Circulatory system Nov 2010

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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Introduction

Division of Circulatory Sys

Cardiovascular Sys

Components

Functions

Types of Circulation

Anastomosis

Applied Anatomy

Seq

Cont.…

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Lymphatic System

Definitions

Components

Function

Circulation of Lymph

Applied Anatomy

Other Circulations

Seq

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INTRODUCTION

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Write intro here

Introduction

Cont.…

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved

substances to and from different parts in the body. The Heart has the job of pumping these things around

the body. The Heart pumps blood and substances around

the

body in tubes called blood vessels. The Heart and blood vessels together make up the

Circulatory System.

What is the cardiovascular system?

Cardiovascular System

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lungs

head & arms

liver

digestive system

kidneys

legs

pulmonary artery

aorta

pulmonary vein

main vein

Left Right

How does this system work?

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Cardiovascular System

ComponentsHeartBloodVesselsArteries

VeinsCapillaries

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HeartA muscular pumpMoves blood through the bodyIs suspended in the pericardial sac

Composed of four chambersDivided into right and left halvesMade up of cardiac muscle cells

Aorta

Left pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Left pulmonary veins

Left ventricle

Superior vena cava

Right pulmonaryveins

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

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Pericardium

Protective sac connective tissue

Surrounds heartFilled with fluid

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Myocardium

The muscle of the heartStrong and thickComposed of spontaneously contracting cardiac muscle fibers

Can conduct electricity like nervesIt’s blood supply comes from the coronary arteries

Myocardium (heart muscle) shown in red

Epicardium(Outer surface

of myocardium)

Endocardium(Inner surface of myocardium)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Heart_myocardium_diagram.jpg

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Structures of the Heart

ChambersAtria- (2) upper chambersThin walledReceive blood from veinsSend blood to ventricles

Ventricles- (2) lower chambersThick walledReceive blood from atriaPump blood out through arteries

SeptumWall that divides heart into right and left halves

Septum

Pulmonary valve

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Aortic valve

Mitral valve

Left ventricle

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ValvesPrevent backflow of bloodKeep blood moving in one direction

Between the chambers

At junctions of artery and chamber

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonary veins

Mitral valve

Left atrium

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

Right atrium

Valves seen from above

Chordea tendinea

Pulmonary valve

http://www.delftoutlook.tudelft.nl/info/fullimage252b.html?ImageID=4075

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Structures of the HeartChordae tendinease

“Heart strings” Cord-like tendons

Connect papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valvesPrevent inversionof valvePapillary musclesSmall muscles that anchor the cords

Papillary muscle

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aortic valve

left common carotid artery

left subclavian artery

brachiocephalic artery

right pulmonary artery

septum

left pulmonary artery

aorta

pulmonary trunk

left pulmonary veins

left atrium (auricle)

mitral valve

pulmonary valve

papillary muscle

left ventricle

right pulmonary veins

superior vena cava

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

inferior vena cava

© 2006 Merriam-Webster, Inc.


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Blood Vessels

Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry blood throughout the body

Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles……2.5 times around the earth

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Blood Vessels

Have characteristic features

Are distinguished by size, tissue layers and direction of blood flow

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There are 3 types of blood vessels

a. Artery

b. Vein

c. Capillary

Blood Vessels

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Classes of blood vessels

Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart.

Veins and venules carry blood to the heart.

Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases.

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Blood Vessels

ArteriesReceive blood from ventriclesTake blood away from the heartUsually carry oxygenated bloodThickest vessel wallsWithstand greater blood pressureAre very elasticConnect to capillariesAorta is the largest artery

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ArteriolesArterioles branch off of arteries.

Arterioles can constrict to direct and control blood flow. They may, for example, increase or decrease blood supply to the skin.

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Blood Vessels

CapillariesSmallest of blood vesselsOnly one cell thick (epithelial cell)Connect arteries to veinsBring oxygen and nutrients to cellsRemoves CO2, urea, and other wastes from cellsWhere blood is under low pressure and moving slowly

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artery vein

capillariesbody cell

CapillaryA collection of capillaries is known as a capillary capillary bedbed.

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Blood Vessels

VeinsTransport blood away from capillariesCarry blood toward heartTake blood to atriaHave valvesThinner vessel walls with lesssmooth muscles

than arteriesCan stretch a great dealHave larger diametersUsually carry de-oxygenated bloodVena cava is the largest vein

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Veins

Veins have thinner walls than arteries.

Veins have fewer smooth muscle cells, but do have valves. How do valves and the skeletal muscles help veins function?

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Blood Vessels

The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only .

Calf musclerelaxed

Calf musclecontracts

Musclesqueezes veins

Veins constrict;blood moves;valves open

Veins dialated;blood still;valves closed

Valves OPEN

Valves CLOSED

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Blood Vessels

A network of capillaries runs close to the cells in every part of the body. The capillaries have very thin walls which allows nutrients to diffuse through into the tissues and waste products to filter back into the capillaries.

Arteriole Venule

Tissue cells VeinArtery capillaries

Capillaries

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Illu_capillary.jpg

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w3.uokhsc.edu

http://w3.uokhsc.edu/phar5442/Lectures/Cardiovascularexerciseeffects.html

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Blood

A circulating connective tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma .

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Blood

•What percent of your body is blood? •How much blood do we contain?

–On average 4-6 liters–We contain about a pint of

blood for every 15 pounds of body weight

•Composition of Blood:–What percent of your blood is

cellular? –What percent of your blood is

plasma?

8%

45%

55%

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what’s in

red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

plasma

carbon dioxide

digested food

waste (urea)

hormones

oxygen

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Blood

Functions of blood:Supply oxygen to tissues

Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to tissuesRemoval of wastes such as CO2

, urea and lactic acid from tissues

Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies

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Blood

•What is plasma?–A clear, straw

colored fluid–What percent

of plasma is water?

–What’s in plasma?

•Dissolved gasses•Vitamins•Minerals•Salts•Nutrients

•Enzymes•Hormones•Waste products•Plasma proteins

90%Buffy coat leukocytesand platelets(<1% of whole blood)

Erythrocytes(45% of whole blood)

Plasma(55% of whole blood)

Formedelements

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Plasma

A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.

• carbon dioxide

• glucose

• amino acids

• proteins

• minerals

• vitamins

• hormones

• waste materials like urea.

It also contains useful things like;

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Blood

•The cellular components are:

–red blood cells (erythrocytes)

–white blood cells (leukocytes)

–platelets (thrombocytes)

•Blood cells are formed in bonemarrow

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Blood

Red Blood Cell Characteristics)RBC -(Erythrocyte

Biconcave disksNo nucleusContain the iron based pigment hemoglobinwhich binds with oxygen to transport itLife span about 120 days

5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous Are very small

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Blood

How RBC’s transport oxygen....Hemoglobin .…the iron containing pigment

Hemoglobin makes red blood cells red

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Blood

White Blood Cell Characteristics)WBC -(Leukocyte

No definite shapeHave nucleusProtect body against infectionLife span varies (3 days-a few months)7,000/1mL of bloodNumbers increase ifinfection is presentLarger than RBC’s

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Blood

Types of white blood cells:

Monocytes are the largestNeutrophils are the most numerousLymphocytes are produced by the lymph tissueBasophils releasehistamines

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Blood

Types of white blood cells:

When a cell undergoes apoptosis, programmed cell death, white blood cells called macrophages consume cell debris.

The role of a macrophage is to phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens.

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Blood

Platelet Characteristics:ThrombocyteRBC fragmentsIrregularly shapedNo nucleus150,000-400,000/1mLLife span about 7-11 daysHave a sticky surfaceResponsible for blood clotting (injury healing)

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PlateletsPlatelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells.

Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

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BloodThis is an actual picture of White Blood Cells, in with some red blood cells. The platelets are stained purple, a T-Lymphocyte white cell is stained green, and a Monocyte white cell is stained gold as seen through a scanning electronmicroscope.

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BloodRed blood cells and platelets are the most numerous.

Of the leukocytes, neutrophils are the most numerous

Lymphocytes are the predominant cell type responsible for immune responses.

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Blood

BLOOD

CELL

FORMA T I

ON

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FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYS

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Functions : Circulatory System

Brings blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cellsTransports CO2 and other wastes away from cells

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Functions : Circulatory System

Fights infectionsRegulates body temperatureHelps stabilize pH and ionic concentration of body fluids.

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Types of Circulation

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Pulmonary Circuit

Systemic Circuit

Lung

Pulmonaryvein

Aorta

Left atrium

Leftventricle

Pulmonaryartery

Rightatrium

Rightventricle

Venacava

oxygen-poor blood

oxygen-rich blood

CardiovascularCircuits

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Pulmonary Circulation

Takes place on the right side of the heart.

Pumps blood low in oxygento the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to heart

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Systemic Circulation

•Takes place on left side of heart•Oxygenated blood is pumped to

the body cells thruthe aortaand otherarteries

•Blood lowin oxygenreturns to the heart

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Coronary Circulation

Although blood fills the chambersof the heart, the muscle tissue of the heart is so thick that it requires coronary blood vessels to deliver blood deepinto the myocardium .

The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart muscle itself .

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Coronary Circulation

The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries .

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Hepatic Portal System

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Hepatic Portal SystemThe liver is the only digestive organ drained by the inferior vena cava

-blood leaving the capillary beds supplied by the celiac and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries flows into the veins of the hepatic portal system

-a blood vessel connecting 2 capillary beds is a portal vessel and the network is a portal system

Venous blood that absorbs nutrients from the small intestine, parts of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas flows directly to the liver

-regulates levels of nutrients and amino acids in the circulating blood

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Hypophyseal Portal System

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Hypophyseal Portal System

The hypophyseal portal system (or hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system) is the system of blood vessels that link the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary in the brain.

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Hypophyseal Portal SystemIt allows endocrine communication between the two structures. It is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The anterior pituitary receives releasing and inhibitory hormones in the blood. Using these, the anterior pituitary is able to fulfill its function of regulating the other endocrine glands.

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Hypophyseal Portal SystemIt is one of three portal systems of circulation in the human body; that is, it involves two capillary beds connected in series by venules. The others are the hepatic portal system and that in the kidneys.[1]

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Renal Portal system

The system of veins in fish and amphibians taking blood from the region of the tail or hind limbs directly to the kidneys.

replication

the production of exact copies of complex molecules during the growth of living

organisms...

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Fetal Circulation

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Fetal Circulation

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APPLIED ANATOMY

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Circulatory System Disorders

Heart DiseaseRisk factors Older age Male genderCigarette smoking High cholesterol Diabetes Stress ObesityHeredity Physical inactivity High blood pressure

Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise mayreduce your risk of heart disease

Plaque incoronaryartery

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AtherosclerosisStarts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an arteryFatty deposits called plaquebuild up in the arteriesThis causes:Blockage in arteryLess flexible vesselsHigh BloodPressure


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Hypertension

•High Blood Pressure

Makes the heart and blood

vessels work harder

Increases the chance of heart disease, heart

attack or stroke


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Heart Attack

acute myocardial infarction Interruption of oxygen supply to the heartCauses death of the heart muscleLeading cause of death in both men and women

Coronary Blockage


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•Symptoms –Chest pain –Squeezing or heavy

pressure on chest –Pain that radiates down left

shoulder and arm–Shortness of breath –Nausea or vomiting –Anxiety or Fainting –Lightheadedness - dizziness –Palpitations (feeling like

your heart is beating too fast)

–Sweating, which may be extreme

Heart Attack


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StrokeInterruption of oxygen supply to the brainCaused by:

A clot in an artery in the brainBreakage of an artery in the brainCauses brain cells to be deprivedof oxygen and die


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Thrombotic strokeblood clot in

cerebral artery

Hemorrhagic strokeblood vessel ruptures

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•Embolism occurs when an object (usually a blood clot) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and causes a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body

•Thrombosis is the formation of a clot (thrombus) inside a blood

vessel, obstructing the flow of blood

Thrombosis/Embolism

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Hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding - the loss of blood from the bodyHemorrhage generally becomesdangerous, or even fatal, when it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume)

or hypotension (low blood pressure). Hematoma- a collection of blood due to internal bleeding (burse)

Hemorrhage

Gingival Hemorrhage

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Hem philiaA rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally The person is missing or has low levels of certain proteins in the blood called clotting factorsUsually occurs only in malesThey suffer prolonged bleedingeven with minor injuries

Bleeding can occur internally, in joints and muscles, which causes swelling and pain

Swelling in left knee joint due to spontaneous bleeding

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AnemiaA condition where there is an abnormally low number of red blood cells circulating in the body or when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen Most common disorder of the red blood cells, affecting (~) 3.5 millionAmericansThere are different kinds of anemia Iron Deficiency Vitamin Deficiency Hemolytic AnemiasSickle Cell Anemia

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Anemia

A person with anemia will feel tired, weak, breathless, and dizzy

They may have a pale complexion, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and difficulty concentrating

The severity of the symptoms is related to the severity of anemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia

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•Sickle cell trait- The person is carrying the defective gene, but also has some normal hemoglobin

•Sickle cell anemia-The person has most or all of the normal hemoglobin replaced with the sickle hemoglobin

Sickle Cell Disease

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Valvular stenosis A condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening, thickening,fusion or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

Valve Disorders

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Circulatory System DisordersAneurysm

Localized, blood-filled dilation (bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall

Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta

Can burst and lead to death at any time

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

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Lymphatic System

Introduction

Components

Circulation of Lymph

Functions

Applied Anatomy

SEQ

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Introduction The lymphatic system is closely associated with

the cardiovascular system and is comprised of anetwork of vessels that circulate body fluids

Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid awayfrom interstitial spaces between cells in mosttissues & return it to the bloodstream

Lymphatic vessels called lacteals (located in thein the lining of the small intestine) absorb fatsresulting from digestion, & then transport fats tothe circulatory system

The organs of the lymphatic system help defendagainst disease

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Components

Lymph

Lymph Vessels

Lymphoid Tissue

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Tissue and fluid becomes lymph once it has entered a lymphatic capillary; lymph formation depends on tissue fluid formation.

Tissue Fluid Formation Tissue fluid originates from blood plasma; it is

composed of H2O & dissolved substances that leave the blood capillaries by filtration & diffusion; it generally lacks proteins-can have some small proteins; as the protein concentration of tissue fluid rises,the osmotic pressure of the fluid rises

Lymph FormationRising osmotic pressure in tissue fluid interferes with return ofwater to the blood capillaries increasing pressure within interstitial spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic

Lymph

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Lymph

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Lymph FunctionLymph returns proteins that leak out of blood capillaries to the bloodstream; it also transports foreign particles, such as bacteria or viruses, to lymph nodes

Lymph

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Lymphatic Vessels

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Lymphatic Vessels

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Lymphatic Vessels

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Lymphatic Vessels

• Lymphatic collecting vesselso Collects lymph

from lymph capillaries

o Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes

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Lymphatic Vessels

Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart Right lymphatic ductThoracic duct

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Lymphatic Pathways

Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger vessels that empty into the circulatory system.

Lymphatic Capillaries are microscopic, close-ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces forming networks that parallel the networks of the blood capillaries

walls consist of single layer squamous epithelial cells which enables interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries

lymph – the fluid inside a lymph capillary

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Lymphatic Pathways

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Lymphatic Pathway:

<-lymphatic capillary->lymphatic vessel->lymph node->lymphatic

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Lymphatic Pathways

Lymphatic Vessels. walls of lymphatic vessels are thinner than walls of veins have semilunar valves to prevent backflow of Lymphlymph nodes – specialized lymph organs that are composed of a mass of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel

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Lymphatic Pathways

Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts. After leaving lymph nodes the vessels merge to form large lymphatic trunks which drain lymph & are named for the region of the body they serve:

lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, & subclavian trunks

lymphatic trunks join (are drained by) collecting ducts

The thoracic duct & the right lymphatic duct; these ducts join the subclavian veins

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Lymphatic Pathways

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Lymphatic circulationLymphatic circulation

Pulmonarycirculation

Systemiccirculation Arteries

Veins

Blood capillaries

Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphnode

Lymphaticvessel

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Lymphatic Pathways

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Lymph Tissue

3 typesLymphatic nodulesNo capsule presentOval-shaped massesFound singly or in clusters

Lymphatic organsCapsule presentLymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland

Diffuse lymphatic tissueNo capsule presentFound in connective tissue of almost all organs

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Lymphatic Node

• Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood• Defense cells within lymph nodes

o Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substanceso Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens

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Lymph nodes, which contain lymphocytes & macrophages, are located along lymphatic pathways. They fight invading microorganisms.Structure of a Lymph Node (gland)

vary in size & shape (bean-shaped) hilum – indented region of bean- shaped node,

blood vessels & nerves connect at the hilum of the lymph node

afferent vessels enter at various points on the convex surface of the node & this is how lymph enters the node

efferent vessels (lymphatic vessels) exit at the hilum of the node & lymph leaves the node through these vessels

Lymphatic Node

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Lymph nodules – structural units of the lymph node & are compartments of the node that contain dense masses of actively dividing lymphocytes & macrophages; nodules are associated with the mucous membranes of the respiratory & digestive tracts & found in tonsils, Peyer’s patches of ileum of the small intestinelymph sinuses are spaces within the node

Lymphatic Node Structure

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Lymph Node

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Lymph nodes aggregate in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels; are absent in the central nervous systemMajor locations are :Cervical AxillaryInguinalSub trochlear regions

Pelvic, abdominal & thoracic cavities

Location : Lymphatic Node

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2 primary functions:Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymphbefore returning it to the bloodstream & immune

surveillance provided by lymphocytes& Macrophages

Lymph nodes are the centers for production oflymphocytes that act against foreign particles.

lymph nodes contain macrophages that remove foreign particles from lymph

Functions : Lymphatic Node

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Other Lymphoid Organs

Several other organs contribute to lymphatic functionSpleenThymusMALTPeyer’s patchesTonsilsOthers

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Spleen

Located on the left side of the abdomenFilters bloodDestroys worn out blood cellsForms blood cells in the fetusActs as a blood reservoir

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Spleen

Largest lymphatic organLocated between the stomach & diaphragmStructure is similar to a nodeCapsule presentBut no afferent vessels or sinusesHistologyRed pulp contains all the components of circulating bloodWhite pulp is similar to lymphatic nodulesFunctionsFilters bloodStores blood

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Spleen

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Thymus

Located low in the throat, overlying the heartFunctions at peak levels only during childhoodProduces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes

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Thymus

–Location – behind the sternum in the mediastinum

–The capsule divides it into 2 lobes–Development

•Infant – conspicuous•Puberty – maximum size

•Maturity – decreases in size–Function

•Differentiation and maturation of T cells

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Thymus

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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

Includes:Peyer’s patchesTonsilsOther small accumulations of lymphoid tissueActs as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

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Lymph Nodules

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Peyer’s Patches

Found in the wall of the small intestineResemble tonsils in structureCapture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

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Tonsils

Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodulesLocation – mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities

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TonsilsPalatine tonsils Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynxPharyngeal tonsilPosterior wall of nasopharynxLingual tonsilsBase of tongue

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Tonsils

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The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries.Lymph Flowlymph needs help to flow through the lymph vesselsforces that help the flow are – contraction of the skeletal muscles, pressure changes due to the action of breathing muscles & contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatic trunks. The flow of lymph peaks during physical exercise.Obstruction of Lymph FlowConditions that interfere with lymph movement cause tissue fluids to accumulate in the interstitial spaces, producing edema. Edema can occur as a result of lymphatic tissue being removed

Lymph Movement

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Functions of Lymphatic Sys

Drain fluid from around cellsAbsorb fat from intestinesCirculate lymphFilter lymphImmunity

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Function of the Lymphatic System

Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals

2 types of defenseNonspecificSpecificSpecific defense = immunityHumoral immunity involves B cells that become plasma cells which produce antibodies that bind with specific antigens.

Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that directly destroy foreign cells

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Derivation and Distribution of Lymphocytes

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04/11/23 Dr Tayyaba Faisal Anatomy Dept AMC

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Education

Circulatory system Nov 2010