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Becoming and Effective Policy Advocate by Bruce Jansson
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©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Becoming an Effective Becoming an Effective Policy AdvocatePolicy Advocate
Bruce Jansson, University of Southern CaliforniaBruce Jansson, University of Southern California
PowerPoint created byPowerPoint created by
Gretchen Heidemann, MSW, PhD CandidateGretchen Heidemann, MSW, PhD Candidate
University of Southern CaliforniaUniversity of Southern California
School of Social WorkSchool of Social Work
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Chapter 8Chapter 8Developing Proposals in the Second, Developing Proposals in the Second,
Third, and Fourth Steps of Policy Third, and Fourth Steps of Policy AnalysisAnalysis
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Returning to the Six-Step Policy Returning to the Six-Step Policy Analysis, Proposal-Writing, and Analysis, Proposal-Writing, and
Presentation FrameworkPresentation Framework
This chapter discusses steps 2, 3, and 4 of This chapter discusses steps 2, 3, and 4 of the six-step policy analysis, proposal-the six-step policy analysis, proposal-writing, and presentation frameworkwriting, and presentation frameworkThese steps are a prelude to developing These steps are a prelude to developing and drafting policy proposals (step 5)and drafting policy proposals (step 5)Policy proposals lie at the heart of the Policy proposals lie at the heart of the policy making process since they express policy making process since they express the wishes of specific policy advocates in the wishes of specific policy advocates in concrete termsconcrete terms
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Intersecting Arenas and Intersecting Arenas and StakeholdersStakeholders
Proposals are fashioned through Proposals are fashioned through deliberations and discussions of stakeholdersdeliberations and discussions of stakeholders– Intersecting arenas:
Links between the federal, state, county, and municipal arenas as well as governmental and nongovernmental sectors
– Stakeholders: Key persons, groups, and institutions with an interest in a particular policy issue
Also, the officials and advocates who operate in specific arenas
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Intersecting Arenas and Intersecting Arenas and StakeholdersStakeholders
Efforts to develop policies resemble a Efforts to develop policies resemble a dancedance – The moves of each of these stakeholders are
profoundly influenced by the moves of the others
– Stakeholders have various motivations and perspectives as they consider the merits of specific policies
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Intersecting Arenas and Intersecting Arenas and StakeholdersStakeholders
Policy advocates must consider:Policy advocates must consider:1. A mission for a proposal1. A mission for a proposal2. How a proposal’s services will be structured2. How a proposal’s services will be structured3. The resource path of a proposal3. The resource path of a proposal4. The content of a proposal’s services4. The content of a proposal’s services5. How a proposal’s resources will be rationed5. How a proposal’s resources will be rationed6. How agencies associated with a proposal will be linked6. How agencies associated with a proposal will be linked7. How a proposal’s services will be linked to communities7. How a proposal’s services will be linked to communities8. How the implementation of a proposal will be overseen8. How the implementation of a proposal will be overseen9. How a proposal’s services will be assessed9. How a proposal’s services will be assessed
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Establishing a MissionEstablishing a Mission
The policy advocate must: The policy advocate must: 1.1. Create objectives for the proposed programCreate objectives for the proposed program
Policies usually contain explicit or implicit Policies usually contain explicit or implicit objectives that provide programs with an objectives that provide programs with an overarching directionoverarching direction
The preambles of legislation also provide such a The preambles of legislation also provide such a rationalerationale
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Designing the Structure of Designing the Structure of ServiceService
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1.1. Decide what agency has ultimate Decide what agency has ultimate
responsibility for the programresponsibility for the programDevelop policies about implementation
2. Decide which kinds of agencies can receive funding
Weigh the advantages and disadvantages of public, not-for-profit and for-profit agencies
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Planning the Extent of Devolution Planning the Extent of Devolution and the Resource Pathand the Resource Path
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1. Decide to what extent the program should be placed
on a continuum from sole federal to sole state or local
Rank the program on 8 criteria (see Table 8.1)
2. Choose from a variety of funding optionsEx: payroll taxes, client payments, special taxes, and private philanthropy
3. Determine the level of funds Is usually a 2-step process of authorization and appropriation
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Planning the Extent of Devolution Planning the Extent of Devolution and the Resource Pathand the Resource Path
4. Devise funding channels to distribute resourcesRoute 1: Federal funds to local agencies
Route 2: Federal to state
Route 3: Federal to state to local
Route 4: Federal directly to local
Route 5: Federal directly to consumers
Route 6: States to local agencies
Route 7: States to local government to agencies
Route 8: Local government to agencies
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Planning the Extent of Devolution Planning the Extent of Devolution and the Resource Pathand the Resource Path
5. Consider indirect financing – Tax deductions, credits, and exemptions
6. Make difficult funding choices– How much funding to request – To what extent the states should match federal
funds– Whether the states should receive funds with
relatively few restrictions– Whether taxes on marriage licenses should be
used to fund the program
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Defining ServicesDefining Services
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1. Articulate an orienting framework on which to
base services
2. Designate the type of staff that will deliver services, and their qualifications
Professions develop out of altruism and self-interest
They gain credibility through licensing and classification
3. Decide whether services will be preventative or curative
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Rationing Scarce ResourcesRationing Scarce Resources
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1.1. Specify the formal or direct means of Specify the formal or direct means of
restricting accessrestricting accessEx: Means testing, diagnostic criteriaEx: Means testing, diagnostic criteria
2.2. Specify the indirect methods of restricting Specify the indirect methods of restricting accessaccess
Ex: Ex: Place limits on the intensity or duration of services, first-come first-served, reserve resources for underserved populations, location of facility, use of specific program titles, selective use of outreach, charging fees
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Addressing Agency Network Addressing Agency Network IssuesIssues
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1.1. Specify the linkages, partnerships and Specify the linkages, partnerships and
collaborations the program will have with collaborations the program will have with other agenciesother agencies
Consider options such as managed care, fee-for-Consider options such as managed care, fee-for-service, and capitationservice, and capitation
2.2. Consider the creation of regional Consider the creation of regional organizations to fund local agenciesorganizations to fund local agencies
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Addressing Community FactorsAddressing Community Factors
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1.1. Specify how the agency will embed itself in Specify how the agency will embed itself in
the community, such as through:the community, such as through:OutreachOutreach
Linkages with other organizationsLinkages with other organizations
Advocacy on relevant issuesAdvocacy on relevant issues
Inviting board members from the communityInviting board members from the community
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Guiding and Overseeing Policy Guiding and Overseeing Policy ImplementationImplementation
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1. Specify who will establish the detailed
policies that will guide the implementation of the proposal
I.e. who will develop the administrative regulations
2. Specify who will monitor the proposal’s implementation
How they will be monitored and whether they will be given technical assistance
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Assessing Implemented PoliciesAssessing Implemented Policies
The policy advocate must:The policy advocate must:1.1. Determine how programs and services will Determine how programs and services will
be assessedbe assessedWho will perform the assessment
How it will be funded
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
The Anatomy of Policy The Anatomy of Policy ProposalsProposals
Proposal writing involves choosing from Proposal writing involves choosing from the competing options on various policy the competing options on various policy issuesissues
The policy advocate maps a proposal by The policy advocate maps a proposal by drawing lines between alternative options drawing lines between alternative options on a diagram that displays the issues and on a diagram that displays the issues and the competing optionsthe competing options
(See Figure 8.3)(See Figure 8.3)
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Systematically Comparing Systematically Comparing Policy OptionsPolicy Options
Policy advocates proceed deliberately when making systematic comparisons of policy options:– Identify options – Select and weigh criteria– Rank options– Develop a decision-making matrix
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Identifying OptionsIdentifying Options
Policy analysts should consider more than Policy analysts should consider more than just a single policy approach just a single policy approach
The identified problem may have a limited The identified problem may have a limited or an infinite number of potential solutionsor an infinite number of potential solutions
All possible solutions should be identified All possible solutions should be identified before selecting and weighing criteriabefore selecting and weighing criteria
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Selecting and Weighing CriteriaSelecting and Weighing Criteria
Advocates must identify the criteria to use as a basis of comparison, and weigh their relative importance– Value-based criteria
Such as equality, social justice and beneficence
– Consumer-outcome criteriaThe policy’s effectiveness in ameliorating social problems
– Economic criteriaThe relative cost of competing options
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Selecting and Weighing CriteriaSelecting and Weighing Criteria
– Feasibility criteriaThe political and administrative practicality of specific policy options
– Externalities criteriaUsed to assess how a policy option would affect institutions or persons who initially appear to be unrelated to the policy
– Cost-EffectivenessWhich policy will most benefit consumers at the lowest cost
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Creating a Decision-Making Creating a Decision-Making MatrixMatrix
Advocates should then construct a decision-Advocates should then construct a decision-making matrix that graphically portrays the making matrix that graphically portrays the options and the criteria (see Table 8.2)options and the criteria (see Table 8.2)The policy options are then rated by the criteria, The policy options are then rated by the criteria, such as on a scale of 1 to 10such as on a scale of 1 to 10– Often, each of the options has at least one weaknessOften, each of the options has at least one weakness
The advocate then calculates scores that The advocate then calculates scores that combine the ranking of the options for each combine the ranking of the options for each criterion and the relative importance of each criterion and the relative importance of each criterion, and then tallies them for a total scorecriterion, and then tallies them for a total score
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Creating a Decision-Making Creating a Decision-Making MatrixMatrix
Advocates must considerAdvocates must consider trade-offs trade-offs:: – The comparative advantages of policy options
The advocate seeks to discover which option has the most weight (i.e. the highest net score)This process does not necessarily eliminate conflict; there may be disagreement about: – The criteria selected– The relative importance of the criteria– Specific options’ scores for those criteria– It is also difficult to predict the outcomes, costs, and
consequences of options
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Qualitative RankingsQualitative Rankings
Policy options can also be ranked Policy options can also be ranked qualitatively rather than quantitativelyqualitatively rather than quantitatively– Can include a narrative description of
advantages and disadvantages– It is still necessary to develop options and
criteria, and weigh the criteria to judge the relative merits of the options
Ex: high, medium, and low
©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Col©2011, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishinge Publishing
Using Different Policy Skills in Tandem
Effective policy advocates combine Effective policy advocates combine analytic skills in identifying, comparing, analytic skills in identifying, comparing, and selecting policy options with other and selecting policy options with other policy practice skillspolicy practice skillsThey have to make ethical choices and They have to make ethical choices and compromises to get proposals enactedcompromises to get proposals enactedThey must alsoThey must also be acutely aware of be acutely aware of political realities as they construct political realities as they construct proposalsproposals