Upload
jagat-debbarma
View
751
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Citation preview
Good afternoon
Topic of the seminar
“Conservation agriculture for enhancing resource use efficiency and sustainability”
Speaker Jagat Bahadur Debbarma
M.Sc. (Agri.) 6th year2011-AMJ-27
CA/AAU- Jorhat( Assam,India)
Agricultural resources
Land
Labour
Capital
Water
Machinery
Fertilizers &
other chemicals
After green revolution
Food production has more than doubled since 1960s
Food production per capita has grown
Food price has fallen
Production of Important Commodities(India)P
rod
ucti
on
(M
t)
NRCAF (2011)
India's food grain production is projected to grow by 0.6 % to 247.6 million tonnes (Mt) in 2012-13 as against 246.2 Mt in 2011-12
The rice production is projected to exceed 100 Mt in 2012-13, while wheat production is pegged at 87.3 Mt
The production of coarse grains is projected to rise by 0.7% to 42.3 Mt in 2012-13
Pulses production is estimated to have decreased by 3.7 % to 17.5 Mt
India’s present scenario
Production of non-food crops is projected to fall by 1.6% in 2012-13
Crop production is projected to decline by 0.6 % in 2012-13 due to lower output of cotton and sugarcane production
Cotton production is projected to dip by 7.8% to 32.2 million bales in 2012-13
The sugarcane production is projected to fall by 0.9% to 342.5 Mt in 2012-13
Major oilseeds production is expected to grow by 3 % in 2012-13 but Production of groundnuts is estimated to have declined by over 17% to 6.9 Mt
Source: Centre for monitoring Indian economy, 2012
Projected Demand of Important Commodities(India)
D
em
an
d
( M
t)
NRCAF (2011)
Current production status
Conventional Agriculture
Fertilizers to increase crop yields.
Pesticides & herbicides to protect crops.
Antibiotics and hormones to increase productive efficiency of crops & livestock.
Heavy tillage operation.
Intensive cropping practice.
Impact of conventional agriculture
Land exhaustion
Soil erosion
Soil compaction
Nitrate run-off
Loss of biodiversity
Pollution
Threat to crop species
Habitat destruction
Contaminated food
Threat to farmers
Decline in GW table
Natural imbalance
20% of the world’s coral reefs were lost and 20% degraded in the last several decades
35% of mangrove area has been lost in the last several decade
Withdrawals from rivers and lakes doubled since 1960
Source: Millennium ecosystem assessment
5-10% of the area of five biomes was converted between 1950 and 1990
> 2/3 of the area of two biomes and >1/2 of the area of four others had been converted by 1990
Source: Millennium ecosystem assessment
Flows of biologically available N in terrestrial ecosystems doubled
Flows of phosphorus tripled
> 50% of all the synthetic N-fertilizer ever used has been used since 1985
60% of the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750
Human-produced Reactive Nitrogen
Humans produce as much biologically available N as all natural pathways and this
may grow a further 65% by 2050Source: Millennium ecosystem assessment
Total reactive N deposition from the atmosphere
Humans have increased the species extinction rate by as much as 1,000 times
10–30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are currently threatened with extinction
Source: Millennium ecosystem assessment
The distribution of species on Earth is becoming more homogenous
The population size of the majority of species across a range of taxonomic groups are declining
Growth in Number of Marine Species Introductions in North
America and EuropeSource: Millennium ecosystem assessment
Continued…
Ecosystem services and poverty reduction
Status of Provisioning Services
Service StatusFood Crops
Livestock
Capture fisheries
Aquaculture
Wild foods
Fiber Timber +/–
Cotton, Silk +/–
Wood fuel
Genetic resources
Bio-chemicals, medicines
Fresh water
Source: Millennium ecosystem assessment
Source: OUAT, Bhubneswar
Conservation Agriculture
The term 'Conservation Agriculture' (CA) refers to the system of raising crops without tilling the soil while retaining crop residues on the soil surface. (FAO)
Defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till) and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations, as a more sustainable cultivation system for the future. (Peter R. Hobbs).
It is the collective umbrella term commonly given to no-tillage, direct-drilling, minimum-tillage and/or ridge-tillage, to denote that the specific practice has a conservation goal of some nature. (Baker et al. 2002)
Scenario 1 – Farmer practice
Tillage CT
Residue management
Removal
Crop health As usual
Nutrient management
As usual
WCCA 2011, Brisbane, Australia
Rice – Wheat
Scenario 2 : Best Available Practice
WCCA 2011, Brisbane, Australia
Tillage CT-ZT-CT
Residue management
Anchored-removal - incorporation
Crop health Best Available
Nutrient management
Best Available
Rice – Wheat - Mungbean
Scenario 3 : Conservation Agriculture
Tillage ZT-ZT-ZT
Residue management
Retention -Anchored- Retention
Crop health Best Available
Nutrient management
SSNM based
WCCA 2011, Brisbane, Australia
Rice – Wheat - Cowpea
Wheat grain/equivalent yield (t/ha) during 2009-10
WCCA 2011, Brisbane, Australia
Source: Laik R, Saharawat Y, Singh SS, Ladha JK, 2011
Rice grain yield (t/ha) during kharif 2010
WCCA 2011, Brisbane, Australia
CD (5%): 0.88
Source: Laik R, Saharawat Y, Singh SS, Ladha JK, 2011
Aims & Objectives Conserve, improve and more efficient use of available
natural resources for sustainability.
Minimum soil disturbance by adopting no-tillage and minimum traffic for agricultural Operations.
Leave and manage the crop residues on the soil surface.
Adopt spatial and temporal crop rotation to derive maximum benefits from inputs and minimize adverse environmental impacts.
Integrated management system like INM,IPM,IWM,IFS.
Conservation vs
Conventional
Cropping System Productivity ( t/ha)
Conventional Organic Conservation
GM-Basmati Rice- Wheat 12.6 13.0 13.6
Turmeric-Onion 19.2 36.9 36.6
Summer Groundnut-Garlic 25.3 29.1 29.4
Maize-durum Wheat-Cowpea (F)
11.4 12.6 12.3
Rice-Garlic + Mentha 24.9 31.0 32.2
Rice equivalent yield (t/ha) of different systems under various management
practices at PAU
Source : Sharma et al., 2010
Microbial population under conventional and CA rice farming
Source: Surekha et al. , 2010
conservationConventional
Source: Working group report on CA,Haryana
FAO, 2008
Conservation AgricultureConventional Agriculture
Fresh and residual effect of organic manure in rice-chickpea cropping sequence
Treatment Rice Grain Yield (q/ha) Chickpea Grain Yield (q/ha)
1995 1996 1997 Average 1995 1996 1997 Average
Control 32.1 31.3 19.7 27.7 10.8 7.1 7.5 8.5
Sesbania rostrata48.6 50.8 50.2 49.9 14.6 10.2 14 13
Sunhemp 30.4 50.6 46.9 45.6 13.7 8.1 12 11.3
Poultry manure 44.75 51.8 51.7 49.4 16.7 11.2 15 14.3
FYM 36.75 49 38.2 41.3 11.7 8.9 11 10.5
Nadep Compost 39.30 50.7 43.7 44.6 13.9 9.3 11 11.6
80:50:30 NPK 46.25 51.6 48.8 48.9 11.7 8.5 10 10.3
CD(5%) 2.3 2.2 2.8 - 1.2 0.9 2.9 -
Source: Singh et al,2001
Source: Lumpkin & Sayre
Grain yield in CA and conventional agriculture
Source: CIMMYT,2008
Components & practices adopted in
CA
Mulching Strip cropping
Multiple-cropping Contour cultivation
Inter-cropping Zero tillage
Terracing Crop rotation
FranceUruguay
GermanyItaly
ChinaSpainBrazil
United States ArgentinaAustralia
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0.850000000000001
0.93
0.99
1.11
1.39
1.46
1.77
1.95
4.18
12
Million hectares
countries with most organic agricultural land 2010
FiBL-IFOAM Survey 2012
Manures application
Grain yield (kg/ha) C.D(0.05%) Straw yield (kg/ha) C.D(0.05%)
without green manure
green manure incorporation
without green manure
green manure incorporation
Control 2150 3317 316.5 3433 5305 292.7FYM @15t/ha 2650 3975 99.4 4237 6359 143.1
Poultry manure @3.5t/ha
3453 4844 325.7 5522 7746 322.8
Vermicompost @4.3t/ha
3333 4774 140.5 5329 7638 202.4
Source: Deshpande and Devasenapathy, 2010
Effect of different organic sources of nutrients and green manuring on yield (kg/ha) of rice grown under lowland
conditions
Crop Stubble added
(kg/ha) Addition of nutrients (kg/ha)
Organic matter
N P K
Rice 4,200 1764 17.6 2.9 25.2
Sorghum 2,889 462 6.1 2.6 9.5
Maize 667 93 0.6 0.2 2.7
Ragi 3,111 899 43.5 3.8 20.5
Sesame 778 56 5.5 0.2 1.3
Cowpea 444 36 3.1 0.3 3.1
Source: Bisoyi,R.N.,2003
Crop residue potential in India
Cropping System Productivity ( t/ha)
Chemical Organic Integrated
GM-Basmati Rice- Wheat 12.6 13.0 13.6
Turmeric-Onion 19.2 36.9 36.6
Summer Groundnut-Garlic 25.3 29.1 29.4
Maize-durum Wheat-Cowpea (F)
11.4 12.6 12.3
Rice-Garlic + Mentha 24.9 31.0 32.2
Rice equivalent yield (t/ha) of different systems under various management
practices at PAU
Source : Sharma et al
Bamboo based cropping systemSL Product/Application Current Expected
Market (Rs. in Crore)Expected Market in 2015
(Rs. in Crore)
1 Bamboo shoots 4.8 300
2 Bamboo as wood substitute 10,000 30,000
3 Bamboo ply board 200 500
4 Bamboo ply board for use in Trucks & 1000
1000 3,408
5 Bamboo Flooring (domestic + Export)
200 1,950
6 Bamboo Pulp & paper 100 2,088
7 Bamboo Furniture 380 3,265
8 Building & Construction - 3,298
9 Tiny Cottage Industry 394 600
Total 12,078.80 45,409
Planning Commission, GOI (2003)
Area under zero tillage bycontinent
Continent Area( ha) Per cent of total (%)
South America 556,30,000 47.6
North America 399,81,000 34.1
Australia & New Zealand
171,62,000 14.7
Asia 26,30,000 2.2
Europe 11,50,000 1.0
Africa 3,68,000 0.3
Total 11,69,21,000 100%
Source: Derpsch, R. and Friedrich, T., 2010
Successful results of CA
Source: World Agroforestry centre, Nairobi
Source: World Agroforestry centre, Nairobi
Source: World Agroforestry centre, Nairobi
Source: World Agroforestry centre, Nairobi
Advantages of CA
To Farmers
Reduced cultivation cost through savings in labour, time and farm power.
Improved and stable yields with reduced use of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides).
Enhance food security for millions of smallholders in the have developing world (Derpsch and Friedrich, 2009).
To Natural Resources
Improved biological activity and diversity in the soil
Reduced pollution of surface and ground water
Savings in non-renewable energy use and increased carbon sequestration.
Reduced soil erosion and restore soil fertility
Increase organic matter and biological activity.
Source: Working group report on CA,Haryana
Organic carbon in soil surface (%)
Initial After 4 years
After 11 years
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
ConservationConventional
Source: Working group report on CA,Haryana
Source: FAO,2007
Constraints in adoption of CA
Small farm holdings
Illiterate farmers
Rapid urbanization
Farmers are reluctant
Communication gap
Socio-economic problems
Future Strategies for CA in India
More area under laser levelling up to 2017
50 per cent area to be bought under CA
12 per cent of the total area under zero tillage up to 2014
Diversification of more area from rice to wheat
Relay cropping of wheat in 50 per cent of cotton area
FAO strategic objectives 2010-2019
Population Growth
Higher life expectancy, better nutrition demand
Pressure on natural resources
Demand on multiple agricultural outputs
Residue retention for nutrient cycling, soil moisture retention, reduced transpiration
Promote surface residue retention
Better weed management practices
Cultivar choices for CA
Promote public- private partnership for CA
Mapping of problematic soils and link to CA
Conclusion CA conserve and improves available natural resources for
sustainability.
It restores soil degradation and increases soil fertility.
It reduces the pollution ( Soil, Water and Air).
It gives more return to the farmers.
Food quality is maintained
“We know more about the
movement of the celestial bodies
than about the soil underfoot ”
Da vinci
THANK YOU