CIM

Computer-Integrated Computer-Integrated ManufacturingManufacturing

CIMCIM

Computer Integrated Computer Integrated ManufacturingManufacturing

Computer-IntegratedComputer-Integrated ManufacturingManufacturing Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Design and

ManufacturingManufacturing Numerically Controlled MachinesNumerically Controlled Machines Industrial RobotsIndustrial Robots Automated Materials HandlingAutomated Materials Handling Flexible Manufacturing SystemsFlexible Manufacturing Systems

Definition of Definition of CIMCIM by the Computer and Automation by the Computer and Automation Systems Association of the Society of Systems Association of the Society of manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME):manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME):

““CIM is the integration of the CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise total manufacturing enterprise through the use of integrated through the use of integrated systems and data systems and data communications coupled with communications coupled with new managerial philosophies new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and that improve organizational and personnel efficiency.”personnel efficiency.”

CIMCIM

CIM is the integration of all enterprise CIM is the integration of all enterprise operations and activities around a common operations and activities around a common corporate data repository. corporate data repository.

It is the use of integrated systems It is the use of integrated systems and data communications coupled with and data communications coupled with new managerial philosophies. new managerial philosophies.

What is CIM?

CIM is not a product that can be CIM is not a product that can be purchased and installed. purchased and installed.

It is a way of thinking and It is a way of thinking and solving problems.solving problems.

What is CIM?

POTANTIAL BENEFITS OF POTANTIAL BENEFITS OF CIMCIM Improved customer serviceImproved customer service Improved qualityImproved quality Shorter time to market with new productsShorter time to market with new products Shorter flow timeShorter flow time Shorter vendor lead timeShorter vendor lead time Reduced inventory levelsReduced inventory levels Improved schedule performanceImproved schedule performance Greater flexibility and responsivenessGreater flexibility and responsiveness Improved competitivenessImproved competitiveness Lower total costLower total cost Shorter customer lead timeShorter customer lead time Increase in manufacturing productivityIncrease in manufacturing productivity Decrease in work-in process inventoryDecrease in work-in process inventory

The computer has had a substantial The computer has had a substantial impact on almost all activities of a factory. impact on almost all activities of a factory.

Often, the introduction of the Often, the introduction of the computer changed the organizational computer changed the organizational structure of a department and made structure of a department and made necessary adoption of new management necessary adoption of new management structures. structures.

The Role of Computer in Manufacturing

The operation of a CIM system gives The operation of a CIM system gives the user substantial benefits:the user substantial benefits:

• Reduction of design costs by 15-30%;Reduction of design costs by 15-30%;• Reduction of the in-shop time of a part by Reduction of the in-shop time of a part by

30-60%; 30-60%; • Increase of productivity by 40-70%;Increase of productivity by 40-70%;• Better product quality, reduction of scrap Better product quality, reduction of scrap

20-50%. 20-50%.

The Role of Computer in Manufacturing

AGILE MANUFACTURINGAGILE MANUFACTURING

Globalization of markets has put Globalization of markets has put tremendous pressure on tremendous pressure on manufacturing enterprises to be manufacturing enterprises to be competitive. competitive.

To cope with competitive pressures, To cope with competitive pressures, a new paradigm in manufacturing a new paradigm in manufacturing known as known as AGILE MANUFACTURINGAGILE MANUFACTURING is is emerging.emerging.


The objective of The objective of agile agile manufacturingmanufacturing is to enable is to enable manufacturing enterprises to be manufacturing enterprises to be competitive by dynamically competitive by dynamically reconfiguring software, equipment reconfiguring software, equipment and organization structures.and organization structures.


Agility is the ability to grow and Agility is the ability to grow and succeed in an environment of succeed in an environment of constant and unpredictable changes.constant and unpredictable changes.

In recent years, the manufacturing In recent years, the manufacturing paradigm has been changing from paradigm has been changing from mass production to agile mass production to agile manufacturing.manufacturing.


The reasons of this trend change are:The reasons of this trend change are:• The strength of global competition is The strength of global competition is

increasing;increasing;• Mass markets are fragmenting to niche Mass markets are fragmenting to niche

markets;markets;• Customers expect low volume, high Customers expect low volume, high

quality;quality;• Short product life-cycles, developmentShort product life-cycles, development

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE MANUFACTURING:MANUFACTURING:

Greater product customizationGreater product customization Rapid introduction of new or modified Rapid introduction of new or modified

productproduct Advanced interenterpise networking Advanced interenterpise networking

technologytechnology Upgradable productsUpgradable products Increased emphasis on knowledgeable, Increased emphasis on knowledgeable,

highly trained workershighly trained workers Interactive customer relationshipInteractive customer relationship

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE MANUFACTURING:MANUFACTURING:

Dynamic reconfiguration of production Dynamic reconfiguration of production processesprocesses

Greater use of flexible production Greater use of flexible production technologiestechnologies

Rapid prototypingRapid prototyping An open systems information environmentAn open systems information environment Innovative and flexible management Innovative and flexible management

structuresstructures Product pricing based on value to the Product pricing based on value to the

customercustomer Commitment to the beniCommitment to the beninng operations and g operations and

product designsproduct designs

A communication network is the backbone A communication network is the backbone of an enterprise integration. Networks help to of an enterprise integration. Networks help to unify a company by linking together all the unify a company by linking together all the computerized devices irrespective of their computerized devices irrespective of their physical location. physical location.

Through networks the whole enterprise Through networks the whole enterprise can be integrated, including suppliers and can be integrated, including suppliers and customers. customers.

Communication Networks

For example, sales and marketing can For example, sales and marketing can send customer requirements for new products to send customer requirements for new products to design engineering. design engineering.

A CAD generated bill of materials can then A CAD generated bill of materials can then be transferred to “material requirements be transferred to “material requirements planning(MRP)” systems.planning(MRP)” systems.

Product design information can be Product design information can be transmitted to manufacturing for use in process transmitted to manufacturing for use in process planning. planning.

Communication Networks

There 2 main types of There 2 main types of communication networks:communication networks:

1) Telecommunication Networks;1) Telecommunication Networks;

2) Computer communication Networks.2) Computer communication Networks.

Types of Communication Networks

Telecommunication network is mainly used Telecommunication network is mainly used for voice communication.for voice communication.

Computer communication network is a Computer communication network is a system of interconnected computers and system of interconnected computers and other devices capable exchanging other devices capable exchanging information. information.

Types of CommunicationNetworks

Highlights in the History of Highlights in the History of TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

18441844 Morse sends the first public telegraph Morse sends the first public telegraph messagemessage

18761876 Telephone patent issued to Alexander Telephone patent issued to Alexander Graham BellGraham Bell

18771877 First telephone in private homeFirst telephone in private home18811881 First long-distance line, from Boston, MA, to First long-distance line, from Boston, MA, to

Providence,RIProvidence,RI18901890 Undersea telephone cable, England to Undersea telephone cable, England to

FranceFrance19151915 First transcontinental telephones call in U.S.First transcontinental telephones call in U.S.19291929 Coaxial cable invented; Herbert Hoover Coaxial cable invented; Herbert Hoover

becomes the first President with a phone becomes the first President with a phone on his on his desk.desk.

19471947 Transistor inventedTransistor invented19511951 Direct long-distance dialingDirect long-distance dialing19601960 First test of electronic switchFirst test of electronic switch19631963 Touch-tone service introducedTouch-tone service introduced19701970 Laser inventedLaser invented19761976 First digital electronic switch installedFirst digital electronic switch installed19801980 Divestiture of AT&T (Ma Bell and the baby Divestiture of AT&T (Ma Bell and the baby

bells)bells)19881988 First transatlantic optical fiber cableFirst transatlantic optical fiber cable19891989 First fiber-optic cable to the home field trial, First fiber-optic cable to the home field trial,

Cerritos, CACerritos, CA19901990 Demonstration of 2000-km links using Demonstration of 2000-km links using

optical amplifiers without repeaters.optical amplifiers without repeaters.

Network Architectures & Protocols

A communication network consists of a number components such as hardware, software and media.

A network architecture describes the components, the functions performed, and the interfaces between the components of a network.

It encompasses hardware, software, standards, It encompasses hardware, software, standards, data link controls, topologies and protocols.data link controls, topologies and protocols.



It defines the functions of, and interactions between, three types of components.

Network hardware components Network hardware components Communication software modulesCommunication software modules Application programs that use the networksApplication programs that use the networks



PROTOCOL:

Protocols in network architecture define the set of rules of information exchange between two devices(peers).

Protocols specify the message format and the rules for interpreting and reacting to messages.


Computer Network Reference Model

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model is an architecture that Reference Model is an architecture that enables different vendors’ systems, such enables different vendors’ systems, such as DECNET, SNA, TCP/IP and SINEC, to as DECNET, SNA, TCP/IP and SINEC, to communicate by using a common set of communicate by using a common set of protocols.protocols.


The reference model is based on:The reference model is based on:• The communication functions are divided into The communication functions are divided into

layers;layers;• The services to be provided by each layer are The services to be provided by each layer are

specified;specified;• Layer N+1, above layer N, uses the services of Layer N+1, above layer N, uses the services of

the latter to implement its functions;the latter to implement its functions;• Communication between the layer N and the Communication between the layer N and the

participating terminals is specified by the ISO participating terminals is specified by the ISO protocols. protocols.



TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKSTYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

Local Area NetworksLocal Area Networks (LANs)(LANs) Used to interconnect computers Used to interconnect computers within the same building or within the same building or organisation. organisation.

A LAN typically operates at speeds A LAN typically operates at speeds ranging from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps, ranging from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps, connecting several hundred devices connecting several hundred devices over a distance of up to 5 to 10 kmover a distance of up to 5 to 10 km

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) - MANs Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) - MANs are large are large LANsLANs that cover a large city or suburb. Used to that cover a large city or suburb. Used to interconnect interconnect LANsLANs within a metropolitan area. A typical within a metropolitan area. A typical

MAN operates at a speed of 1,5 to 150 MbpsMAN operates at a speed of 1,5 to 150 Mbps

Wide Area Networks (WANs)Wide Area Networks (WANs) Use common carrier facilities over Use common carrier facilities over long distances and are used to long distances and are used to connect sites and facilities over the connect sites and facilities over the countries. countries. Usually the speed between the cities Usually the speed between the cities can vary from 1.5 Mbps to 2.4 Gbps. can vary from 1.5 Mbps to 2.4 Gbps. In a WAN, the cost of transmission is In a WAN, the cost of transmission is very high, and the network is usually very high, and the network is usually owned and operated by a public owned and operated by a public networknetwork

Global Area Networks (GAN)Global Area Networks (GAN)

ththeessee are networks connections are networks connections between countries around the globe. between countries around the globe. A GAN’s speed ranges from A GAN’s speed ranges from 1.5Mbps to 100Gbps and its reach is 1.5Mbps to 100Gbps and its reach is several thousands of kilometres.several thousands of kilometres.

COMMUNICATION HIERARCHYCOMMUNICATION HIERARCHY enterprise levelenterprise level

Globally link various plants/sites and Globally link various plants/sites and interconnect corporations through electronic interconnect corporations through electronic data interchangedata interchange

plant levelplant levelConnect departments inside plantConnect departments inside plant

cell levelcell levelConnect cells inside departmentsConnect cells inside departments

equipment/device levelequipment/device levelconnect individual devices such as computers, connect individual devices such as computers, robots and NC machinesrobots and NC machines

MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING

Parallel with increasing needs for faster Parallel with increasing needs for faster communications the needs of large data storage communications the needs of large data storage capacity and fast computers is increasing also. capacity and fast computers is increasing also.

Now typical manufacturing environment, called Now typical manufacturing environment, called also as CAD/CAM/CAE environment is composed also as CAD/CAM/CAE environment is composed of of fast fast computers, centralized data storage units, computers, centralized data storage units, CNC controlled machine centers, robots etc., all CNC controlled machine centers, robots etc., all connected on the same network. connected on the same network.

On this networks either TCP/IP or specially On this networks either TCP/IP or specially designed manufacturing protocols like, MAP or designed manufacturing protocols like, MAP or TOP, are used.TOP, are used.


MAPMAPAn initiative by General Motors of The An initiative by General Motors of The United States has resulted in the selection United States has resulted in the selection of a set of protocols, all based on ISO of a set of protocols, all based on ISO standards, to achieve open system standards, to achieve open system interconnection within an automated interconnection within an automated manufacturing plant. manufacturing plant.

The resulting protocols are knows as The resulting protocols are knows as manufacturing automation protocolsmanufacturing automation protocols (MAPs)(MAPs)..



TOPTOP

In a similar way, an initiative by the In a similar way, an initiative by the Boeing Corporation (USA) has resulted in Boeing Corporation (USA) has resulted in the selection of a set of ISO standards to the selection of a set of ISO standards to achieve open system interconnection in a achieve open system interconnection in a technical and office environment. technical and office environment.

The selected protocols are known as The selected protocols are known as technical and office protocols (TOPs)technical and office protocols (TOPs). .


Flexible Manufacturing Flexible Manufacturing SystemsSystems

Out In

Tool changer

Tool changer

Indexing tables

Load/unload stations

Temporary storage areas(33 pallet spaces)

AG

V 1

AGV 2

CNC 3

AS/RS

Co

mp

ute

r co

ntr

ol

L/U L/URaw material storage(roller conveyor)

Raw

mat

eria

l s

tora

ge

(flo

or

sp

ace)

Tool changer

CNC 1 CNC 2

Out In Out In

Industrial Industrial RobotsRobots

Shoulder swivel

Pitch

Elbow extension

Yaw

RollArm sweep

Education

CIM