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Climate Change Actions

Slide show © R.Newell and J.Moine 2008

In the near future we will email you offeringdetails to supplement this presentation

Don’t worry if this presentation hastoo much small print or is too fast!

“The scientific evidence is now overwhelming: climate change is a serious global threat, and it demands an urgent global response.” Lord Stern 2006

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Index

Physics & Chemistry of Climate Change

Effects of Climate Change

Costs of Climate Change

Geographical Information and use of it

Some International Meetings

Local Authority Measures

Climate Change Bill 2008

Carbon trading / offsetting

Reducing Carbon Emissions – Some Actions

Reducing Carbon Emissions – Some Websites

The Way Forward

1 Climate Change Actions2 Overview3 Climate Change Exists? Largely man-made?4 Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gases5 Why Carbon Footprint?6 Effects of Climate Change - Global7 Temperature Rise Impacts – Happening Now8 UK Impacts from 4oC Rise and Now9 The Real Costs – Stern Review 200610 Geographic Information is Essential to Meet the … Challenges11 Geographic Intelligence12 The role for Geographic Information – Energy Consumption13 GPS & Aerial Imagery Leading to Action Areas …14 Aims, Actions, Signs of Success15 Some International Meetings16 After the Kyoto Protocol17 Local Authority Measures18 Climate Change Bill 2008 – Overview 19 Climate Change Bill 2008 – Targets 20 Climate Change Bill 2008 – Committee on Climate Change 21 Climate Change Bill 2008 – Enabling Powers 22 Climate Change Bill 2008 – Other measures to reduce emissions23 Carbon Trading / Offsetting24 Reducing Carbon Emissions – Home & Travel Websites25 Reducing Carbon Emissions – School and Office Websites26 Reducing Carbon Emissions at Home27 Reducing Carbon Emissions in Food28 Reducing Carbon Emissions in Waste29 Reducing Carbon Emissions in Cars 30 Reducing Carbon Emissions in Organisation31 Individual Energy Generation for Organisation and Home32 The Way Forward

Slide show © R.Newell and J.Moine 2008

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Climate Change Exists? Largely man-made?

No time now to review evidence. But:- See the news, internet, books etc. Consider who you trust e.g. Transport/oil companies or

United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Still sceptical? See website http://gristmill.grist.org/skeptics

Evidence for climate change includes:- Satellite Data. Radiosondes (atmospheric values from weather balloons). Borehole analysis. Glacial melt observations. Sea ice melt. Sea level rise. Proxy Reconstructions (e.g. past 500-2,000 years). Permafrost melt (20% of earth’s land mass is below 0oC).

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Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide CO2 produced largely by burning fossil fuels & destroying forests.Methane CH4 produced by animals and swamps.Nitrous oxide N2O produced by microbial processes on land and in water

Others include: Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs, Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, Perfluorocarbons PFCs, Sulphur hexafluorideIndirect SF6, Carbon monoxide CO, Non-methane volatile organics,Nitrogen oxides NOX, Sulphur oxides SOX

Global Warming Potential depends on various factors.Greenhouse gases prevent some heat escaping into space

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10 tonnes of CO2

Why Carbon Footprint?

Carbon(coal, oil, wood, etc)

Carbon Dioxide CO2

Energy for Business, industry, Agriculture, public sectorResidentialTransport, etc.

Burn

Many websites help you calculate your Carbon footprint, by asking your annual usage of electricity, gas, oil, etc.

Remember to include your proportion from goods and services that you buy and use. China’s exports Carbon footprint = one third of China’s total Carbon footprint = Germany plus France plus UK total Carbon footprint.

Your Carbon footprint is how muchCarbon you use or (multiply by 44/12)

Carbon Dioxide you produce.

The average UK person’s annualCarbon footprint is approximately

Madonna >1,000 tonnes. American 20t. Ethiopian 0.07t. World average 4t.

The Earth can sustain 0.8 tonnes.Source www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=851

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Effects of Climate Change - Global

Sea level rise – Small rise Densely settled coastal plains become uninhabitable.

Impacts on agriculture - Major effects on agricultural productivity.

Reduction of ozone layer – More cancer, damage plants & plankton (crucial to aquatic life).

Increased extreme weather - More droughts & floods, frequent & stronger storms.

Spread of diseases - Diseases spread to areas previously too cold for them.

Ecosystem change - Most organisms moving towards the North and South Poles.

(Source www.carboncalculator.co.uk/effects.php)

Source www.climateark.org/overview/)

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Temperature Rise Impacts – Happening Now

Source www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/econ_summary_cc.pdf IPCC 2001bi; IPCC 2001aii; Watkiss et al. 2005iii. The climate change scenarios cited here are B1 (2.3º in 2100), B2 (3.0º), and A1F1 (4.8º) from IPCC 2001

0.6º • More frequent extreme weather events, more floods, more droughts, more heat waves;

• A slow pole-ward migration of plant and animal species, with less mobile and less adaptable species increasingly at risk of extinction.

2º • More tropical diseases over a wider geographical area;

• Decreased crop yields in the developing world and, as a result, widespread hunger;

• Many communities facing serious water stress and widespread droughts;

• A total loss of arctic ice and the extinction of many arctic species;

• A near total loss of coral reefs due to “bleaching;”

• And perhaps the onset of the complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet, slowly but unstoppably raising sea levels by 7 m over the course of the next 3000 years.

3º • Decreasing crop yields in the developed world and decreasing world food supplies;

• Widespread species extinctions and desertification;

• The wholesale collapse of the Amazon ecosystem;

• The complete loss of all boreal and alpine ecosystems.

4º • Entire regions will have no agricultural production whatsoever and the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet will gradually increase sea levels by 5 to 6 m (in addition to the increase from the loss of the Greenland ice sheet).

>4º • There is a 50-50 chance that the ocean’s circulation system will shut down, removing the crucial currents that warm and stabilize the climate of Northern Europe.

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UK Impacts from 4oC Rise and Now

More droughts

40% less rain in summer

More heatwaves more deaths, fewer crops

flooding

Source and many other effects: Friends of the Earth Oct.2006 www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/econ_summary_cc.pdf

30% more rain in winter

More floods

1.8M people risk coastal flooding

Thames Barrier

risk

overheating

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The Real Costs – Stern Review 2006

If we don’t act, the costs will be in the range of 5% to 20% or more of global GDP each year. Costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to avoid worst impacts of climate change would be around 1% of global GDP by 2050.

“The benefits of strong, early actionon climate change outweigh the costs”

“Costs of mitigation of around 1% of GDP are small relative to the costs and risks of climate change that will be avoided”

By year 2100, a 4oC increase in global temperatures would cause economic damage ~$20 trillion per year, ~8% of global economic output at that time. However, action now to limit the rise to 2 degrees would eliminate over half of this damage at far lower cost. $20 trillion may be a major underestimate as it only includes the impacts which are easier to measure. (1 trillion = 1 million million)

Problems around the world cause major costs & social problems in UKe.g. Environmental refugees, more expenditure on aid, food prices.

GDP = Gross Domestic Product = consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports − imports)

£

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Geographic Information is Essential to Meet the Climate Change Challenges

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and 3D building data can provide accurate terrain level information to enable planning to create sustainable resilient communities in a changing climate.

Data

Information

Action plans

Spend now

Reduce later cost

Individual

Local

National

InternationalUniv.of Sussex Chichester Lecture Theatre

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Geographic Intelligence

Geographic intelligence is fundamental, necessary and essential.

Information should be accurate, timely, intelligent & fit for purpose.

Identify & measure significant aspects of climate change.

It can suggest relevant actions to achieve proper outcomes.

Health, legal, building,…,professionals need this information.

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The role for Geographic Information –Energy Consumption

The GeoInformation Group, Alun Jones 01223 88 00 77, alunj@citiesrevealed. www.citiesrevealed.com

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Aerial Imagery Leading to Action Areas forA Sustainable Community

Energy Efficiency

Flood Risk Planning

Creating High Quality Environments

Engagement with citizensLocal & National Awareness

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Aims, Actions, Signs of Success

ENVIRONMENTAL AIM

ACTIONS REQUIRED SIGNS OF SUCCESS

Tackling and adapting to climate change

Reducing energy consumption

Planning for future on the basis of a changing climate

Preventing fuel poverty, increasing energy efficiency in social housing

Mitigating the impact of flooding in local plans

CO2 reduction in Local Authority buildings

Community resilienceReductions in Fuel poverty

Community resilience

Protecting Natural Resources

Managing open spaces to provide high quality environments

Use local strategic plans to deliver land use priorities

Recognising value of living environments in regeneration policies

Improved local environment and biodiversity

Improving the Local Environment

Strategic planning

Engagement with citizens

Improving local environmental quality

Improved local environmental quality

ClimateChange_AlunJonesWhitePaper_A.pdf DEFRA & LGA Joint Environmental Prospectus July 2007

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Some International Meetings

1987 - Montreal Protocol Reduce fluorocarbons. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (U.N.)

1992 - Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit.

1994 - U.N. Framework Convention on Climate ChangeNo targets or timelines (big disappointment) but key point is ultimate objective to stabilise climate in a way to prevent dangerous human activities interference with climate system and allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate which maintained food production capability and enabled sustainable economic development. It established international equity with differentiated responsibilities & capabilities which are now in the Kyoto Protocol.

1997 - Kyoto Protocol Became International Law 2005. To be replaced 2012.Required developed nations to cut emissions of greenhouse gases.EU was assigned 8% target reduction – ranging from Denmark & Germany 29% reduction to Luxembourg 20% increase, all compared to 1990 levels.Annex 1 countries that exceed targets can buy allowances from another Annex 1 country that is doing better than its target.So far, from 1990 to 2004 UK has reduced 14.3%, EU by 0.6%.

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After the Kyoto Protocol

A single global plan or an array of decentralised alliances?

Best timeframes to consider actions?

What types of commitment?

Should it be shared between developed and developing countries?

How should it be enforced?

National, regional and local schemes

Renewable transport fuels obligation

A range of objectives

2009 – Copenhagen

2012 – Kyoto Protocol to be replaced

4 years left to get on the right climate track! Don’t just sit there.Do something!

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UK Local Authority Measures

The Government’s Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Act 2006commits to produce an Energy Measures Report contain informationon measures that local authorities (LAs or LGAs) can take in order to:

• Improve Energy Efficiency; • Increase the Levels of Micro-generation; • Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions;• Reduce the number of Households living in Fuel Poverty.

The report will also make clear the link with Adaptation to Climate Change. (This has been Further Emphasised through DEFRA’s Joint Environmental Prospectus July 2007.)

The GeoInformation Group, Alun Jones 01223 88 00 77, alunj@citiesrevealed. www.citiesrevealed.com

www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2006/20060019.htm Alun Jones’ White Paper

With Ambitious Targets like these and Challenges set at the Strategic Level LAs Need More Intelligent Means of Measuring, Monitoring and Managing Improvements in their Efforts to Tackle Global Warming. The Environmental Prospectus sets out the three high level Environmental Aims and Key Actions and these will be reflected in the New Performance Frameworks for both LGAs and National Government.

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Climate Change Bill 2008 – Overview

Targets

Committee on Climate Change

Enabling Powers

Reporting requirements

Adapting to climate change impact

Other measures to reduce emissions

(Royal assent due Autumn 2008)

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Climate Change Bill 2008 –Targets

Targets will be reviewed, based on a report from the new independent Committee on Climate Change on whether it should be stronger, and implications of including other emissions from international aviation & shipping in the target.

5-year carbon budgets, which will set binding limits on carbon dioxide emissions ensuring every year’s emissions count. Three successive carbon budgets (= 15 years) will always be in law, backed by strong annual accountability and independent scrutiny. 

Emission reductions purchased overseas may be counted towards the UK’s targets. They can be achieved cost effectively, with potential for investing in low carbon technologies abroad and action within the UK.

Central Government requires from Local Authorities a reduction in CO2 emissions of 26% to 32% by 2020 and 60% by 2050 (1995 benchmark).Other possible targets are 20% reduction by 2010, 60%-80% by 2050.

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Climate Change Bill 2008 –Committee on Climate Change

It will take into account a range of factors including environmental, technological, economic, fiscal, social and international factors, as well as energy policy, when giving its advice.

It will report by 01-Dec-08, at the same time as it is due to advise the Government on the first three five-year carbon budgets (2008-12, 2013-17, 2018-22).

A Committee on Climate Change is being set up as an independent, expert body to advise the Government on the pathway to the 2050 target and to advise specifically on: the level of carbon budgets; reduction effort needed by sectors of the economy covered by trading schemes, and other sectors; and on the optimum balance between domestic action and international trading in carbon allowances.

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Climate Change Bill 2008 –Enabling Powers

The Bill contains enabling powers to introduce new trading schemes, such as the Carbon Reduction Commitment, through secondary legislation.

This increases the policy options which Government could use to stay within budgets and meet emissions targets, while maintaining the need for thorough analysis, consultation and scrutiny of proposals before a new scheme is introduced.

National Indicators for environmental sustainability include:-

185 CO2 reduction from Local Authority operations

186 Per capita CO2 emissions in the LA area

187 Tackling fuel poverty – people receiving income based benefits living in homes with a low energy efficiency rating

188 Adapting to climate change

189 Flood and coastal erosion risk management

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Climate Change Bill 2008 –Other measures to reduce emissions

We will use the Bill to enhance the operation of the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO), which is expected to deliver significant carbon savings from the road transport sector by increasing the use of biofuels.

 

We will also use the Bill to provide a power to pilot local authority incentive schemes for household waste minimisation and recycling - Waste Strategy for England 2007: incentives for recycling by households

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Carbon Trading / Offsetting

The Climate Change Bill 2008 commits every organisation using more than 6,000 megawatts of energy per annum to a 20% emission reduction by 2010. The government’s plans are to extend these reductions to 60% – with a possible extension to 80% – by 2050. The immediate threshold will be ~5,000 UK firms. Failure to comply will attract penalties of £70 per tonne of carbon.

A typical 1,000 staff organisation failing Climate Change Bill 2008 requirements could incur fines more than £274,000.

Go to website of offsetting organisation (Oo).

Work out emissions for an activity (e.g. a flight).

Oo will charge a fee, ~£15 per tonne of CO2.(e.g. London to New York flight £25 to neutralise,or typical year of efficient car driving £42 to neutralise)

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Reducing Carbon Emissions –Home & Travel Websites

At home:-www.carbonoffsettinguk.co.uk/reduce-and-offset-your-carbon.php

www.carbonfootprint.com/minimisecfp.html

www.carbonfootprint.com/insulation.html

http://www.carbonfootprint.com/plantingtrees.html

www.carboncalculator.co.uk/reductions_home.php

www.carboncalculator.co.uk/reductions_food.php

www.carbonfootprint.com/minimisecfp.html www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/what_can_i_do_today/reduce_waste/tips_to_reduce_waste

www.direct.gov.uk/en/Environmentandgreenerliving/Greenershopping/DG_064421

www.carbonfootprint.com/energyconsumption.html

www.carbonfootprint.com/recycling.html

www.direct.gov.uk/en/Environmentandgreenerliving/Wasteandrecycling/DG_064367

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/home_improvements/home_insulation_glazing

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/generate_your_own_energy/types_of_renewables

Travel:- (to school, work, holidays, hospitals, etc)www.carboncalculator.co.uk/reductions_transport.php

www.carbonfootprint.com/minimisecfp.html

www.carbonfootprint.com/cartravel.html

www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/what_can_i_do_today/smarter_driving

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Reducing Carbon Emissions –School and Office Websites

At School:-www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications/publicationdetail.htm?productid=CTV019

www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications/publicationdetail.htm?productid=CTV037

www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications/publicationdetail?productid=ECG073

At Office:-www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications/publicationdetail.htm?productid=CTG001

www.carbontrust.co.uk/energy

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Reducing Carbon Emissions at Home

Turn your water heating down.Insulate your hot water tank.Take holidays closer to home.Add double glazing.Store foods correctly to reduce waste.Use energy saving light bulbs.Look out for the carbon label .Turn central heating down - (1oC saves >£40 per year).Turn electrical appliances off, don’t use the standby button.Only boil the amount of water needed when making a drink.Put clothes out to dry rather than using a tumble dryer.Use rechargeable batteries – (takes more energy to make battery than it contains).

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Reducing Carbon Emissions in Food

Reduce your consumption of meat

Don't buy bottled water if your tap water is safe to drink (especially if it has been shipped from far away)

Buy local fruit and vegetables, or even try growing your own

Don't buy fresh fruit and vegetables which are out of season, they may have been flown in

Try to buy products made closer to home (look out and avoid items that are made in the distant lands)

Where was this fish caught?Where was it tinned?Carbon footprint of travel?Carbon footprint of canning staff?

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Reducing Carbon Emissions in Waste

Note the day/dates your recycling is collected.

Recycle waste from all bins in your house. See www.recyclenow.com

A third of the food we buy in the UK ends up being thrown away, so keep your fridge, freezer & cupboard stocked with long shelf-life food. (See www.lovefoodhatewaste.com)

Make compost.

Eliminate junk mail using Mail Preference Service (www.mpsonline.org.uk/mpsr/)

Use products with a longer life, such as energy saving light bulbs, which can last around ten times longer than standard bulbs.

Buy more concentrated versions of detergents.

Reuse plastic bags as often as you can.

Donate unwanted items such as clothes, books, CDs and furniture to charity shops or join a gift community such as Freecycle (www.freecycle.org).

Use energy saving products (see www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/energy_saving_products).

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Reducing Carbon Emissions in Cars

Keep the vehicle properly serviced.

Check tyre pressures at least once a fortnight.

Avoid carrying unnecessary weight in the boot.

Plan the journey, so you don't get lost and waste fuel.

Try to avoid congested areas.

For local travel consider leave the car at home and walk, cycle or use public transport

When starting up, there is no need to allow the engine to warm up.

Avoid using air conditioning if possible, as this uses more fuel

Drive with the windows closed, as this reduces drag on the vehicle

Switch off engine if likely to be stationary for more than 2 minutes

On motorways keep a good distance from cars in front to avoid unnecessary braking

When replacing your car, look for the most carbon efficient (i.e. with a low gCO2/km figure) or with a high mpg.

Car not bon

Try to avoid sudden acceleration, engine revving, and sudden braking – this can use up to 30% more fuel and increase wear and tear of the vehicle

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Reducing Carbon Emissions in Organisation

Almost half a billion pounds is wasted — equivalent to 2.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions are generated every year when appliances are left on stand-by.

For every 1ºC that your building is overheated, up to 10% is added to your heating costs.

A 20% cut in energy costs is equivalent to a 5% increase in sales in most businesses.

Energy costs can usually be reduced by 10% — often by 20% — by simple actions.

Compressed air leaking through a small (5mm) hole could cost up to £14,000 per year.

Motors can consume their purchase price in energy costs in just a few weeks.

Heating and hot water can account for up to 60% of building’s energy use, most wasted.

Ensure heating and air conditioning are not switched on at the same time.

Office equipment is 15% of current energy use, will double over the next fifteen years.

Switch off unused equipment & enable energy saving, energy consumption could be reduced by 70%.

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Individual Energy Generationfor Organisation and Home

Biomass

Heat pumps

Small scale hydro

Small scale wind

Solar PhotoVoltaic

Solar water heating

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The Way Forward

Climate problems are pushing the world to catastrophe.

By establishing a carbon budget and an environmental balance sheet, we can avert economic and environmental disaster.

The 2008 Climate Change Bill will help pull the world back from the brink of chaos with a low carbon economy and a stable future for organisations.