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2. CONSCIOUSNESS 3. CONSCIOUSNESS William James (1890): Consciousness is a constantly moving stream of thoughts, feelings, and emotions Consciousness can be viewed as our subjective awareness of mental events Functions of consciousness: Monitoring mental events Control: consciousness allows us to formulate and reach goals 4. GENERAL SIGNS OF AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Alterations in thinking: attention/concentration/memory/judgment, trouble distinguishing between cause and effect Disturbed time sense: time ceases to exist or goes by very quickly/very slowly. (Dreams) Loss of control: feeling helpless. (Need to do things, but just cant Left Hemisphere jumping in something is wrong!) 5. GENERAL SIGNS OF AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Change in emotional expression: emotional extremes or becoming detached/expressionless. Body image change: Boundaries between oneself and ones environment is blurred. Parts of the body may seem strange/heavy/awkward. Perceptual distortions: Seeing sound, Hearing color, also hallucinations. 6. GENERAL SIGNS OF AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Attaching increased meaning to experiences: Things become so profound! Sense of the ineffable: Amnesia/vivid memories/inability to describe experiences to someone who has not undergone something similar Feelings of rejuvenation: hope/feeling light, free euphoric. Also, becoming hyper-suggestible. In Hypnotism, this the ideal state of the Hypnotee 7. ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Sensory Deprivation or constant exposure to repetitive actions: Solitary Confinement and Assembly-line daydreaming Sensory Overload: Opposite of the above, brought on by sports/ecstatic dancing/chanting, extreme pain, getting all worked up via sounds, smells, sights. Continuous focus over long periods of time: Study/work for hours on end, mind may wander/dream. 8. ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Decreased alertness: Emptying the mind, meditation, conscious relaxing of the muscles. Alterations to the Nervous System: Dehydration, sleep deprivation, hyperventilation, temporal lobe seizures (like video), recreational/prescribed drugs (e.g. Weed/Vicodin/Morphine) 9. 10 FACTS ABOUT SLEEP 10. STAGES OF SLEEP NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Stage 1 (lightest sleep) Stage 2 (deeper sleep) Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep) 11. NREM (NON-REM) SLEEP: includes Stages 1 through 4 involves lower-frequency brain waves, decreased pulse and breathing, and occasional, simple dreams 12. REM (RAPID-EYE-MOVEMENT) SLEEP: also known as paradoxical sleep involves high-frequency brain waves, increased pulse and breathing, large muscle . serves a biological need. may play a role in learning and consolidating new memories. 13. SLEEP DISORDERS Insomnia Condition of not being able to sleep Natural Remedies Exercise Avoid caffeine (including chocolate) Dimmer lights Avoid naps Wake at same time each day 14. SLEEP DISORDERS Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours Hypersomnia 12-14 hours per day plus nap 15. SLEEP DISORDER Sleep Apnea intermittently stop breathing during sleep frequent momentary awakenings usually unaware of these episodes Night Terrors mostly seen in children appearance of being terrified (fast heart rate) occur during Stage 4 not remembered when the child awakes 16. SLEEP DISORDER Nightmares anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep 17. SLEEP DISORDER Sleep Walking/Talking/Eating occur during Stage 4 (non-REM) Sleep runs in families more common in childhood usually harmless not remembered the next morning 18. HYPNOSIS Altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion Mesmer: Believed he could cure diseases by passing magnets over body; true animal magnetism (mesmerize means to hypnotize) Must cooperate to become hypnotized 19. HYPNOSIS Acid Study (Orne & Evans, 1965) hypnotized subjects told to plunge hand into acid & throw it in researchers face Next day: denied they would follow such commands control group: told to pretend they were hypnotized unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones 20. HYPNOSIS CANS AND CANNOTS Hypnosis CAN Help people relax Reduce pain Get people to make better progress in therapy Hypnosis CANNOT Produce acts of superhuman strength Produce age regression Force you to do things against your will 21. HYPNOSIS Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors has been found to be helpful for treatment of obesity addictions (drug, alcohol, smoking) do not respond as well 22. HYPNOTIC PAIN RELIEF 2 Theories Dissociation a split between different levels of consciousness example: ice bath study - dissociate the sensation of cold from the emotional suffering we define as painful Selective Attention hypnosis doesnt block sensory input, but it may block our attention to painful stimuli 23. HYPNOSIS Hypnosis as a social phenomenon: normal state of consciousness subjects feel and behave in ways appropriate for good hypnotic subjects Hypnosis as divided consciousness most researchers believe there is more to it than just being a good subject sometimes subjects carry out behaviors even if they think no one is watching brain activity areas light up as though subjects are really seeing a color 24. MEDITATION Meditation is a learned technique for focusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. During meditation, oxygen use decreases, heart rate and blood pressure decline , and brain wave patterns change. 25. MANY FORMS OF MEDITATION Yoga Breathing Repeating Mantra 26. WHY MEDITATION? The key to meditation is to concentrate so thoroughly that the mediator reaches a different state of consciousness. When a person is overwhelmed with stress, life, kids, work, or anything that is making them edgy they can meditate to relieve stress. 27. BENEFITS OF MEDITATION After meditation people often report feeling thoroughly relaxed. They sometimes relate that they have gained new insights into themselves and their problems. Long term practice if meditation may even improve health because of physiological changes it produces. 28. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception 29. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS 1. Depressants: act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g. alcohol) 30. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: DEPRESANTS 31. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: STIMULANTS 2. Stimulants: act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine) 32. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: OPIATES 3. Opiates: act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin) 33. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: HALLUCINOGENS 4. Hallucinogens: produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g.marijuana) 34. EFFECTS OF THE MAJOR PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS Category Desired Effects Undesirable Effects 35. EFFECTS OF THE MAJOR PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS Category Desired Effects Undesirable Effects 36. EFFECTS OF THE MAJOR PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS Category Desired Effects Undesirable Effects 37. EFFECTS OF THE MAJOR PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS Category Desired Effects Undesirable Effects 38. Thank you for listening.