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Solar Energy is the primary source for excellence. Every year the sun radiates on the Earth 19.000 billions of TEO (tonnes equivalents oil), while the Energy annual demand is about 10 billions of TEO. In Italy the annual demand is about 190 millions of TEO. Practically all the Energy today we use, it has originated from solar radiation, including fossil fuels. The potential of energy obtained by heat derived form sun is able to satisfy good part of the thermal necessities and a share non – marginal of electric energy, and finally it is possible to have the necessary heat in the production of the biological fuels.

SOLARTHERMAL ENERGY

The quantity of solar energy that arrives on the ground is so huge, about 10 000 times more than all the energy used from the humanity, but it is not very concentrated, because it is necessary to gather energy from areas widest in order to have significant quantities and, instead, it is difficult to convert into energy easily exploitable with acceptable efficiencies. For its exploitation need technology products of high cost that now make the solar energy much expensive compared with others methods of energy production at present. The development of technologies that can make economic the use of the solar energy is a sector of the research very active but, in this moment it didn’t had revolutionary results yet.

This is a picture of the European situation regarding the use of the principal sources of alternative energy.

In Italy the principal towns favourable to the installation of solar thermal power plants are in Sicilia, Sardegna, Calabria, Puglia, Basilicata and Campania. They are lands not cultivable and they’re generally located along the coast and in the level hinterland immediate.

In these sites, where the direct solar radiation reaches 1650 kWh year for square meter, it is possible to produce with the thermoelectric solar, a medium term, the 30% of electricity consumed in Italy at present. To achieve this result need an area of about 800 square kilometres (including a space between a mirror and the other): a area not big, that can be split between six countries, and into each countries, in multiple sites. The technology usable is that of the linear parabolic mirrors. To install a sufficient number to produce the 30% of the electricity consumed in Italy, need an area of about 30 square kilometres each side (including a space between a mirror and the other): a area not big, that can be split between six countries, and into each countries, in multiple sites.

SOLAR CENTRALMIRROR CENTRAL

The solar central to mirror is constituted from a field of mirrors,which attract the solar rays sending them to the boiler. The solar rays that arriving to the boiler, overheat the present water making evaporating: the vapour starts up a turbine that, connected to an alternator produce electric energy.

PHOTOVOLTAIC CENTRAL

The Photovoltaic central is constituted by a series of panels called solar cells or photovoltaic cells. In them it is present a particular element, the silicon that, suitably treated, it has the capacity to generate directly electric energy when it’s hit by sunlight. The photovoltaic cell is like a circle of 10 cm of diameter and it’s supported by many others until you obtain the quantity of electricity required.

SOLAR THERMALSolar thermal is a system able to transform the radiates energy from sun in thermal energy, usually called heat, that can be used in daily use, as for example the water heating services or the heating of the environments. In the buildings, the solar thermal systems are devices that allow capturing the solar energy, storing it and using it in various ways.They’re made from thermal solar modules commonly called solar collectors. This simple devices use the heat of the sun to heat the water for household use (shower, dish, washing machine, etc).The solar thermal system consists in the set of components whose the solar collector is one of the principal elements. The collectors allow to heat water and to use them in the best way.The minimum system consists in:

Based on how the panel does circulate the liquid inside it, the panels are divided into:• Solar collactors to natural circulation• Solar collactors to forced circulation

• solar collector •theat Exchange •ank that allows to store the hot water produced• plant engineering

FORCED CIRCULATIONSystems to forced circulation are use for production of sanity water and they’re particularly suitable for systems which integrate the heating. The solar panels have inside some tubes where slides a liquid that when it is exposed to the sun gets heat. A controller measures the temperature reached by the liquid and that of water contained inside the tank. If the liquid into the panels è more hot than water contained in the tank, the controller starts a pump that pushes the liquid into the circuit with the objective of to pass trough an internal coil to the tank. Trough the coil there is the passage of heat from liquid to the water of the tank, that arrives in the circuit of the house’s sanitary water.Advantages: high efficiency, with minimum visual impact from the moment that the tank staying within a boiler room.

NATURAL CIRCULATIONThe natural circulation systems are systems suitable to the production of sanitary water. They’re characterised by a tank on the top of the solar panel. The rays of the sun heats the liquid contained into the tubes of the solar panel, this goes up in a natural way until reaching the tank. Here the liquid gives heat to internal water to tank that, heated, enters into the sanitary hydraulic circuit of the house.

Advantages: •limited cost, •don’t use circulatory or other electric elements.

Environmental benefits: are multiple and go from emissions absent of carbon dioxide, sulphur,nitrogen oxides and dust as well asheat. The collectors help to don’tincrease the planet heating, whichnow reached critics levels in recentyears.

ADVANTAGESSolar water heating is a renewable energy source non polluting substances enter and is at no cost.

Solar water heating require large areas for the installation of the panels, high cost of the plants, due to a poor diffusion of technology.

DISADVANTAGES