Clauses presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx

LANE 334 -EA: Syntax

2011 – Term 2

MAIN CLAUSE

SUBORDINATE

CLAUSES

By:

Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/

http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com

CLAUSES

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CLAUSES

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

3/16/2011 2Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

• A clause is a group of related words

containing a and a .

• It is different from a in that a

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• It is different from a in that a

phrase does not include a subject

and a verb relationship.


CLAUSECLAUSE

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SUBORDINATE SUBORDINATE

CLAUSECLAUSEMAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE


• Main clauses are .

•Every main clause will follow this pattern:

subject + verb = complete thought.

e.g. Tom shouted.

Tom = subject; shouted= verb.

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Tom = subject; shouted= verb.

•The important point is that every sentence

must have at least one main clause.


: A clause

that can stand by itself and still make

sense. An independent clause could

be its own sentence, but is often part

of a larger structure, combined with

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of a larger structure, combined with

other independent clauses and with

dependent clauses.


INDEPENDENT CLAUSES can come at

the end or at the beginning of a

sentence.

1.

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1. After mother got home, she went to

bed.

2. She sang a song when it was her

turn.Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES Have a subject

and predicate which contains a predicator

(verb), and makes sense all by itself.

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1. [[Many people] [have been suffering]]

2.[[The clouds] [gathered quickly]]


INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: Expresses a

complete thought. It can stand alone

as a sentence.

1. [The doorbell rang]

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1. [The doorbell rang]

2. [She smiled down on the children]

3. [The turkey was hot and juicy]


An independent clause can function as a sentence by

itself or as part of a sentence:

– [S John studied very hard last year] (simple

sentence)

– [s John studied very hard last year] but [s he failed

his test] (compound sentence)

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his test] (compound sentence)

NOTE:Coordinated clauses are called

and labelled them by means of SS (for

sentence/clause) in the left-hand corner.

Independent clauses are connected by a

FANBOYS: For-

And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So.

Coordinating Conjunctions


Coordinating Conjunctions

and but or yet for nor so

Conjunctions cannot be included in

the independent/main clauses.

A subordinate clause will follow this

pattern:

subordinator + subject + verb =

incomplete thought.

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e.g. He asked whether he might go

home with her.

whether = subordinator; he = subject;

go= verb.Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

are DEPENDENT CLAUSES.

A DEPENDENT CLAUSE:

• DOESN’T express a complete thought.

• CAN’T stand alone as a sentence.

• SOUNDS like something else should follow in order

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• SOUNDS like something else should follow in order

to make sense.

• MUST have a subject and a predicate that contains a

predicator (verb) otherwise it’s a phrase.


• The important point to remember about

is that they can never

stand alone as complete sentences.

• To complete the thought, you must attach each

to a main clause.

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• He closed the window because it was windy.


can come at the

end or at the beginning of a sentence.

1. She drove the car so that her


1. She drove the car so that her

brother could walk.

2. After mother got home, she went

to bed.

begin with

:

until

when

whenever

after

although

as

as if

even if

even

though

if

if only

rather than

since

so that

than

that

though


whenever

where

whereas

wherever

while

as if

as long as

as though

because

before

if only

in order

that

now that

once

though

till

unless

:

• Usually have a comma when they are found in the first part of a sentence.

•If found at the end of the sentence, there will not be any comma.


1.Before the dance, she went home.

2.The boys help out if they get to

listen to music.

• Bracketing the above constituent gives the following

result:

•• It is clear that the string ‘’It is clear that the string ‘’he might catch something’’ he might catch something’’

His aunt feared that he might catch something.

[ s [ s His aunt feared His aunt feared [ [ that he might catch somethingthat he might catch something]]]]

Application


•• It is clear that the string ‘’It is clear that the string ‘’he might catch something’’ he might catch something’’

is also an S, but what about ‘that’? The sentence is to is also an S, but what about ‘that’? The sentence is to

be bracketed as follows:be bracketed as follows:

[ [ ss11 His aunt feared His aunt feared [ X [ X that that [[ ss22 he might catch somethinghe might catch something]]]]]]

•• SS22 Is a sentence inside sentence SS11 : it is a constituent of sentence SS11..

•• the role of the role of ‘that’ ‘that’ is linkingis linking SS22 (the embedded (the embedded

sentence) sentence) to the sentence inside which it to the sentence inside which it

occurs: occurs: that that is the subordinator. The is the subordinator. The

constituent constituent X, X, compisingcompising the subordinator and the subordinator and


constituent constituent X, X, compisingcompising the subordinator and the subordinator and

SS22, S (S, S (S--bar) bar) oror S’ (SS’ (S-- prime),prime), is often is often labelledlabelled

•• It is a unit containing the subordinator and It is a unit containing the subordinator and

the subordinate clause;the subordinate clause;

•• S that S that -- SS

The element that occupies the so-called

complementiser slot (COMP slot) in front of the

sentence SS22. Thus the previous bracketing may be . Thus the previous bracketing may be

adapted as follows:adapted as follows:


[ [ ss11 His aunt feared His aunt feared [[SS that that [[ ss22 he might catch somethinghe might catch something]]]]]]

HAVE A HAVE A

NICE DAY!NICE DAY!


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Clauses presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx