation

Plasma

Plasma Technique

Plug Polymer

Polyaddition Polycondensation

Potentiostat Pourbaix Potential Process Primary Primary Passive Potential Protection

Precipitation

Quenching

Raw Water

Rate

Rzal Gas Resistance Control Process

Renold No.

Reduction

Residiual Stress

Record

Reversable Process

Il/loncl

Monomer

M.P.Y Mohler Test

L

Nernest Equation Nodular Steel

Non Distructive Inspections

Normalizing

Organo Metalic

Orthorombic Orthophosphatc Over Design Over Potential Over Saturation Oven

Oxidation

P.Value

Painting Partining

Passive Stat

Passive Zone Pearlite

Photo Chemical Reaction

Physisorption

Physical

Piezo Electric Crystal Pickling

Pitting

Spwirnent

Strcss

Strain

Stagnet

Strainer

S terio

Steco Chemical Quantities

Stander Potential

Sublirnination Substitutional Solution

Surface Deffect Surface Conversion

Surface Reaction

Surface Chemistry

Tap Water

Tempering

xempreture Test Pressure

T.D.S. TAFEL equation

TAFEL slop Tillimans Film

Thermal Polarization Thermodynamic

Transion Trans Passive Zone

Turbulant Total Alkalinity -

\Jltra Sonic Wave

I''*

ilnder Cutting K

Reversable Potential

Revers Osmosis Rimmed Steel

Rolling

Reznar Index

Sacrified Anod

Sand Blast

Saturated Solution

Scraw Dislocation

Saturation Index

Scavengers

Scales Sedimentation Semipermeable Membrane

Selective Leaching

Sensitized

Shoulder

Skachual Shut Down Slime Slug Slip

Spontenious Process Soft Water

Softner Solid

Solute

Solvent

Solvation Energy

Solvation Layers

Solubility

sSolubility Constant Solubility Product

L11k1L

Spontenious Alloyes Metalic Spontenious Derication Grainual Sacnified anod ~ u t o Catnlitic Reaction Slective Leaching

, Activati Polarization I Rate Determing Step

Diffusion Control Corrosion Inseried Solid Solution Cleaning Speamens alter Distructure testection Hydrolic Test Adsorption inhibition Anod Selection Total disolve Solid Semipermable Memberanes Electroly Movement

Circits Spontaneous Alloys Metallic Spontaneous Dereciation Granule Sacrified anode Auto Catalytic Reaction Selective Leaching Activation Polarization Rate Determining Step Diffusion Controlled Corrosion Inserted Solid Solution Cleaning Specimen alter Distructure Inspection Hydraolic test Adsorption Inhibitors Anode Selection Total disolved Solid Semipermeable Memberanes Electrolte Movement

Uniform Corrosion

Univalant

~ a n d e r Vais Force

Vapor

Vapor Deposition

Velocity

Vibration

Vocant

Voids

Water Treatment

Wear Resistance

Wedg

Weight Loss

Welding

Working Electrod

Work Function

Wide Shallow

Zero Blow Down Technique(ZBD)

+ A qul >I>>) pHs > pH + L k j AS J & ! l - . -. - 1 $a\ a L

-:& $A db, pH 2 pHs + &21>jl l j l +-$I

Method 3L.& G,b. 1

Hallowb Method +$La GA.2 , #

Franquin Method 9 jLj & GA.3

Boyer Method $3, >JISL! G,b .4

Reznar Method jL;? GA.5 Langeliar Method >pj &Y G A. 6

~ ~ j i i /; +l--=- & cUI +- 3 r kWi GYP p - 3

U-,b r5j."i'$l irJ>, ~ I d l +OI C%L~ ;44,, s ' L ~ ~ Q I ~ rifJ~U~

3 L,L.L- -11 OLJI Q L L ~ I ~ + 3 t d i ij91 ;(i ;, &Cy, J ~ j ? J

&b &cY c>l -6,. (L-$1 QIJJ-I,+~+\ &\J\) 441, .

-:d3L7! g a j Saturation Index 0 k

%kcUl d&uI> dLsyuJl 6.9 Is = pH - pHs

' + L GUI by d~ ~ij, & $UI ?i +JL ~ U I 159

Ryznar Stability Index(Ia) ALL *ij jL> j L! Scale @ IR = 2pHs - pH

Education

Corrosion arabic