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Cold war based on space presentation • This is a compilation work taken from different sources. This presentation has been complied by Bandile Kabini

Coldwar

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Page 1: Coldwar

Cold war based on space presentation

• This is a compilation work taken from different sources. This presentation has been complied by

Bandile Kabini

Page 2: Coldwar

ColdwarColdwar

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Iron Curtain• Eastern communist

vs. Western capitalist• “From Stettin in the

Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent”

—Winston Churchill, 1946

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Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston

Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those Those

communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from

the the West. West.

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Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw was the communist capital of Poland

• USSR

• East Germany

• Poland

• Romania

• Czechoslovakia

• Bulgaria

• Hungary

• Albania

CO

MM

UN

IST

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“HOT” WARS IN THE “COLD WAR”

• Containment – try to stop the spread of communism

• USSR or China supported nations during civil wars in hopes of spreading communism – military aid, training and equipment

• United States sided with the opposition to the communist party to prevent the spread of communism– military aid, training and equipment

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The Cold War Era The Cold War Era

1949-19891949-1989

What really happened?What really happened?

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The Cold War

Suspicions • WW2 end with German invasion in June 1941. Western allies

entered Germany from the west and the Soviet Union from the east. This was a collaborated effort.

• Stalin suspicion believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to allow the Soviets to bear the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany in order to step in at the last moment and shape the peace settlement.

• Soviet perceptions of the West created their hostility towards the Allied powers.

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What was the Cold War?

• Rivalry between the communist USSR (and its allies) and the democratic, capitalist USA (and its allies) between 1949 and 1989

• Both sides contributed to wars in other countries to gain allies.

• The main danger from conflicts during the Cold War was nuclear weapons!!!

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The Cold War

Conflicting Ideologies • Joseph Stalin consolidated territorial gains (war winnings)

and started to spread communism. Advocated communism world domination.

• Organized the Communist Information Bureau (CONIFORM) to encourage communism

• KGB was created and used for Intel.

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The Cold War

Conflicting Ideologies • Harry S. Truman wanted to preserve capitalism.• Truman Doctrine was formed for the free people.• Idea of containment was initiated• The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was

created.

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This period in history will be This period in history will be remembered for many remembered for many

events such as the one I events such as the one I have mentioned belowhave mentioned below

1.1. The space raceThe space race

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Questions and Answers

What was the Space Race? What was the Space Race? • Exploration and an adventure. • Political event of scientific and technological

challenge• International competition of prestige and

power• Race launched satellites, probes, and aircrafts.

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Questions and Answers

Why did it start?• Cold war competitors raced to space to in

effort to acquire international prestige.• win loyalty around the world. • Gain military control of outer space.• Demonstrate the superiority of the political-

economic system.

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Questions and Answers

Who was involved?

• The two Superpowers after WW2. The two Superpowers after WW2.

• Pace Setters of the race.Pace Setters of the race.• Other nations such as France joined the race Other nations such as France joined the race

not to win, but to place.not to win, but to place.

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The Cold War

Cold War lead into a Space Race as a Arms Race.• As Soviets adjusted to peace in central Europe and

spreading communism, United States was still fighting in the Pacific.

• The dropping of the atomic bomb in Japan demonstrated the power of this new weapon and in part a warning to Stalin.

• United States lead the Arms Race by having 34 nuclear explosions, followed by the Soviet Union which had 3, and the United Kingdom that had 1.

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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky(1857-1935)

o A Russian school teacher, developed the basic theory of rocket propulsion.

o Developed a series of sophisticated wind tunnels, late 1890s

o Analysis of rocket behavior under zero gravity

o Studied the stratosphereo Solved the problem of landing on planets

lacking atmosphereso Founded the theory of interplanetary

navigationo Showed the possibility of reaching orbital

velocities and interplanetary flight o Studied the problems with Earth’s artificial

satelliteso Studied medical and biological issues with

long term space flight

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Robert Hutchings Goddard(1882-1945)

o Worcester Polytechnic Institute of Clark University,1908 Graduate Studies Received his Doctorate Taught physics Conducted rocketry experiments

o 1914, two U.S. patents for liquid fueled rocket engines

o Experimented with various nozzle designso Experiments showed that rockets could work in

a vacuumo Designs were very primitive yet set the path for

future liquid fueled rocket success o Launched the world’s first successful rocket on

March 16, 1926 in Massachusetts

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Hermann Oberth (1884-1989)

o Pursued studies in Astronautics o Conducted experiments to simulate

weightlessness o Worked out a design for a long-range liquid

fueled rocket o Published:

The Rocket into Interplanetary Space, 1923 mathematically explained how a rocket

could escape Earth’s gravitational pull using stages

Ways to Space Flight, 1929 described the development of electric and

ion propulsion o Liquid-propellant rocket, patent in 1931 from

the Romanian Patent Officeo His assistant was Werner von Braun

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Wernher von Braun

World War 2• German rocket scientist, designed V-2

rockets.• V-2 rockets carried warheads (missiles)

against enemy targets.• Worked on 140 different missiles including

cruise missiles and radio controlled missiles. • Several V-2 rockets and documents were lost

to the United States, the production plant at Peenemunde went to the Soviets, and the remaining legacy of the V-2 went to France and Great Britain.

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The Rocket Program

• Soviets were familiar with rockets and used rocket-artillery units on the Eastern Front.

• Reopened Peenemnde as a rocket test center and assigned East German scientists, engineers, and factory workers to work on rockets and missiles.

• Their rocket program was lead by Sergei Korolov and they improved on the already advanced German V-2 rocket missiles.

• 5 years after WW2, they had nuclear bombs, ballistic and long range missiles, while developing powerful rockets - a high threat to the United States.

In August 1957 they launched the world’s first intercontinental ballistic missile. A news agency reported that “no part of the earth is too far away: strategic air forces are obsolete.”

• Rocket and missile programs were military sponsored.

• Missile ranges for testing were built in New Mexico, California and Florida.

• The Air force established a program called Project Paperclip whereby German scientist and engineers could come to the U.S to live and work on improvements for the V-2 rocket. This team had 82 members including Werner Von Braun.

Ultimately, the military relied upon bombers to deliver their conventional and nuclear weapons and thus had a under developed rocket program in comparison to the Soviets.

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Satellites

The official start of the Space Race

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Soviet Union Leads the RaceThem Bitches

The Sputnik 1 Satellite– October 4, 1957

• Soviet Union launches the first man-made satellite into space.

• Begins the Space Race• 184 pounds• Orbits Earth every 96 minutes and

transmitted radio signals for 21 days.• Important propaganda victory for the

Soviet Union and their leader, Nikita Krushchev.

• Many Americans viewed the Sputnik as a symbol for delivering nuclear weapons.

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Sputnik 2: First Crew in Space• Launched November 3,

1957• several compartments

for radio transmitters, a programming unit, a temperature control system for the cabin, and several scientific instruments

• 1 person crew - Dog named Laika. (FYI, he’s still out there)

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American Pride

The achievements of the Soviets were blows to American national pride and raised questions about its presumed supremacy in science. The American space program developed rapidly after the Sputnik launch and transformed the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the civil National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Aviation was now aerospace and the race was to see who’s achievements went out furthest.

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John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy• John F. Kennedy was the President

of the United States at the time of the Space Race and was very involved with it.

• "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth….We have a long way to go in the space race. We started late. But this is the new ocean, and I believe the United States must sail on it and be in a position second to none.”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQOu0IAdgaA

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Achievements

September 14 , 1959 The Soviet probe

Luna 2 became the first spacecraft to reach the moon.

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Achievements

April 12, 1961Soviet cosmonaut

Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space and the first person to orbit the Earth.

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Achievements

May 5, 1961Astronaut Alan

Shepard in a Mercury capsule called Freedom 7 reached suborbital space and became the first American in space.

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AchievementsJune 16, 1963Selected because of

her parachute skills, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshova in Vostok 6 became the first women in space.

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Achievements

June 3, 1965Edward H. White

became the first American to walk in space, to complete an extravehicular activity (EVA) when he exited Gemini 4.

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AchievementsFebruary 3, 1966The Soviet probe

Luna 9 made the first soft landing on the moon.

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Achievements

July 20, 1969Neil Armstrong became

the first human to set foot on another celestial body. Apollo 11 fulfilled President Kennedy’s Challenge of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely back to earth.

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End of the Cold War • 1985 - Mikhail Gorbachev = Soviet Premier (Communist Party Secretary, Head of

State). • He began a program with two major changes:

– Glasnost: political openness (freedom of speech and of the press)– Perestroika: economic restructuring (citizens can own their own business)

• Caused:– greater freedom of speech- publications and individuals could say what

they thought without fear of arrest– political prisoners were released, since their “crimes” of speaking against

the government were no longer illegal– inflation skyrocketed and black markets flourished – multi-party elections began

• 1989 Gorbachev repudiated the Brezhnev Doctrine. • 1989 = “Year of Miracles.”

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“Collapse of the Soviet Union”• Communist Party in the Soviet Union lost a majority in the elections in June

1991.

• Boris Yeltsin – elected as Head of State in the newly renamed “Russian Soviet Federated Soviet Republic.”

• September 6: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declared independence.

• December 1: Ukraine declared independence

• By December 8, 1991 all 15 republics of the “former Soviet Union” were independent.

• On December 26, 1991 the USSR was officially dissolved and…THE COLD WAR WAS OVER!