ENGLISH COMPOSITION

KELLY SIMANCA

Why do we need punctuation and connectors?

essencial writing

understand

Copulative

- And - Not only… But also…- Not… But… As well- Both… And…- No sooner… Than

examples

• Mary plays not only the guitar but also the violin. • It is hard for a student to work and study at the

same time. • Mary and Bill not only argued, but shouted at each

other as well.• Bill wants both to earn more money and to work

less. • The baker had no sooner turned off the oven than

the last customers arrived.

Disyunctive- Or...- Either… or…- Neither… nor…- Wether… or…- Or else…- otherwise

Examples• That clerk is either incompetent or too lazy

to be efficient. • The musician neither played the piano well

nor sang good songs.• Mary wondered whether to travel or to stay

and save the money. • We have to hurry up, or else we'll miss our

bus.• Leave right now, otherwise you'll be caught.

Conditionals- if- wether- unless- provided/ providing- As long as- in case

examples

• What shall we do, if they don't accept the offer?

• I don't know whether they will agree on that subject.

• Don't go there unless they call you. • We'll go fishing this afternoon, provided it

doesn't rain. • You can borrow my car providing you return

it today. • You can stay here as long as you work hard. • We will take our umbrellas in case it rains.

Concessive….

- Although/though/even though - Even if - Not even if - Despite/ in despite of - Regardless of

examples• Although Jack is not very tall, he is excellent at

basketball. • She decided to go to work, though she was not

feeling well.• I will finish the project by tomorrow, even if I have

to work all night. • It was a great match in spite of the bad the

weather. • A patriot will defend his nation, regardless of the

consequences.

Conclusive

- Therefore- Hence- Thus- So - Consequently

Examples• I don't know her phone number, therefore I

can't call her. • Frank was raised in a farm, hence his ability

to ride horses.• She hadn't eaten for days and thus felt very

weak. • His car broke down, so he took it to a garage. • They argued all the time, consequently they

eventually got divorced.

Continuative -then -moreover -furthermore -besides -in addition to

EXAMPLES

-If you like those shoes, then why don't you buy them?-They work very hard; moreover, they do a very good job.-He is perfect for the job; furthermore, he is the only applicant.-I don't want to sell my car; besides, I need it for my job.-In addition to being a great person, the physician was an excellent professional

Adversative - but -however -nonetheless -yet / even so -still -instead -on the contrary

EXAMPLES-He spoke clearly, but I didn't understand him.-They were not having fun; however they stayed until ----the party was over.-It was very stormy; nevertheless we went fishing.-He was a very good swimmer; even so, he drowned.-Jack didn't study for the test; still he managed to pass it.-I was invited to a party on Saturday, but went to bed instead.

Causal - because - for - because of - since - - as - due to / owing to

EXAMPLES

-The baby is crying because he is hungry.-We'll have to stay home, for it is raining outside.-They stayed in because of the bad weather.-He won't understand, since he doesn't speak English.-She failed to pass the exam, as she made many mistakes.-The unemployment was high due to the economic crisis.

Comparative - as- as...as - not as...as - not so...as - as if / as though

- than

Examples-He performed the operation exactly as he was told.-His car is as fast as mine.-His second book was not so good as the first one.-They treat me as if they didn't know me.-Bill started to spend money as though he had won the lottery.-They started to have more problems than they expected.

Functional

-so -so that -so as to -so as not to -in order to

EXAMPLES

-So, tell me what you think about my new dress!-He gave her a present so that she would feel better.-We moved the table so as to have more space for dancing.-He took a nap so as not to be too tired for the party.-They left early in order to arrive in time for the movie.

Punctuation marks

, ; “” . - : ´

? !()

Comma• It is said, “It was Patrick Henry who said, Give me

liberty or give me death”

• “Lincoln was a great statesman; Grant, a great soldier.”

• The story gets off to a slow start, but it gets exciting toward the end.

• Our itinerary included Rome, London, and Madrid.

• My father, who started this company, really knows his stuff.

Apostrophe

• Instead of saying the party of Ben Ben’s party

• We met at Ben’s party. • The dog’s tail wagged rapidly.• He joined Charles’s army in 1642.• Thomas's brother was injured in the accident.

Singular nouns and most

personal names

Plural nouns that end in

“S”

• St Thomas’ Hospital• The mansion was converted into a girls’ school.• The work is due to start in two weeks’ time.• My duties included cleaning out the horses’ stables.

Also…• I’m - short for I am• he’ll - short for he will• can't = cannot; it's = it is.• didn’t - short for did not

ExceptionPlural nouns that do not end in “S”

semicolon• "The power of England relies upon the wisdom of

her statesmen; the power of America upon the strength of her army and navy.“

• "He had three defects; namely, carelessness, lack of concentration and obstinacy in his ideas." "An island

is a portion of land entirely surrounded by water; as Cuba."

• For example, besides, nevertheless, etc.

Example: I think he's right; however, it's difficult to know.

• Winners in the competition were Bill, first

place; Amy, second place; and Jeff, third place.

colon :

• The charter review committee now includes the following people: the mayor the chief of police the fire chief the chair of the town council

• “Acoustics: the Science of Sounds”

• The acting director often used her favorite quotation from

Shakespeare's Tempest: "We are such stuff as dreams are made on; and our little life is rounded with a sleep."

Not use• Her recipe for gunpowder included saltpeter, dry

oatmeal, and ground-up charcoal briquets. (no colon after "included")

• His favorite breakfast cereals were Rice Krispies, Cheerios, and Wheaties. (no colon after "were")

• Her usual advice, I remember, was "Keep your head up as you push the ball up the court." (no colon after "was")

salutation•Dear Senator Dodd:•My dear Sir: • Gentlemen: Dear Mr. Jones

• BIFF: He had the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong.HAPPY (almost ready to fight Biff): Don't say that!BIFF: He never knew who he was.

Full stop.Examples

• "Birds fly." "Plants grow." "Man is mortal.“

• Rt. Rev. T. C. Alexander, D.D., L.L.D.

• www.oup.com

Hyphen (-)

• pick-me-up, mother-in-law, good-hearted

• pre-eminent or co-own

• post-Aristotelian or pre-1900

In compound

words

To join prefixes to

other words

THE QUOTATION MARK(“ “)

What is Metacognition?

“The awareness and knowledge of one’s mental processes such that one can monitor, regulate

and direct them to a desire goal.” (Harris and Hodges, 1995)

…EXCLAMATION MARK… QUESTION MARK… PARENTHESIS