Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Changllenges and Goals in Chinese Education
Dr. Guizhen JinAssociate Professor
Center of Educational Research Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT)
[email protected]@sina.com
A Brief Introduction to Myself
My Work
Highlights of This Part
Brief Introductions to China and Its Education
Achievements & Difficulties in Compulsory Education
Reforms in Higher Education Chanllenges & Education in the
Future
I. A Brief Introduction to China
Location History and Culture; Scenes and
Sights Rural Areas and Urban Areas A Developing Country
Location
China and USA
64% of land4% of Population
West Area
34% of Land96% of People
East Area
Hu Huanyong Line
Scenes and Sights
Scenes and Sights
History and Culture (a long history of Education)
Rural Areas in China
Population in Rural areas & Urban areas
P opulation by Urban & R ural
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
TotalPopul at ionUrbanPopul at ion RuralPopul at ion
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
TotalPopul at ionUrbanPopul at ion RuralPopul at ion
P
Popul at i on by Urban & Rural
A Brief Introduction to Chinese Education
What do you know about Chinese Education?
System of Chinese Education
Population of Education in Each Level
System of Chinese Education
Primary Education (5-6 years)
Secondary Education (Junior and Senior) ( 3-4-3years)
HigherEducation (2-4 -3-4)
GraduateEducation3-8 years
System of Chinese Education
Graduate Edu. & Post Gra Edu.
College & university
Senior Common Education
Senior professional
Senior technical
ProfessionalHigher Education
Junior Education
Primary education
Preschool education
Adult and Distant Learning
Basic Statistics of Regular Education in China--2007
Institutions(thousand)
Students(million)
Teachers(million)
Total 595 260.96 17.05
Higher Education 3.227 6.063 1.27
Senior secondary Education
31.26 65.15 5.78
Junior Secondary Education
61.01 57.94 3.48
Primary Schools 369.063 107.9 5.65
Work-study Schools
0.0076 9.09 0.0017
Special schools 0.16 4.19 0.035
Kindergardens 129.09 23.49 0.83
Basic Statistics of Regular Education in China:1985-2007
Year School No. (Miillion)
Students No.
Staff No.
Population of education
ratos
1985 144 21753 1261 23014 22.0
1990 136 23654 1432 25086 22.2
1996 155 30401 1549 31950 26.2
1997 157 31076 1577 32653 26.7
1998 155 31809 1580 33389 27.0
1999 159 32672 1596 34268 27.5
2000 149 32093 1592 33685 26.8
2001 135 32135 1574 33709 26.6
2002 117 31873 1579 33452 26.2
2003 96 31989 1610 33599 26.2
2004 68 32558 1597 34155 26.4
2005 65 36904 1624 38528 29.6
2006 63 31860 1652 33512 25.6
2007 66 32187 1675 33862 25.8
The largest population in the world Huge educational population in
various stages
The most largest educational population in various stages
各级普通学校毕业生升学率
0. 0
20. 0
40. 0
60. 0
80. 0
100. 0
120. 0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
升学
率
%小学升初中（ ）
%初中升高中（ ）
%高中升高等教育（ ）
Achievements of Chinese Compulsory Education Scale of Development of the world Education in Each Level in the last 50 Years (Million)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997 1997/195
0
Total of the world
252.5 433.1 608.1 857 980.6 1154.2 4.6
Higher Educatin
6.5 12.1 28.1 51.0 68.6 88.2 13.6
Secondary Education
40 79 28.1 51.0 68.6 88.2 13.6
Primary Education
206 342 411 542 597 668 3.2
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2001/1950
Total of China
30.6 101.9 137.1 205.8 178.6 228.7 7.5
Higher Educatin
0.14 0.97 0.05 2.7 3.8 12.1 86.4
Secondary Education
1.5 7.1(1957) 31.7 56.8 52.4 91.2 60.8
Primary Education
28.9 93.8 105.3 146.3 122.4 125.4 4.3
sources from 1.The World Education Report:2000 ( from
UNESCO )2. Statistics of Chinese Education Ministry:Yearbook of Statistics of Chinese
Education: From 1978---2001
II. Achievements in Chinese Education
The largest scale of education population in the world:
2.29 billion(2001),it is 7.5 times than that in 1950.
The scale of education increased 3.6 times between 1950-1997.
1950-2001, the scale of higher educationIncreased 85 times, secondary education
increased 60 times, primary education increased 3 times.
Complusory education lasts 9 years, 1986-2000, 2 billion people have received 9-year complusory education.
Free Complusory Education has come into reality:In 2006, the government funding is 1,840 billion for
rural areas. It has benefited 5200 million of students in west or middle-west areas.
In 2007, the central government supplied 120.5 billion
to Compulsory Education in rural areas for free charging.
1.5 billion of students in rural areas benefit from it.In 2008, students in urban received free schooling.
In a word, we spent 2% of education expense and have educated 20% of world population. We have made great achievement in compulsory education.
However, Chinese education still has much difficulties and problems.
II.Difficulties & Problems in Chinese Compulsory Education
1. Lack of educational expenditure in total amount.
From a perspective world-widely, we supply the lowest public education expenditure.
Differnces of Budgeted Funding Among 31 Provinces and Districts
2004 primary Regular Junior Middle school
Regular Senior Middle school(SMS)
Vocational SMS
HE
Mean 1129 1246 1759 1843 5553
Highest 6680 6831 7156 5191 15810
Lowest 654 764 913 921 1946
H/L 10.2 8.9 7.8 5.6 8.1
Comparason of Average Budgeted Funding Ratos by GDP(souce:The Development Report of Chinese People 2007-2008)
Year OECD countries
Average in the world
Developing countries
China
2003 5.5% 4.2% 4.7% 2.8%
Compare to students in urban areas, students in rural receive less public funds, not to say compare to other developed countries.
According to US statistics of May 28th 2007, the average funds in common education is 8,701$ per student in 2005, it goes up to 5% compared to the number of 2004.
Regional Differences in Budgeted Funding Per Student in 2004(yuan)
Region Total Non-salary
Beijing 15809 10216
Shanghai 9116 4490
Tianjin 9022 3886
Guangdong
8581 3573
Hubei 2459 841
Hunan 2581 857
Sichuan 1946 870
Some of the School Pictures in Rural Areas
Some of the Key Schoolsin Beijing
2. Qualities in rural areas cannot be guaranteed.
Teachers in rural areas have received little education, got little educational training.
Qualified teachers are badly in need, however, a great number of under-qualifed teachers are common.
According to statistics, there are 37.9 million irregular teachers in all, 81.8 ％ of them are in rural schools.(2008)
3. Teacher student ratos in rural areas are much lower than that in urban areas:
Rural Primary schools: 1:23; Junior schools: 1:18 ， However, Teacher student ratos in urban areas are 1 ︰ 19 and 1 ︰ 13.5.
4. There are many schools in danger. In 2007, there are 3.358 m2 million schools in
danger ， they are 2.48% in tatol ， however, 90 ％ of them are distributed in werstern rural areas.
Till the end of December 31, 2001 ，“ Hope Project” has totally set up 8,890 primary schools and gave financially aid to 2,474,342 students.; subsided 20,543 students of Hope Stars ； and build up 130 distant schools through internet.
(souces: China Youth Development Foundation,2002)
Conclusion: the main difficulties and problems in compulsory education today is in rural and western areas.
Some Other Crucial problems Goals of Compulsory Education: ------Qualitive Education Curriculum reforms: too much subjects to learn Teaching method: Learning Knowledge or
Learning how to learn? Knowledge or method(technics)?
Evaluation of students: What is the function of Evaluation? Multiple perspectively.
The enviorment of Schooling Schools, families & Communities
DiscussionsHow to Assess the Achievement of School
Education?More Subjects?
D:\My Documents\recource\Comparison of Subjects of School Education.doc
Higher Scores?More Skills?More ActivitiesMoral Education?Process of Learning?More Envolvement?
D:\My Documents\Comparison of School Time of USA with China.doc
IV. Chanllenges & Reforms in Higher Education
HE System in China Chanllenges of Chinese HEs. Reforms of HEs in late 15 years
HE System in China (not including Adult Education HEIs:413)
Total: PRC:3,800(2007) vs USA: 3,941 (2000)
Regular Vcational &TechnicalColleges 1168
(2-3yearsCertificate and Diploma)
Common RegularColls & Univs740 (4 years, Bachelor)
Regular Univs. Bach, Master & DoctorDegrees 479
IV.Chanllenges and Reforms in Chinese HEIs
Chanllenges:Development: the aims of the countryIndustrialization: the means of the
development Modernization: the main goals of
industrializationEducation: the fundenmental of all Globolization: the main Chanlleges
Reforms in Chinese HEIs From 1990s
The Outline of Development & Reforms of Education in China (1993) (A Blueprint in HE)
Project 211 (1995)Reforms of NEE & Employment (1998)Project 985 (1998)Expansion & Fee-charging in HEIs(Marketization & Privatization )Project of Quality in HEs (2006)
The Outline of Development & Reforms of Education in China (1993) (A Blueprint in Education in 1990’s)
Goals of education in China in 1990s :Get a great inprovement in the level of over-all
education Attain great development in pre-vocations and
after-vocations in urban, as well in rural areasMeet the needs for experts in various fields in
the constructions of socialist & modernizationForm the base framwork of education system of
socialist characteristic in ChinaFocus on building up a great deal of top
universities and key desicplines in HE
Project 211 :Establishment of World-class Universities(1995)
Strengthen about 100 institutions of higher education and key
disciplinary areas during the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period to
meet the challenges of the 21st century
Cultivate mainly at home high-level innovative talents to meet the
needs of economic construction & social development
Projects fall into 3 categories:
Development of key academic programs
Development of public service systems of higher education
Improvement of overall institutional capacity
Higher Education Quality Assurance System
Higher Education Evaluation Center under MoE established in 2004
All HEIs have to undergo a five-year cycle of quality evaluation
Re-positioning of HEIs under new quality assurance - from pyramid to network
Research Universities
Teaching & Research Universities
Teaching & Research Universities
Advanced Vocational InstitutionsAdvanced Vocational Qualifications
Bachelor’s
Master’s
PH.D
Expansion of HEIs & Charging Fees in HEIs Fee-paying
Dual-track to single-track Full cost private institutions & “self-financed” programs Self-financed overseas higher education
Ability to pay & willingness to pay Major concerns
Equity & regional disparity Quality assurance & consumer protection
Different modes of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) Public-funded HEIs (different categories, assessment mechanisms) Private-funded HEIs (legislation) Mixed-mode HEIs (independent institutional policy) Chinese-foreign cooperative institutions (legislation & quality
assurance)
Reforms of NEEHE & Employment (1998)
Reforms of National Entrance Examination of HE:
“3 ＋ X”:3 →Chinese, Mathematics & EnglishX → Comprehensive of physics,
chemical & biology for Science/ Comprehensive of history,geography & politics for Social Science
Reforms of Employment
From free HE system to charging HE System
From a-job-giving system to job-finding system
Project 985 (1998) May 4, 1998, President Jiang Zemin declared at the
Peking University Centennial Celebrations that:
‘China must have a few world-class & a number of world renowned advanced universities’
Then launched the “Educational Action Plan toward the 21st Century” which explicitly stressed the development of World-Class Universities and Internationally Renowned High-Level Research Universities (MoE 2007).
Phase 1 (1999-2002) Making few top universities by
combination/adjustment of academic disciplines & special support for strategic fields
Selected universities to nurture talent & engage in high-level research
Phase 2 (2004-2007)Establish modern university system -structure & management
Enhance capabilities in cultivating elite professionals & creative
academic teams
Establish national platforms for scientific innovation & research
bases for humanities & social sciences
84 key technology innovation platforms on cross-disciplinary
researches & in areas of national development priorities
168 technology innovation platforms
Presently 38 universities in ‘985 Project’
Project of Quality in HEs (2007)
Project of Quality in Undergraduate Reform and Teaching
Take up 6 Measures: Adjustment of professional framwork
and professional certification Shareness of disciplines, textbooks & information
Innovation of Practice Teaching & Reform of Model of Cultivating Elites
Constructions of Teams of Teaching & Prominent Facultis
Annancement of Basic Statistics of Assessment of Teaching & State of Teaching
One-to-one Helping of Universities in West Provinces
Constructions of 7 Systems Predict system of setting up college professions Database of Statistics of Teaching Atomousphere Test Online System: College English & Education
by internet Management of Online Education & Assessment
System of Qualities Share System of Distinguished Disciplines Digetal Resource System of Multi-level Textbooks Service System of Life-long Learning
Final ExaminationS
D:\DCIM\参观照片（综合） \良乡监考 .JPG
D:\DCIM\参观照片（综合） \良乡考试 .JPG
Dicussions: What is Quality?
How to evaluate it?
From different perspective:(Input & Output)Students ThemselvesParentsEmploymentSociety
How to Improve it? More Finance? More Engagement? More Buildings and Libraries? More Famous Faculties? More Strict Examinations?
Thanks!
