CHAPTER 8PROTISTS AND

FUNGI

I. What is a Protist? (Kingdom Protista)A. Protist – single or many-celled organism

that lives in moist or wet surroundingsB. Protist Reproduction:

1. Asexually a. CELL DIVISION – all DNA are doubled up and the cell

divides in 2. b. So 2 identical babies result.

2. REGENERATION - When parts of a parent breaks off and new organisms are formed from it. Identical baby results

3. Sexually – 2 parents share DNA to make a new different baby of the same type.

C. 3 types of Protists:1. Plantlike2. Animallike3. Funguslike

D. Characteristics:1. Eukaryotic – have a Nucleus2. 1 or many-celled3. Most move4. Most are consumers (parasites,

saprophytes, or predators)

E. Evolution of Protists1. Protists evolved into plant, fungi, & animals

a. Plantlike protists are ancestors of plants

b. Animallike protists are ancestors of animals

2. Don’t really know about evolution because protists are mostly soft and leave NO fossils

II. PLANTLIKE PROTISTS

A. Known as ALGAE1. Characteristics

a. Some are 1-celled, some are many-celled

b. Producers (have chlorophyll & chloroplasts)1. Not ALL are GREEN but they all

have chlorophyll2. Grouped into 6 Phyla according to

their pigments and how they store food

B. Diatoms – Phylum Chrysophyta

1. 1-celled2. Photosynthetic3. Shells are made of

silica- hard glass-like substance

4. Golden brown pigment hides chlorophyll

5. Reproduce in large numbers

6. When organisms die their shells sink to the floor of the body of water & collect in deep layers.

7. These shells are then collected and used. Called Diatomaceous Earth.

8. Shells sparklea. Used for insulation,

toothpaste, polish, and road paint also used in new pool filters

C. Dinoflagellates – Phylum Pyrrophyta

1. Have red pigments – are called “Fire Algae”

2. 1-celled3. 2 Flagella

a. 1 moves the cellb. 1 circles the cell

causing spinning4. Store food in starches

& oils5. Almost all live in salt

water (food source)

D. Euglena – Phylum Euglenophyta

1. Have characteristics of both plants & animals

2. 1-celled with chloroplasts

3. When no sunlight is available they can become consumers and lose their green color.

4. No Cell Wall – have a cell membrane like animals

5. Most use Flagella for movement

6. Have an EYESPOT – organelle that responds to light

7. Contractile vacuole – gets rid of excess water

E. Red Algae – Phylum Rhodophyta

1. Used to make pudding & toothpaste because of a carbohydrate called Carrageenan

2. Many-celled3. Can live up to 175m deep

in the ocean4. Their red pigment allows

them to suck up the small amount of light that gets to them. So they are producers.

F. Green Algae – Phylum Chlorophyta

1. 7,000 species – Most Diverse phyla

2. Green with chlorophyll3. Store food in form of starch4. 1 or many-celled5. Most live in water, some

can be found on damp tree trunks and wet sidewalks

6. Examples: VOLVOX – the mother carrying around babies.

G. Brown Algae – Phylum Phaeophyta

1. Many-celled2. Usually found in cool

saltwater environments3. Kelp (example)

a. Important food source for fish & vertebrates

b. Form hiding places for small organisms can grow 60 feet.

c. Used to make ice cream, fertilizers, and marshmallows

III. Importance of AlgaeA. Grasses of the oceanB. Most aquatic animals eat algae or

something that ate algae.C. Produce oxygen for aquatic life.D. Some food is made using algae.

1. Carrageenan – a substance found in the cell walls of red algae.

a. It has gelatin-like properties and is used in cosmetics and food.

b. Gives toothpaste, puddings, salad dressings their smooth creamy texture

E. Another substance ALGIN 1. Found in brown algae is used to thicken

food such as ice cream and marshmallows. It is also used in rubber tires and hand lotion.

F. Diatoms1. Used in highway paint, pool filters,

insulation, cosmetics, anything that sparkles.

IV. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS(PROTOZOANS)

A. Characteristics of Protozoans1. Live in water, soil, and all kinds of

organisms2. Grouped by how they move3. Many are Parasites – live in or on another

organism4. Have vacuoles

a. Food vacuoles – help digest foodb. Contractile vacuoles – get rid of excess

water

5. There are 4 Kinds of Protozoans – based on how they move

a. Sarcodinesb. Flagellatesc. Ciliatesd. Sporozoans

B. CILIATES – Phylum Ciliophora

1. Most complex protozoan

2. Move by using CILIA – short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane

a. Can be totally covered or on special areas of the cells

b. All cilia beat together to move organism

3. Paramecium (Ciliates: example 1)a. Characteristics1. Cilia all over2. 2 Nuclei3. Macronucleus – (Large one) controls

everyday activities4. Micronucleus- (small one) reproduction5. Oral groove (mouth)6. Usually eats bacteria

4. Usually feed on bacteria that are slower and smaller than them.

5. Once inside their oral groove the food moves the food vacuole. Then out the anal pore and back into the water.

Swimming Paramecium

6. Stentor (Ciliates: example 2)a. Has cilia only around mouth

7. Vorticella (Ciliates: example 3)a. Attached with cilia only around

mouthb. Spring-like tailc. When frightened they coil up tight.

C. SARCODINE – Phylum Rhizopoda

1. Move around & feed by temporary extensions of their cytoplasm called PSEUDOPODS (“False Feet”)

2. AMOEBA (sarcodine: example 1)a. Uses pseudopods to slowly surround a food

source & engulf it

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/protists/labelamoeba/

D. FLAGELLATES – Phylum Zoomastigina

1. 1 or many long flagella that whip through the watery environment

2. Most are parasites

3. Example of Flagellatesa. Trypanosoma- causes

African Sleeping Sickness in humans

1. Carried on the Tsetse Fly in Africa

2. Causes fever, swollen glands, & a lot of sleep

b. Lives in digestive system of termites to help them break down wood

E. SPOROZOANS – Phylum Sporozoa

1. Parasitic2. Cannot move on

their own3. Live in and feed

on blood of organisms

4. Ex. Plasmodiuma. Carried on

Anopheles Mosquito

b. Causes MALARIA

V. IMPORTANCE OF PROTOZOANS

A. Important food source for larger animals.B. Become part of the sediment at the bottom

of the water source. These are helpful for scientists studying the past.

C. Help termites digest wood.D. Can cause disease in humans.E. Giardia – diarrhea caused by fecal

contaminated water.1. Can be contracted by drinking from a hose2. This is why we have boil advisories

VI. FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS

A. Characteristics1. Act like protists and fungi2. Saprophtye (lives off decaying

matter)3. Two Kinds of fungus like protists

a. Slime Moldsb. Water Molds

B. SLIME MOLDS

1. Brightly colored (yellow, blue, orange, violet, black)

2. Form a web-like structure over their food supply

3. Saprophytes (lives off decaying matter)

4. Have 3 parts to their life cycle

5. Reproduce by spores6. Found on decaying logs or

dead leaves,lawns, & mulch

C. WATER MOLDS, DOWNEY MILDEWS, & WHITE RUST

1. Most live in water or moist places

2. Have Cell Wall3. Saprophytes of dead

organisms or Parasites on living plants or animals

4. Caused Irish Famine in 1840s - nearly 1 million people died

5. Ex: ICK – parasitic water mold that grows on fish

D. IMPORTANCE OF FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS

1. Help decompose dead organisms.

2. Cause diseases in animals and plants.

a. Ick, Potato Famine3. Downy mildew on

a plant

End of Chapter 8 Section 1 Powdery Mildews Quick Facts...

• Powdery mildew is one of the most widespread and easily recognized plant diseases.

• Powdery mildews are characterized by spots or patches of white to grayish, talcum-powder-like growth.

• Powdery mildews are severe in warm, dry climates.

• Many plants have been developed to be resistant or tolerant to powdery mildew.

• Succulent tissue is more susceptible to infection. Once the disease is a problem, avoid late summer applications of nitrogen fertilizer.