Chinese Academy of Sciences 140925

Jeffrey Robens, PhD Senior Research Consultant

Educa3on Group Leader

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 25 September 2014

download: liwenbianji.cn/CAS_2014

Author Academy: Effec2vely Communica2ng your Research

Be an effective communicator

Your goal should not only to be published, but also to be widely read/cited

ü  Choose the best journal ü  Logically organize your ideas ü  Write effec2vely

Journal selec;on

Section 1

Reading Strategies Journal selec3on When should you choose your journal?

Author guidelines •  Manuscript structure •  Word limits •  Reference style

Aims and scope •  Topics •  Readership •  Be sure to emphasize

Relevant references Wri2ng style

Choose your journal before you write your manuscript!

Reading Strategies Journal selec3on Factors to consider when choosing a journal

Aims & scope Readership

Open access

Which factor is most important to you?

Impact factor Indexing

Reading Strategies Journal selec3on Evaluating significance

How new are your findings? Novelty

How broadly relevant are your findings? Relevance

What are the important real-‐world applica2ons? Appeal

Reading Strategies Journal selec3on

Insert your proposed abstract

Journal Selector www.liwenbianji.cn/journal_selector


Matching journals

Filter by: •  Impact factor •  Publishing frequency •  Open access



Journal’s IF, aims & scope, and publica2on frequency

ü  Are they currently publishing similar ar2cles? ü  Have you cited some of these ar2cles?

Similar published ar2cles


Manuscript structure

Section 2

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Abstracts

First impression of your paper

Importance of your results

Validity of your conclusions

Relevance of your aims

Judge your wri2ng style

Probably only part that will be read

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Sections of an abstract

Aims

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Why the study was done

Your hypothesis

Techniques

Most important findings

Conclusion & implica2ons

Concise summary of your research

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Unstructured abstract

Induced penetra3on resistance is triggered by failed penetra3on aRempts of nonpathogenic fungi. The resistance mechanism is an important nonhost reac3on in plants that can block the invasion of filamentous pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanical s3muli accompanying fungal penetra3on play a role in induced penetra3on resistance, whereas the perfora3on of the cell wall may provide significant s3muli to plant cells. Here, we used microneedles or biolis3c bombardment to mimic fungal penetra3on pegs and a micromanipula3on transfer technique of the bio-‐probe, a germling of Blumeria graminis hordei, to the wounded cells to demonstrate that microwounds derived from fungal penetra3on aRempts may trigger induced penetra3on resistance in plant cells. When preinoculated with the nonpathogenic fungi Erysiphe pisi and Colletotrichum orbiculare, which were unable to penetrate a barley cell, the penetra3on of a bio-‐probe that was transferred by micromanipula3on onto the same cell was completely blocked. Fungal penetra3on was essen3al to the triggering of induced penetra3on resistance because a penetra3on-‐peg-‐defec3ve mutant of C. orbiculare completely lacked the ability to trigger resistance. The ar3ficial microwounds significantly, but not completely, blocked the penetra3on of the bio-‐probe. Treatment with the ac3n polymeriza3on inhibitor cytochalasin A or expression of the ac3n depolymerizing protein HvPro1 caused complete abla3on of the induced penetra3on resistance triggered by either failed fungal penetra3on or ar3ficial microwounds. These results strongly suggest that microwounding may trigger ac3n-‐dependent induced penetra3on resistance. Manipula3on of induced penetra3on resistance may be a promising target to improve basic disease resistance in plants.

Kobayashi and Kobayashi. Planta 2013; 237: 1187−1198.

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure

Here, we used microneedles or biolis3c bombardment to mimic fungal penetra3on pegs and a micromanipula3on transfer technique of the bio-‐probe, a germling of Blumeria graminis hordei, to the wounded cells to demonstrate that microwounds derived from fungal penetra3on aRempts may trigger induced penetra3on resistance in plant cells.

When preinoculated with the nonpathogenic fungi Erysiphe pisi and Colletotrichum orbiculare, which were unable to penetrate a barley cell, the penetra3on of a bio-‐probe that was transferred by micromanipula3on onto the same cell was completely blocked… …Treatment with the ac3n polymeriza3on inhibitor cytochalasin A or expression of the ac3n depolymerizing protein HvPro1 caused complete abla3on of the induced penetra3on resistance triggered by either failed fungal penetra3on or ar3ficial microwounds.

These results strongly suggest that microwounding may trigger ac3n-‐dependent induced penetra3on resistance. Manipula3on of induced penetra3on resistance may be a promising target to improve basic disease resistance in plants.


Induced penetra3on resistance is triggered by failed penetra3on aRempts of nonpathogenic fungi. The resistance mechanism is an important nonhost reac3on in plants that can block the invasion of filamentous pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanical s3muli accompanying fungal penetra3on play a role in induced penetra3on resistance, whereas the perfora3on of the cell wall may provide significant s3muli to plant cells.

Implica2ons

Writing your abstract


Induced penetra3on resistance is triggered by failed penetra3on aRempts of nonpathogenic fungi. The resistance mechanism is an important nonhost reac3on in plants that can block the invasion of filamentous pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanical s3muli accompanying fungal penetra3on play a role in induced penetra3on resistance, whereas the perfora3on of the cell wall may provide significant s3muli to plant cells. Here, we used microneedles or biolis3c bombardment to mimic fungal penetra3on pegs and a micromanipula3on transfer technique of the bio-‐probe, a germling of Blumeria graminis hordei, to the wounded cells to demonstrate that microwounds derived from fungal penetra3on aRempts may trigger induced penetra3on resistance in plant cells. When preinoculated with the nonpathogenic fungi Erysiphe pisi and Colletotrichum orbiculare, which were unable to penetrate a barley cell, the penetra3on of a bio-‐probe that was transferred by micromanipula3on onto the same cell was completely blocked. Fungal penetra3on was essen3al to the triggering of induced penetra3on resistance because a penetra3on-‐peg-‐defec3ve mutant of C. orbiculare completely lacked the ability to trigger resistance. The ar3ficial microwounds significantly, but not completely, blocked the penetra3on of the bio-‐probe. Treatment with the ac3n polymeriza3on inhibitor cytochalasin A or expression of the ac3n depolymerizing protein HvPro1 caused complete abla3on of the induced penetra3on resistance triggered by either failed fungal penetra3on or ar3ficial microwounds. These results strongly suggest that microwounding may trigger ac3n-‐dependent induced penetra3on resistance. Manipula3on of induced penetra3on resistance may be a promising target to improve basic disease resistance in plants.


Why this study needed to be done

What you did

What you found

How advances the field

Writing your abstract


General introduc2on

Specific aims Aims

Current state of the field

Problem in the field

Introduction


Your aims should directly address the problem

Writing the Introduction

New ways to treat or prevent lung cancer are therefore needed.

This study explored the hypothesis that inhibi2on of TNKS…would inhibit lung cancer growth in vitro and in vivo…

Problem

Aims

Busch et al. BMC Cancer 2012; 13: 211.

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Methods

How it was done

General methods Specific techniques (discuss controls)

Quan2fica2on methods Sta2s2cal methods

What was used

Samples or par2cipants Materials

How data were analyzed

Experimental design

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Results

1.   Novel observa2on 2.   Characteriza2on 3.   Applica2on Logical presenta2on

Example:

1.   Synthesis of novel nanopar2cles 2.   Characterize their physical and/or chemical

proper2es, SEM, determine biocompatability 3.   Demonstrate improved rate of drug delivery


1.   Novel observa2on 2.   Characteriza2on 3.   Applica2on

Each subsec2on corresponds to

one figure

What you found, not what it means

Logical presenta2on

Subsec2ons

Factual descrip2on

Results

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Discussion

Summary of findings

Relevance of findings

Implica2ons for the field

Similari2es/differences Unexpected results Limita2ons


In summary, we iden3fied a P. infestans RXLR-‐WY–type effector, PexRD2, which interacts with MAPKKKε and perturbs plant immunity associated signaling pathways dependent on this kinase. Either overexpression of PexRD2 or knockdown of MAPKKKε supports enhanced pathogen growth and suppression of MAPKKKε-‐triggered or -‐dependent cell death readouts in N. benthamiana. This study represents a step toward understanding how oomycete RXLR-‐type effectors directly interact with MAPK cascades, which are well established as key regulators of plant immunity. The next challenge is to beRer understand the role of PexRD2 and PexRD2-‐like effectors, and their targets, in the progression of disease in important host crop plants, such as tomato and potato. The ul3mate aim of this would be to manipulate these interac3ons to 3p the balance in the coevolu3onary arms race between pathogen and host in favor of the plant.

Why your work is important to the field

King et al. Plant Cell. 2014; 26: 1345−1359.

Writing the Discussion


In summary, we iden3fied a P. infestans RXLR-‐WY–type effector, PexRD2, which interacts with MAPKKKε and perturbs plant immunity associated signaling pathways dependent on this kinase. Either overexpression of PexRD2 or knockdown of MAPKKKε supports enhanced pathogen growth and suppression of MAPKKKε-‐triggered or -‐dependent cell death readouts in N. benthamiana. This study represents a step toward understanding how oomycete RXLR-‐type effectors directly interact with MAPK cascades, which are well established as key regulators of plant immunity. The next challenge is to beRer understand the role of PexRD2 and PexRD2-‐like effectors, and their targets, in the progression of disease in important host crop plants, such as tomato and potato. The ul3mate aim of this would be to manipulate these interac3ons to 3p the balance in the coevolu3onary arms race between pathogen and host in favor of the plant.

Why your work is important to the field

King et al. Plant Cell. 2014; 26: 1345−1359.

Implica2ons

Conclusions

Future direc2ons Field advancement

Key findings

Writing the Discussion


Linking your ideas in your manuscript

General background

Objec2ves

Methodology

Results and figures

Summary of findings

Implica2ons for the field

Relevance of findings

Problems in the field

Logically link your ideas throughout your manuscript

Current state of the field Introduc2on

Methods

Results

Discussion

Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Linking your ideas

New ways to treat or prevent lung cancer are therefore needed.

This study explored the hypothesis that inhibi2on of TNKS…would inhibit lung cancer growth…

Pharmacological or gene2c inhibi2on of TNKS1 and TNKS2…reduces lung cancer prolifera2on...

Problem

Objec2ves

Conclusion

Discussion

Introduc;on

Busch et al. BMC Cancer 2012; 13: 211.

Effec;ve wri;ng

Section 3

Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Improving readability

Use short sentences Limit your sentences to 15–20 words

One idea per sentence

Use ac;ve voice More simple, direct, and easier to read

AMA Manual of Style: “In general, authors should use the ac;ve voice…”. (10th ed., pg. 320)

Readability Effec3ve wri3ng

Readers focus at the end of the sentence to determine what is important.

1.   You deserve a raise, but the budget is 2ght.

Which sentence suggests that you will get a raise?

2.   The budget is 2ght, but you deserve a raise.

hRp://wri3ngcenter.unc.edu/handouts/flow/

Sentence structure


The budget is 2ght, but you deserve a raise. Your salary

will increase at the beginning of next year. Stress posi2on Topic posi2on

The topic posi;on introduces the idea of the current sentence

The stress posi2on also introduces the topic of the next sentence

Sentence structure


v  Compared with is for comparing similar things v  Compared to is for comparing different things

This year’s deforesta3on rates were compared to those from last year.

This year’s deforesta3on rates were compared with those from last year.

Comparisons

Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Data is plural

Data is the plural form of datum

The data was analyzed... This data suggests…

The data were analyzed… These data suggest…


Nature’s guide to authors:

Contribu2ons should…be wrihen clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language.

www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/index.html#a4

“I should use complex words to make my wri2ng more impressive.”

Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Complex words

To ascertain the efficaciousness of the program, we interrogated the par2cipants upon comple2on.

To determine the success of the program, we ques2oned the par2cipants upon comple2on.

Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Simple words

Preferred Enough Clear Try Very Size Asked Keep Later Enough End Use

Avoid Adequate Apparent Endeavor Exceedingly Magnitude Requested Retain Subsequently Sufficient Terminate U3liza3on

Be an effective communicator

Your goal should not only to be published, but also to be widely read/cited

ü  Choose the best journal ü  Logically organize your ideas ü  Write effec2vely

The Springer Author Academy

S

Free online courses

•  Publishing a journal ar3cle

•  Preparing a book manuscript

•  Being an effec3ve peer reviewer

谢谢！

Any questions?

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Jeffrey Robens: [email protected]

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Education

Chinese Academy of Sciences 140925